Franconia

Coordinates: 49°48′58″N 10°51′54″E / 49.816°N 10.865°E / 49.816; 10.865
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For other uses, see Franconia (disambiguation).
Franconia
  • Franken
  • Franggn
Cultural region of Germany
UTC+2 (CEST
)

Franconia (German: Franken, pronounced [ˈfʁaŋkŋ̍] ⓘ;

East Franconian
dialect (German: Ostfränkisch). Franconia is made up of the three
Thuringian—and the eastern parts of Heilbronn-Franconia in Baden-Württemberg
.

Those parts of the

Fulda District is Franconian-speaking, and parts of the Oden Forest District
are sometimes regarded as Franconian for historical reasons, but a Franconian identity did not develop there.

Franconia's largest city is Nuremberg, which is contiguous with Erlangen and Fürth, with which it forms the Franconian conurbation with around 1.3 million inhabitants. Other important Franconian cities are Würzburg, Bamberg, Bayreuth, Ansbach and Coburg in Bavaria, Suhl and Meiningen in Thuringia, and Schwäbisch Hall in Baden-Württemberg.

The German word Franken—Franconians—also refers to the

ethnic group, which is mainly to be found in this region. They are to be distinguished from the Germanic people of the Franks, and historically formed their easternmost settlement area. The origins of Franconia lie in the settlement of the Franks from the 6th century in the area probably populated until then mainly by the Elbe Germanic people in the Main River area, known from the 9th century as East Francia (Francia Orientalis).[1] In the Middle Ages the region formed much of the eastern part of the Duchy of Franconia and, from 1500, the Franconian Circle.[2] The restructuring of the south German states by Napoleon, after the demise of the Holy Roman Empire, saw most of Franconia awarded to Bavaria.[3]

Etymology

Main article: Name of the Franks
Further information: Name of France
Nuremberg
Würzburg
Bamberg
Basilica of the Fourteen Holy Helpers

The German name for Franconia, Franken, comes from the

dative plural form of Franke, a member of the Germanic people known as the Franks.[4]
The name of the Franks in turn derives from a word meaning "daring, bold", cognate with old Norwegian frakkr, "quick, bold".[5] Franks from the Middle and Lower Rhine gradually gained control of (and so gave their name to) what is now Franconia during the 6th to 8th centuries.[6] English distinguishes between Franks (the early medieval Germanic people) and Franconians in reference to the high medieval
Middle Latin use of Francia for France vs. Franconia for the German duchy. In German the name Franken is equally used for both, while the French are called Franzosen, after Old French françois, from Latin franciscus, from Late Latin
Francus, from Frank, the Germanic people.

Geography

Overview

The Franconian lands lie principally in Bavaria, north and south of the sinuous

European Watershed. The man-made Franconian Lake District
has become a popular destination for day-trippers and tourists.

The landscape is characterized by numerous

Gau of Grabfeld, held by the House of Henneberg from the 11th century and later part of the Wettin duchy of Saxe-Meiningen
.

The present-day Upper, Lower and Middle Franconian administrative districts (in blue), with adjacent East Franconian language areas in Thuringia (tan) and in Baden-Württemberg (yellow)

In the east, the

Bishopric of Eichstätt
, are also counted as part of Franconia.

In the west, Franconia proper comprises the

Bishopric of Würzburg, the inhabitants have preserved their Franconian identity. Franconian areas in East Hesse along Spessart and Rhön comprise Gersfeld and Ehrenberg
.

The two largest cities of Franconia are Nuremberg and Fürth. Though located on the southeastern periphery of the area, the Nuremberg metropolitan area is often identified as the economic and cultural centre of Franconia. Further cities in Bavarian Franconia include Würzburg, Erlangen, Bayreuth, Bamberg, Aschaffenburg, Schweinfurt, Hof, Coburg, Ansbach and Schwabach. The major (East) Franconian towns in Baden-Württemberg are Schwäbisch Hall on the Kocher — the imperial city declared itself "Swabian" in 1442 — and Crailsheim on the Jagst river. The main towns in Thuringia are Suhl and Meiningen.

Extent

The Franconian Rake may be used as an indicator of whether a place is part of Franconia.
Here: the vestry of Meiningen's municipal church in South Thuringia. The Franconian Rake may be seen on the left

Franconia may be distinguished from the regions that surround it by its peculiar historical factors and its cultural and especially linguistic characteristics, but it is not a political entity with a fixed or tightly defined area. As a result, it is debated whether some areas belong to Franconia or not. Pointers to a more precise definition of Franconia's boundaries include: the territories covered by the former

East Franconian dialect group, the common culture and history of the region and the use of the Franconian Rake on coats of arms, flags and seals. However, a sense of popular consciousness of being Franconian is only detectable from the 19th century onwards, which is why the circumstances of the emergence of a Frankish identity are disputed.[8] Franconia has many cultural peculiarities which have been adopted from other regions and further developed.[8]

The following regions are counted as part of Franconia today: the Bavarian

Buchen
.

In individual cases the membership of some areas is disputed. These include the Bavarian language area of Alt-Eichstätt[8] and the Hessian-speaking[9] region around Aschaffenburg, which was never part of the Franconian Imperial Circle. The affiliation of the city of Heilbronn, whose inhabitants do not call themselves Franks,[10] is also controversial. Moreover, the sense of belonging to Franconia in the Frankish-speaking areas of Upper Palatinate, South Thuringia[11] and Hesse is sometimes less marked.

Administrative divisions

The Bavarian provinces of Upper, Middle and Lower Franconia
The region of Heilbronn-Franconia in Baden-Württemberg

The region of Franconia is divided among the states of Hesse, Thuringia, Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg. The largest part of Franconia, both by population and area, belongs to the Free State of Bavaria and is divided into the three administrative regions (Regierungsbezirke) of Middle Franconia (capital: Ansbach), Upper Franconia (capital: Bayreuth) and Lower Franconia (capital: Würzburg). The name of these regions, as in the case of Upper and Lower Bavaria, refers to their situation with respect to the river Main. Thus Upper Franconia lies on the upper reaches of the river, Lower Franconia on its lower reaches and Middle Franconia lies in between, although the Main itself does not flow through Middle Franconia. Where the boundaries of these three provinces meet (the 'tripoint') is the Dreifrankenstein ("Three Franconias Rock").[12] Small parts of Franconia also belong to the Bavarian regions of Upper Palatinate and Upper Bavaria.

The Franconian territories of

Buchen in the Rhein-Neckar Region
.

The Franconian parts of Thuringia (Henneberg Franconia) lie within the Southwest Thuringia Planning Region.

The Franconian regions in Hesse form the smaller parts of the districts of Fulda (Kassel region) and the Odenwaldkreis (Darmstadt region), or lie on the borders with Bavaria or Thuringia.

Rivers and lakes

Aerial view of Großer Brombachsee from the dam towards the west

The two most important rivers of the region are the

Eger
.

The

Main-Danube Canal connects the Main and Danube across Franconia, running from Bamberg via Nuremberg to Kelheim. It thus complements the Rhine, Main and Danube, helping to ensure a continuous navigable waterway between the North Sea and the Black Sea. In Franconia, there are only a few, often very small, natural lakes. This is due to fact that most natural lakes in Germany are glacial or volcanic in origin, and Franconia escaped both influences in recent earth history. Among the largest waterbodies are reservoirs, which are mostly used as water reserves for the relatively dry landscapes of Franconia. These include the waters of the Franconian Lake District, which was established in the 1970s and is also a tourist attraction. The heart of these lakes is the Großer Brombachsee
, which has an area of 8.7 km2 and is thus the largest waterbody in Franconia by surface area.

Hills, mountains and plains

Several

Hahnenkamm and Franconian Switzerland. The highest mountain in Franconia is the Schneeberg in the Fichtel Mountains which is 1,051 m above sea level (NHN).[13] Other well-known mountains include the Ochsenkopf (1,024m[13]), the Kreuzberg (927.8m[13]) and the Hesselberg (689.4m[13]). The outliers of the region include the Hesselberg and the Gleichberge. The lowest point in Franconia is the water level of the river Main in Kahl
which lies at a height of 100 metres above sea level.

In addition to the hill and mountain ranges, there are also several very level areas, including the Middle Franconian Basin and the Hohenlohe Plain. In the south of Franconia are smaller parts of the flat Nördlinger Ries, one of the best preserved impact craters on earth.

Forests, reserves, flora and fauna

The Steinerne Rinne near Rohrbach, Ettenstatt, county of Weißenburg-Gunzenhausen

Franconia's flora is dominated by deciduous and coniferous forests. Natural forests in Franconia occur mainly in the ranges of the Spessart, Franconian Forest, Odenwald and Steigerwald. The Nuremberg Reichswald is another great

Altmühl Valley, is characterized by poor grassland of this type. Many of these places have been designated as a protected areas
.

Franconia has several regions with sandy habitats that are unique for south Germany and are protected as the so-called Sand Belt of Franconia or

Bavarian government.[16] The reason was the negative attitude of local population. Conservationists are now demanding protection for parts of the Steigerwald by nominating it for a World Heritage Site.[16] There are several nature parks in Franconia, including the Altmühl Valley Nature Park, which, since 1969, has been one of the largest in Germany.[17]

Other

Swabian-Franconian Forest Nature Park in Baden-Württemberg, and the nature parks of Bavarian Rhön, Fichtel Mountains, Franconian Heights, Franconian Forest, Franconian Switzerland-Franconian Jura, Haßberge, Spessart and Steigerwald in Bavaria, as well as the Bergstraße-Odenwald Nature Park which straddles Bavaria, Baden-Württemberg and Hesse. Nature parks cover almost half the area of Franconia.[18]

In 1991

protected landscapes. In Franconia there are very many tufas, raised stream beds near river sources within the karst landscape that are known as 'stone runnels' (Steinerne Rinnen). There are protected examples at Heidenheim and Wolfsbronn
.

Like large parts of Germany, Franconia only has a few large species of wild animal. Forest dwellers include various species of

wolf.[23]

Geology

General

Opened-up, copper-ore-bearing, Spessart crystalline rock in Sommerkahl near Aschaffenburg
bunter sandstone layer (Lower Triassic) in the Seltenbach Gorge
in the Spessart
Corallian Limestone in Tüchersfeld
, northern Franconian Jura (Franconian Switzerland)

Only in the extreme northeast of Franconia and in the Spessart are there

plutons which, in the late phase of Variscan orogeny, intruded into the metamorphic rocks. In most cases these are S-type granites whose melting was caused by heated-up sedimentary rocks sunk deep into the Earth's crust.[25] While the Fichtel and Franconian Forest can be assigned to the Saxo-Thuringian Zone of Central European Variscan orogeny, the Spessart belongs to the Central German Crystalline Zone.[24] The Münchberg mass is variously attributed to the Saxo-Thuringian or Moldanubian Zones.[26]

A substantially larger part of the shallow subsurface in Franconia comprises

Cretaceous
have survived.

The Mesozoic sediments have been deposited in largescale basin areas. During the Triassic, the Franconian part of these depressions was often part of the mainland, in the Jurassic it was covered for most of the time by a

erosion and weathering (especially in the Jura in the form of karst
), which has ultimately led to formation of today's landscapes.

Fossils

Skull and forward cervical spine of Plateosaurus engelhardti, probably the replica of a skeleton from Ellingen
The so-called London Exemplar of Archaeopteryx (here a replica) comes from the Langenaltheim Quarry, west of Solnhofen.

The oldest

wildflysch. However, the aforementioned archaeocyathids are not three-dimensional fossils, but two-dimensional thin sections. These thin sections had already been prepared and investigated in the 1970s but the archaeocyathids among them were apparently overlooked at that time.[31]

Better known and more highly respected fossil finds in Franconia come from the unfolded sedimentary rocks of the Triassic and Jurassic. The

Heptasaurus cappelensis) from the Upper Bunter at Gambach.[36][37]

As early as the first decade of the 19th century

George, Count of Münster began systematic fossil gathering and digs and in the Upper Muschelkalk at Bayreuth. For example, the Oschenberg hill near Laineck became the type locality of two relatively well-known marine reptiles of the Triassic period, later found in other parts of Central Europe: the "flat tooth lizard", Placodus[38] and the "false lizard", Nothosaurus.[39]

In Franconia's middle

Plateosaurus engelhardti, an early representative of the sauropodomorpha. Its type locality is located at Heroldsberg south of Nuremberg. When the remains of Plateosaurus were first discovered there in 1834, it was the first discovery of a dinosaur on German soil, and this occurred even before the name "dinosauria" was coined. Another important Plateosaurus find in Franconia was made at Ellingen.[40]

Far more famous than Plateosaurus, Placodus and Nothosaurus is the

dragonflies. Eichstätt is the other "big" and similarly famous fossil locality in the Solnhofen Formation, situated on the southern edge of the Jura in Upper Bavaria. Here, as well as Archaeopteryx, the theropod dinosaurs, Compsognathus and Juravenator
, were found.

An inglorious episode in the history of paleontology took place in Franconia: fake fossils, known as Beringer's Lying Stones, were acquired in the 1720s by Würzburg doctor and naturalist, Johann Beringer, for a lot of money and then described in a monograph, along with genuine fossils from the Würzburg area. However, it is not entirely clear whether the Beringer forgeries were actually planted or whether he himself was responsible for the fraud.[41]

Climate

Franconia has a

cool temperate transitional climate, which is neither very continental nor very maritime. The average monthly temperatures vary depending on the area between about -1 to -2 °C in January and 17 to 19 °C in August, but may reach a peak of about 35 °C for a few days in the summer, especially in the large cities. The climate of Franconia is sunny and relatively warm. For part of the summer, for example, Lower Franconia is one of the sunniest areas in Germany. Daily temperatures in the Bavarian part of Franconia are an average of 0.1 °C higher than the average for Bavaria as a whole.[42] Relatively less rain falls in Franconia, and likewise in the rest of North Bavaria rain than is usual for its geographic location; even summer storms are often less powerful than in other areas of South Germany.[43] In southern Bavaria about 2,000 mm of precipitation falls annually and almost three times as much as in parts of Franconia (about 500–900 mm) in the rain shadow of the Spessart, Rhön and Odenwald.[44]

Quality of life

Franconia, as part of Germany, has a high

Deutsche Post Franconia achieved some of the highest scores,[47] but the region slipped in 2013 to 13th place out of 19.[48]

History

Main article: History of Franconia

Name

Franconia is named after the

Thuringians who had dominated the region earlier.[49]

At the beginning of the 10th century a Duchy of Franconia (German: Herzogtum Franken) was established within

Würzburg bishops until 1803 and by the kings of Bavaria until 1918.[50] Examples of Franconian cities founded by Frankish noblemen are Würzburg, first mentioned in the 7th century, Ansbach, first mentioned in 748, and Weissenburg, founded in the 7th century.[51]

Early history and Antiquity

The Celts built the mighty fortress of Menosgada on the Staffelberg

Fossil finds show that the region was already settled by

Free Germania. Initially, Rome tried to extend its direct influence far to the northeast; in the longer term, however, the Germanic-Roman frontier formed further southwest.[55]

A 1990 replica of the Porta decumana of the Biriciana. View over the camp ring road

Under the emperors,

Gelbe Bürg at Dittenheim controlled the new areas.[56] More such Gau forts have been detected north of the former Limes as well. Which tribe their occupants belonged to is unknown in most cases. However, it is likely that it was mainly Alemanni and Juthungi, especially in the south.[57]

By contrast, it was the Burgundians who settled on the Lower and Middle Main.[57] Many of these hill forts appear to have been destroyed, however, no later than 500 A.D. The reasons are not entirely clear, but it could have been as a result of invasions by the Huns which thus triggered the Great Migration. In many cases, however, it was probably conquest by the Franks that spelt the end of these hilltop settlements.[56]

Middle Ages

Westheim
Duchy of Franconia around 800

With their victories over the heartlands of the Alamanni and

Anglo-Saxon monks in the early 7th century. Saint Kilian, who together with his companions, Saint Colman and Saint Totnan are considered to be the apostles to the Franks, suffering martyrdom in Würzburg in the late 7th century, probably did not encounter any pagans in the ducal court. It was probably Saint Boniface who carried the Christian mission deep into the heart of the ordinary population of Franconia.[59]

Main article: Duchy of Franconia

In the mid-9th century the

Otto I in 938, he was deposed from his duchy, which disintegrated in 939 on Eberhard's death into West or Rhenish Franconia (Francia Rhenensis), and East Franconia (Francia Orientalis)[note 1] and was directly subordinated to the Reich. Only after that was the former Francia Orientalis considered to be under the sphere of the bishops of Würzburg as the true Franconia, its territory gradually shrinking to its present area.[1]

Meanwhile, the inhabitants of parts of present-day Upper and Middle Franconia, who were not under the control of Würzburg, probably also considered themselves to be Franks at that time, and certainly their dialect distinguished them from the inhabitants of Bavaria and Swabia.[61]

Unlike the other stem duchies, Franconia became the homeland and power base of East Frankish and German kings after the

Bishopric of Bamberg and endowed it with rich estates.[62] Bamberg became a favoured Pfalz and an important centre of the Empire.[62] Because parts of the Bishopric of Würzburg also fell to Bamberg, Würzburg was enfeoffed several royal estates by King Henry II by way of compensation.[63]

Franconia around 1200

From the 12th century

Order of St. John worked in the Bishopric of Würzburg and had short term commands.[68]

Successor states of East Francia

As of the 13th century, the following states, among others, had formed in the territory of the former Duchy:

Modern Period

Early Modern Period

Map of Franconia, 1642

On 2 July 1500 during the reign of Emperor

Imperial Circles. This led in 1512 to the formation of the Franconian Circle.[2] Seen from a modern perspective, the Franconian Circle may be viewed as an important basis for the sense of a common Franconian identity that exists today.[7] The Franconian Circle also shaped the geographical limits of the present-day Franconia.[61] In the late Middle Ages and Early Modern Period, the Imperial Circle was severely affected by Kleinstaaterei, the patchwork of tiny states in this region of Germany. As during the late Middle Ages, the bishops of Würzburg used the nominal title of Duke of Franconia during the time of the Imperial Circle.[69] In 1559, the Franconian Circle was given jurisdiction over coinage (Münzaufsicht) and, in 1572, was the only Circle to issue its own police ordinance.[70][71]

Members of the Franconian Circle included the imperial cities, the prince-bishoprics, the Bailiwick of Franconia of the Teutonic Order and several counties. The

Electoral Mainz and was a part of the Electoral Rhenish Circle, the area of Coburg belonged to the Upper Saxon Circle and the Heilbronn area to the Swabian Circle. In the 16th century, the College of Franconian Counts was founded to represent the interests of the counts in Franconia.[72]

Franconia played an important role in the spread of

Königsberg and Nuremberg.[77][78]

Extent of the uprisings in the Peasants' War

In 1525, the burden of heavy taxation and socage combined with new, liberal ideas that chimed with

the Reformation movement, unleashed the German Peasants' War. The Würzburg area was particularly hard hit with numerous castles and monasteries being burned down.[79]
In the end, however, the uprisings were suppressed and for centuries the lowest strata of society were excluded from all political activity.

From 1552, Margrave

Ferdinand I
together with several dukes and princes decided to overthrow Albert.

Alte Veste

In 1608, the reformed princes merged into a so-called

exiles.[85]

The Franconian Imperial Circle in 1789

Franconia never developed into a unified territorial state, because the patchwork quilt of small states (

Karl August Freiherr von Hardenberg was appointed as governor of these areas by Prussia.[89]

Later Modern Period

Most of modern-day Franconia became part of Bavaria in 1803 thanks to Bavaria's alliance with

Main-Franconia
.

19th century

In 1803, what was to become the

Act of Confederation led to stronger ties between Bavaria, Württemberg, Baden and other areas with France, whereupon the Holy Roman Empire including the Franconian Circle fell apart.[91][92] As a reward Bavaria was promised other estates, including the city of Nuremberg.[91] In the so-called Rittersturm of 1803, Bavaria, Württemberg and Baden seized the territories of the Imperial Knights and Franconian nobility, whose estates were often no bigger than a few parishes, even though the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss had not authorised this.[69] In 1806 and 1810, Prussia had to release the territories of Ansbach and Bayreuth, which it had annexed in 1792, to Bavaria, whereby Prussia lost its supremacy in the region.[89]

In 1814, as a result of the

Wittelsbachs[96] and Montgelas' aforementioned policy of unification, and, on the other hand, the inclusion of Bavaria in the German Empire
in 1871, which weakened her power Bavaria slightly, the conflict between Franconia and Bavaria eased considerably.

From 1836 to 1846, the Kingdom of Bavaria built the

Hof
. The first locomotive to run on German soil steamed 1835 from Nuremberg to Fürth on 7 December 1835.

20th century

After the

Soviet system and parliamentarianism. This caused fighting between the opposing camps and the then prime minister was shot. As a result, the government fled to Bamberg in 1919, where the Bamberg Constitution was adopted while, in Munich, the Bavarian Soviet Republic reigned briefly.[100] In 1919 the Free State of Coburg voted in a referendum against joining Thuringia and was instead united with Bavaria on 1 July 1920.[100]

Destruction in Nuremberg in 1945 (Egidienplatz)
Destruction in Heilbronn in 1945
The Pellerhaus in Nuremberg was one of the most important buildings of the Renaissance period from 1605 until the destruction of its façade in 1945.

During the

Jewish pogrom in Bavaria took place in Gunzenhausen. The attack brought the town negative press coverage worldwide.[102] On 15 September, a Reichstag was specially convened in Nuremberg for the purpose of passing the Nuremberg Laws, under which the antisemitic ideology of the Nazis became a legal basis for such actions.[103]

Like all parts of the German Reich, Franconia was badly affected by

Operation Nordwind. The Battle of Nuremberg lasted five days and resulted in at least 901 deaths. The Battle of Crailsheim lasted 16 days, the Battle of Würzburg seven and the Battle of Merkendorf
three days.

Following the

Nuremberg Trials against leaders of the German Empire during the Nazi era, held from 20 November 1945 to 14 April 1949.[108] The Nuremberg Trials are considered a breakthrough for the principle that, for a core set of crimes, there is no immunity from prosecution. For the first time, the representatives of a sovereign state were held accountable for their actions. In autumn 1946, the Free State of Bavaria was reconstituted with the enactment of the Bavarian Constitution.[109]

The state of

Inner German Border which was a long way from the markets for its agricultural produce, and was affected by migration and relatively high unemployment,[113]
which is why these areas received special support from federal and state governments.

By contrast, the state of Thuringia was restored by the

Die Wende, the fall of the Berlin Wall on 9 November 1989 and reunification on 3 October 1990, made possible mainly by mass demonstrations in East Germany and local exodus of East Germans, the state of Thuringia was reformed with effect from 14 October 1990.[114]

Ansbach

In the years from 1971 to 1980 an administrative reform was carried out in Bavaria with the aim of creating more efficient municipalities (

Bavarian Landtag approved the introduction of Franconia Day (Tag der Franken) in the Franconian territories of the free state.[117]

Since Die Wende, new markets have opened up for the Franconian region of Bavaria in the new (formerly East German) federal states and the Czech Republic, enabling the economy to recover.[118] Today, Franconia is in the centre of the EU (at Oberwestern near Westerngrund; geographical centre of the EU 50°07′02″N 9°14′52″E / 50.117286°N 9.247768°E / 50.117286; 9.247768).[119]

Contemporary Franconia

While

Roman Catholic, Franconia is a mixed area. Lower Franconia and the western half of Upper Franconia (Bamberg, Lichtenfels, Kronach) is predominantly Catholic, while most of Middle and the eastern half of Upper Franconia (Bayreuth, Hof, Kulmbach) are predominantly Protestant (Protestant Church in Germany).[120][citation needed
]

The city of

Jewish population; Henry Kissinger was born there.[citation needed
]

Population

A large part of the population of Franconia, which has a population of five million,

Thuringians and Saxons
. Such an ethnic identity is generally not shared by speakers of Central Franconian, Low Franconian, Rhenish Franconian or South Franconian, some of which may identify as Rhine Franconians (Rheinfranken) or Moselle Franconians (Moselfranken).

The

Free State of Bavaria counts Franconians as one of the "four tribes of Bavaria" (vier Stämme Bayerns), alongside Bavarians, Swabians and Sudeten Germans.[122]

Towns and cities

With the exception of Schwäbisch Hall, all cities in Franconia and all towns with a population of over 40,000 are within the Free State of Bavaria. By far the largest city in Franconia is Nuremberg with more than 500,000 inhabitants. The other three major cities are Fürth, Würzburg and Erlangen. In Middle Franconia, in the metropolitan region of Nuremberg there is a densely populated urban area consisting of Nuremberg, Fürth, Erlangen and Schwabach with arround 1.4 million inhabitants. Nuremberg is the fourteenth largest city in Germany and the second largest in Bavaria.[123]

The largest settlements in Baden-Württemberg's Franconian region are Schwäbisch Hall (41,898 pop.) and Crailsheim (35,760) Öhringen (25,388) and Bad Mergentheim (24,564)[124] The largest places in the Thuringian part are Suhl (37,009), Meiningen (25,177) and Sonneberg (23,507).[125]

The largest place in the Hessian part of Franconia is

Gersfeld with just 5,516 inhabitants.[126] The largest cities within Bavaria are Nuremberg (523,026), Fürth (131,433), Würzburg (127,810) and Erlangen (116,562).[123]

In the

Imperial Cities with a strong orientation towards Nuremberg.[127] The smallest town in Franconia is Thuringia's Ummerstadt with 457 inhabitants.[128]

25 largest cities in Franconia
2022
Rank 		City State 2000 2020 2022 growth
(2000–2020)
01. Nuremberg Bavaria 0.488,400 0.515,543 0.523,026 +5.6%
02. Fürth Bavaria 0.110,477 0.128,223 0.131,433 +16.1%
03. Würzburg Bavaria 0.127,966 0.126,954 0.127,810 -0.8%
04. Erlangen Bavaria 0.100,778 0.112,385 0.116,562 +11.5%
05. Bamberg Bavaria 0.069,036 0.076,674 0.079,935 +11.1%
06. Bayreuth Bavaria 0.074,153 0.074,048 0.074,506 -0.1%
07. Aschaffenburg Bavaria 0.067,592 0.070,858 0.072,444 +4.8%
08. Schweinfurt Bavaria 0.054,325 0.053,319 0.054,675 -1.9%
09.
Hof (Saale)
 Bavaria 0.050,741 0.045,173 0.046,656 -12.3%
10. Ansbach Bavaria 0.040,163 0.041,681 0.042,221 +3.6%
11. Schwäbisch Hall Baden-Württemberg 0.035,192 0.040,679 0.041,898 +15.6%
12. Coburg Bavaria 0.043,277 0.040,842 0.041,842 -6.2%
13. Schwabach Bavaria 0.037,947 0.041,056 0.041,227 +7.6%
14. Suhl Thuringia 0.048,025 0.036,395 0.037,009 -24.2%
15. Crailsheim Baden-Württemberg 0.032,063 0.034,661 0.035,760 +8.1%
16. Forchheim Bavaria 0.030,665 0.032,374 0.032,972 +5.5%
17. Lauf an der Pegnitz Bavaria 0.025,770 0.026,434 0.026,420 +2.6%
18. Zirndorf Bavaria 0.024,950 0.025,748 0.026,234 +3.2%
19. Kulmbach Bavaria 0.028,258 0.025,781 0.025,818 -8.8%
20. Öhringen Baden-Württemberg 0.022,208 0.024,925 0.025,388 +12,2%
21. Roth Bavaria 0.024,858 0.025,323 0.025,367 +1,9%
22. Meiningen Thuringia 0.022,240 0.025,097 0.025,177 +12,8%
23. Bad Mergentheim Baden-Württemberg 0.022,172 0.024,034 0.024,564 +8,4%
24. Herzogenaurach Bavaria 0.023,108 0.023,616 0.024,404 +2.2%
25. Sonneberg Thuringia 0.024,837 0.023,229 0.023,507 –6.5%

Language

Distribution of the East Franconian dialects with transition zones

German is the official language and also the lingua franca. Numerous other languages are spoken that come from other language regions or the native countries of immigrants.[citation needed]

Austro-Bavarian dialect continuum which is mainly to be found in the Upper Palatinate, Upper and Lower Bavaria, the greater part of Austria and some parts of Northern Italy. This is one of the reasons why hardly any Franconian would call himself a Bavarian. Even though there is no Franconian state, red and white are regarded as the state colours (Landesfarben) of Franconia (compared to blue and white for Bavaria).[citation needed
]

Religions

Christianity

The proportion of

Roman Catholics and Protestants among the population of Franconia is roughly the same, but varies from region to region.[129] Large areas of Middle and Upper Franconia are mainly Protestant.[129]

The

St Bartholomew's Day massacre in France.[130]

Following the success of

Second World War and the increasing mobility of the population has since blurred denominational geographical boundaries, however.[citation needed
]

The influx of immigrants from Eastern Europe has also seen the establishment of an Orthodox community in Franconia. The Romanian Orthodox Metropolis of Germany, Central and Northern Europe has its headquarters in Nuremberg.[citation needed]

Judaism

Before the

Armleder Uprising of 1336-1338 - and in the 15th and 16th centuries many cities exiled their Jewish populations, which is why many Jews settled in rural communities. Franconia also rose to early prominence in the discrimination of Jews during the Nazi era.[133] One of the first casualties of the organized Nazi persecution of Jews took place on 21 March in Künzelsau and on 25/26 March 1933 in Creglingen, where police and SA troops under the leadership of Standartenführer Fritz Klein led so-called "weapons search operations".[134][135]

In 1818, about 65% of Bavarian Jews lived in the Bavarian part of Franconia,[136] today there are Jewish communities only in Bamberg, Bayreuth, Erlangen, Fürth, Hof, Nuremberg and Würzburg[137] and in Heilbronn in Baden-Württemberg.

Islam

Adherents of Islam continue to grow, especially in the larger cities, due to the influx of

immigrants from Muslim countries. As a result, many "backyard mosques" (Hinterhofmoscheen) have sprung up, which are gradually being replaced by purpose-built mosques.[citation needed
]

Culture

Franconia has almost 300 small breweries.[138]

The northwestern parts, the areas around the river

carp, Grupfder (seasoned cheese spread), Presssack (a type of Head cheese: pressed or jellied pork trimmings, like tongue, cheeks, etc.). Lebkuchen are a traditional type of gingerbread, and Küchla is a sort of sweet fried pastry.[citation needed
]

Tourism

One of the best known tourist attractions in Franconia is the town of Rothenburg ob der Tauber
Schloss Langenburg (Baden-Württemberg) lies on the Castle Road

The

Franconian wine, the rich tradition of beer brewing and local culinary specialties, such as Lebküchnerei or gingerbread baking, are also a draw.[140][141] The Romantic Road links several tourist points in western Franconia.[142] The Castle Road runs through the Franconian region with its numerous castles and other medieval structures.[citation needed
]

Cycling along the large rivers is very popular, for example along the Main Cycleway, the first German long distance cycleway to be awarded five stars by the Allgemeiner Deutscher Fahrrad-Club (ADFC). The Tauber Valley Cycleway, a 101 kilometre-long cycle trail in Tauber Franconia, was the second German long distance cycleway to receive five stars.[143]

See also

Notes

  1. German Kingdom
    and of which the whole of the Duchy of Franconia was a part.

References

Footnotes

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Bibliography

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Franconia.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Franconia.
American Cyclopædia article Franconia
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49°48′58″N 10°51′54″E / 49.816°N 10.865°E / 49.816; 10.865

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