Franco Frattini

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Franco Frattini
Friuli Venezia Giulia
In office
9 May 1996 – 22 November 2004
ConstituencyBolzano (1996–2001)
Veneto (2001–2004)
Personal details
Born(1957-03-14)14 March 1957
Independent
(2012–2022)
Height1.78 m (5 ft 10 in)
Spouse
Stella Coppi
(m. 2010)
Children1
Alma materSapienza University
OccupationMagistrate, politician

Franco Frattini (14 March 1957 – 24 December 2022) was an Italian politician and magistrate. From January to December 2022, Frattini served as president of the Council of State.[1]

Frattini previously served as

European Commissioner for Justice, Freedom and Security in the first Barroso Commission
.

Education and career

Frattini was born in Rome in 1957. He attended the "Giulio Cesare" Classical High School in Rome and graduated in law in 1979 at the Sapienza University.[2]

From 1984 he was

Italian Council of State and legal adviser of the Treasury Ministry. During these years, he served as secretary of the Federation of Young Italian Socialists (FGSI)[3] and member of the Italian Socialist Party (PSI).[4]

In 1990 and 1991, he worked as a legal adviser to the deputy secretary of the PSI,

Early political career

In 1994, Frattini was appointed Secretary General to the

In 1996, he joined Berlusconi's

Minister in Berlusconi's cabinets (2001–2004)

Minister of Public Function

In 2001, Frattini was a candidate for the

freedom of expression and pluralism of the media.[6]

Minister of Foreign Affairs

Franco Frattini in 2001

From 14 November 2002 to 18 November 2004, Frattini served as

Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs: the appointment of Frattini followed ten months of interim by Berlusconi himself, after the resignation of the former minister Renato Ruggiero due to his contrasts with the foreign policies of the government.[7]

During his ministerial tenure, Italy supported the

after the United States and the United Kingdom.

Italian forces took part in

Nassiriya; the Italian Barbara Contini was charged with civilian administration by the Coalition Provisional Administration. A suicide attack there killed 19 Italians, among military and civilians.[11]

During the Italian military presence in the south of Iraq, eight Italians were kidnapped, of whom two were later murdered: the mercenary Fabrizio Quattrocchi and the journalist Enzo Baldoni,[12][13][14] in addition to the SISMI agent Nicola Calipari, killed by U.S. soldiers during the liberation of kidnapped journalist Giuliana Sgrena. It remains unclear whether Italy offered a ransom for the release of the other six hostages. The killing of Quattrocchi was reported live on the late night Italian television program Porta a Porta, at the time of which Frattini was a guest in the studio, which raised criticism of Frattini for the lack of tact in not informing the victim's family in advance.[15][16][17] Frattini was later also criticized for saying Quattrocchi "died bravely, I would say as a hero".[18]

In 2004, Frattini had to leave office at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which passed to

new government of Romano Prodi that succeeded it.[20]

Vice President of the European Commission and European Commissioner (2004–2008)

Frattini giving a speech at the European Youth Parliament in 2007

On 4 November 2004, Frattini was named by Berlusconi to take up the

Sarah Ludford, due to accusations of belonging to Freemasonry, raised by Buttiglione himself towards Frattini and denied by the latter.[21] Frattini was also afforded one of the five seats as vice-president of the European Commission.[22]

In February 2006, during the

PEGI system for granting the game a 16-years-or-over age rating. Reports on GameSpot showed he was seeking a Europe-wide ban on violent videogames. On 6 February 2007, during the Safer Internet Day 2007, Frattini recalled the need to protect children's rights, saying: "I am deeply concerned at this potential harm by the internet to children. This could involve people preying on them or children accessing racist, cruel or violent material."[25][26]

At the start of 2007, Frattini backed an Italian push for EU support of a worldwide ban on the

2007 Glasgow International Airport attack, he criticised the handling of Islam by member-states and called for a "European Islam".[28] Interviewed by Reuters he declared his intention to promote online communications monitoring and censorship of "dangerous words" like "bomb, kill, genocide or terrorism".[29]

As European Commissioner, he promoted a "visa facilitation agreement between the European Community and the

Russian Federation" (2007/340/EC: Council Decision of 19 April 2007), which however led to the expulsion of countless citizens Europeans domiciled for a long time in Russia[30] on the basis of annual visas, which due to the introduction by the agreement of a limit of stay in the territory of maximum 90 days out of 180 were forced to leave the country, not being able to reside on the spot on the basis of unlimited annual visas as happened in the past. Article 5 of the law of the Russian Federation 25 July 2002 n.115, provides in fact the limit of 90 days of stay only to those who are not subject to the visa regime, but the agreement drawn up by Frattini extends this limit to all the citizens of the Union.[31]

In 2008, Frattini joined the newly formed

Berlusconi IV government. The role of European Commissioner from Italy was then assigned to Antonio Tajani, another member of PdL, with responsibility for transports rather than for justice.[32] Frattini was the second ever European Commissioner from Italy to choose Italian over European politics, after the resignation of Franco Maria Malfatti
in 1972.

During his term as European Commissioner, Frattini was also appointed by

Minister of Foreign Affairs (2008–2011)

, in 2011

At the

Friuli-Venezia Giulia and was elected to the Chamber of Deputies. From 2008 to 2011, Frattini once again served as foreign minister.[33]

Benghazi Treaty and migration policy

During the first summer of his second foreign ministry the "Treaty of friendship between Italy and

sub-Saharan migrants from the Libyan coast to Italy. Cooperation between the two coast guards started in May 2009, with protests from international groups for the protection of human rights, which criticized the return of migrants – including eligible asylum seekers – to Libya, which had not ratified the UN Convention on Refugees; the policy was subsequently suspended but not officially repudiated. Frattini had openly supported the policy of respingimenti, contrary to the international humanitarian law principle of non-refoulement,[34] describing such policy as a "due application of European rules",[35] and stamping as "unworthy" the 2010 report by Amnesty International that highlighted the critical nature of this policy in light of international and European law.[36]

In September 2010, on the occasion of the second visit of

Arab spring uprisings, Frattini claimed to want to "mobilize the Mediterranean countries" and the EU, through the Frontex agency, for patrols and refoulements.[38] However following the fall of the governments of Zine El Abidine Ben Ali in Tunisia and Gaddafi in Libya, the number of migrants attempting to reach Italy and Europe surged.[39][40] Italy's response to these migrants has been criticized by organizations including Amnesty International[41] and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.[42]

The

inhuman and degrading treatment) and Article 4 of Protocol IV (prohibition of collective expulsions); in this case, 200 Somali and Eritrean migrants had been rejected in Libya under the Benghazi agreement, without having the possibility of applying for asylum in Europe.[43]

Foreign policy

Frattini with the UK Foreign Secretary, William Hague, in 2011

The reaction of Italian diplomacy, led by Frattini, to the revolts of the

Arab spring and the Libyan civil war was defined as "reactive" and "unrealistic" by the ISPI-IAI 2012 report edited by Alessandro Colombo and Ettore Greco.[44]

Like other Western countries, Italy was completely taken aback by the Arab uprisings, and after a first moment at a loss for words it tried to frame the phenomenon in the reassuring discourse of

Qaddafi regime can constitute an element in common with other countries, Italy is the only international actor who long sought to "cling to its own imaginary role of mediator ", for which however lacked both power and necessary authority.[44] With the evolution of the conflict, Frattini and Italian diplomacy resorted to the "usual option to follow the stronger allies", facilitated in this by the "dilution of Franco-British unilateralism in the multilateral framework of NATO" and by the guarantee of U.S. participation.[44]

As far as European politics is concerned, according to Colombo and Greco, the reaction capacity of the Berlusconi IV government proved to be "totally insufficient", in the absence of a coherent long-term and vulnerable strategy to the internal divisions of the majority and to a "persistent underestimation of risks ". According to Colombo and Greco, the attitude of the Berlusconi IV government over the EU was "particularly erratic", pointing to the Union from time to time as a mandatory external constraint, the cause of national evils, or the only source of salvation. This volatility led to the projection of an image of an unreliable Italy in Europe.[44] Frattini and Italian diplomacy also lost the initiative in proposing themselves in Europe as an engine or co-star of pro-integration coalitions, dealing with Europe only in an "occasional and distracted" manner, and rather caring for important bilateral relations (with Russia and Turkey, for example), regardless of the international and European context, according to a "small cabotage" policy. All of this, coupled with the

Sarkozy duo's inclination to leave other actors out, led to Italy's exclusion from the main European policy initiatives.[44]
This deficit of attention to the European Union, resulting in a growing isolation, has also had implications in other areas of foreign policy: the difficulties in relations with the United States, for example, are traced by Colombo and Greco to the widespread overseas perception of a growing marginalization of Italy in the European context.[44]

Controversies

During the

Israel's war on Gaza (Operation Cast Lead), Frattini was on holiday again. Frattini's live interview with TG1 in a skiing suit raised controversy over inappropriate and disrespectful clothing.[46][47]

In November 2010, Frattini dubbed the

Ronald Spogli, informed Washington, in a confidential cable distributed by WikiLeaks, of how Berlusconi "constantly refuses the strategic advice of his Foreign Ministry, demoralized, devoid of resources and increasingly irrelevant". Frattini's weakness was detected by the United States particularly with regard to Italian-Russian relations.[50]

Later activities

Frattini speaking at an EPP summit in 2012

In 2011 Frattini was briefly president of the Alcide De Gasperi Foundation and from 2011 he was president of the Italian Society for International Organization (SIOI), an emanation of the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Frattini was the first politician to hold SIOI chairmanship, until then reserved for diplomats and academics of the highest level.[51] He later joined the "Institute of Eurasian Studies" and served as its president.[52]

In December 2012, Frattini left the PdL, later defining the leadership of the new party,

honorary citizenship of the city of Tirana.[54]

Frattini did not run for the 2013 Italian general election,[55] while supporting the "Agenda

Scelta Civica.[56]
Frattini later recovered his position as a member of the judiciary and Chamber President of the

Since 2013, Frattini was a consultant to the Serbian government of

Aleksandar Vucic for the European integration of Serbia, succeeding Dominique Strauss-Kahn and Alfred Gusenbauer.[59][60][61]

Since 2014, Frattini was a member of the high court of sports justice of CONI, a court of last resort of the Italian sports system.

In May 2014, Frattini was awarded an honorary degree from the Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation for his commitment to the development of “mutual understanding and relations” between Italy and Russia.[64][65]

Frattini was a candidate to succeed

secretary general in October 2014, but the post was given to Jens Stoltenberg.[66][67]

In 2018, on the occasion of the Italian presidency of the

OSCE, Foreign Minister Angelino Alfano appointed Frattini as "Special representative of the OSCE presidency for the process of resolving the conflict in Transnistria".[68] Among his credentials, Frattini said: "I have excellent relations with the Russian authorities, which undoubtedly played a fundamental role in the resolution [of the conflict] in Transnistria,"[69] in addition to reminding all of his own role in starting the process of liberalization of Schengen visas for Moldova.[70]

In 2020, while holding a sport judge position in the trial of the doping case of PRC swimmer Sun Yang, it was revealed that Frattimi had made comments about dog meat eating in China and used derogatory terms against the Chinese people on social media over a number of years. Concerns over his anti-China bias persuaded the federal court that Frattini should not have presided over banning the PRC swimmer.[71][72]

As of September 2020, he was a member of the Italian Aspen Institute.[73]

Positions

Interviewed by Reuters in 2007, Frattini said it was his intention to investigate technical possibilities for implementing internet monitoring of "dangerous words" such as "bombs", "killing", "genocide", and "terrorism". The project did not see the light of day.[74][75]

In 2007, Frattini was censured by the European Parliament for his statements against the freedom of movement of people in the EU. In the interview granted and published on 2 November 2007, Frattini stressed that, to respond to the security problem, "what is to be done is simple: you go to a nomad camp in Rome, for example on the Christopher Columbus, and to those who are there you ask" what's your life? If all year 'I do not know', you take it and send it back to Romania. This is how the European directive works: simple and without escape." The motion of censure, presented by the European left, was voted to a large extent: 306 yes, 86 no, and 37 abstentions.[76]

In March 2009, Frattini condemned the 2009 Durban Review Conference, terming the final document unacceptable, since it included positions that emerged in the 2001 conference, which qualified Zionism as a form of racism.[77]

Frattini later made declarations against multiculturalism,[78] but in favour of the administrative vote for regular migrants,[79] and pleaded for a common European policy on migration.[80]

In November 2009, he called "suggestive"

Italian flag: "For now we wish to defend the right to keep the crucifix in our [school] classes, later we'll see if we can do more." He added: "There are nine European countries that have the cross in their flag, it's an absolutely normal proposal."[81]

On 22 October 2010, he declared to the

UAAR, who requested his resignation.[83] Frattini reiterated in 2017 that relativism is the third threat to Europe after religious extremism and militant secularism.[84]

In November 2010, he defined the revelations of WikiLeaks as "the 9/11 of world diplomacy".[85] and said that Julian Assange "wants to destroy the world".[86]

Personal life and death

Frattini died of cancer on 24 December 2022, at the age of 65.[87]

Electoral history

Election House Constituency Party Votes Result
1996 Chamber of Deputies Bolzano FI 36,510 checkY Elected
2001 Chamber of Deputies Bolzano FI 32,171 ☒N Not elected
Veneto 2 FI [a] checkY Elected
2008 Chamber of Deputies
Friuli Venezia Giulia
PdL [a] checkY Elected
  1. ^ a b Elected in a closed list proportional representation system.

First-past-the-post elections

1996 general election (C): Bolzano
Candidate Coalition or Party Votes %
Franco Frattini Pole of Freedoms 36,510 46.8
Ennio Chiodi The Olive Tree 34,914 44.8
Others 6,531 8.4
Total 77,955 100.0
2001 general election (C): Bolzano
Candidate Coalition or Party Votes %
Claudio Bressa The Olive TreeSVP 37,577 49.0
Franco Frattini House of Freedoms 32,171 42.0
Cristina Zanella Italy of Values 4,003 5.2
Achille Chiomento Bonino ListPannella List 2,922 3.8
Total 76,673 100.0

Honors

Frattini received Medaglia Teresiana at University of Pavia in 2008.

Foreign honours

References

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External links

Political offices
Preceded by Minister of Civil Service and Regional Affairs
1995–1996
Succeeded by
Preceded by Minister of Public Function
2001–2002
Succeeded by
Preceded by Minister of Foreign Affairs
2002–2004
Succeeded by
Preceded by Italian European Commissioner
2004–2008
Succeeded by
Preceded by
Preceded by
European Commissioner for Justice

2004–2008
Succeeded by
Preceded by Minister of Foreign Affairs
2008–2011
Succeeded by
Legal offices
Preceded by President of the Italian Council of State
2022
Succeeded by
Luigi Maruotti