Frankokratia

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(Redirected from
Frangokratia
)

The beginning of Frankokratia: the division of the Byzantine Empire after the Fourth Crusade
Greek and Latin states in southern Greece, c. 1210
Greek history after the Fourth Crusade (1204), when a number of primarily French and Italian states were established by the Partitio terrarum imperii Romaniae on the territory of the dissolved Byzantine Empire
.

The terms Frankokratia and Latinokratia derive from the name given by the Orthodox Greeks to the Western French and Italians who originated from territories that once belonged to the Frankish Empire, as this was the political entity that ruled much of the former Western Roman Empire after the collapse of Roman authority and power. The span of the Frankokratia period differs by region: the political situation proved highly volatile, as the Frankish states fragmented and changed hands, and the Greek successor states re-conquered many areas.

With the exception of the Ionian Islands and some islands or forts which remained in Venetian hands until the turn of the 19th century, the end of the Frankokratia in most Greek lands came with the Ottoman conquest, chiefly in the 14th to 17th centuries, which ushered in the period known as "Tourkokratia" ("rule of the Turks"; see Ottoman Greece).

Latin states

Latin Empire

The Latin Empire (1204–1261), centered in Constantinople and encompassing Thrace and Bithynia, was created as the successor of the Byzantine Empire after the Fourth Crusade, while also exercising nominal suzerainty over the other Crusader principalities. Its territories were gradually reduced to little more than the capital, which was eventually captured by the Empire of Nicaea in 1261.

Minor Crusader principalities

Genoese colonies

Genoese attempts to occupy Corfu and Crete in the aftermath of the Fourth Crusade were thwarted by the Venetians. It was only during the 14th century, exploiting the terminal decline of the Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty, and often in agreement with the weakened Byzantine rulers, that various Genoese nobles established domains in the northeastern Aegean:

Venetian colonies

The Republic of Venice accumulated several possessions in Greece, which formed part of its Stato da Màr. Some of them survived until the fall of the Republic itself in 1797:

  • Crete, also known as Candia, (1211–1669),[1] one of the Republic's most important overseas possessions, despite frequent revolts by the Greek population, it was retained until captured by the Ottomans in the Cretan War.[2]
  • Corfu (1207–1214 and 1386–1797), was captured by Venice from its Genoese ruler shortly after the Fourth Crusade. The island was soon retaken by the Despotate of Epirus, but captured in 1258 by the Kingdom of Sicily. The island remained under Angevin rule until 1386, when Venice reimposed its control, which would last until the end of the Republic itself.
  • Lefkas (1684–1797), originally part of the Palatine county and the Orsini-ruled Despotate of Epirus, it came under Ottoman rule in 1479, and was conquered by the Venetians in 1684, during the Morean War
    .
  • Zakynthos (1479–1797), originally part of the Palatine county and the Orsini-ruled Despotate of Epirus, it fell to Venice in 1479
  • conquered by the Venetians in December 1500.[3]
  • Tinos and Mykonos, bequeathed to Venice in 1390.[4]
  • various coastal fortresses in the Peloponnese and mainland Greece:
    • Modon (Methoni) and Coron (Koroni), occupied in 1207, confirmed by the Treaty of Sapienza,[5] and held until taken by the Ottomans in August 1500.[6]
    • Argos and Nauplia in 1388,[7] held until captured by the Ottomans in 1540.[8]
    • Argos and Nauplia but seized by the Despotate of the Morea and not handed over to Venice until June 1394,[7] held until captured by the Ottomans in 1462.[9]
    • Athens, acquired in 1394 from the heirs of Nerio I Acciaioli, but lost to the latter's bastard son Antonio in 1402–03, a fact recognized by the Republic in a treaty in 1405.[10]
    • Parga, port town on the coast of Epirus, acquired in 1401. It was governed as a dependency of Corfu, and remained so even after the end of the Venetian Republic in 1797, finally being ceded by the British to Ali Pasha in 1819.[4]
    • Lepanto (
      Paul Spata,[11][12] lost to the Ottomans in 1540.[8]
    • Latin Archbishop of Patras, who thus hoped to thwart a Turkish or Byzantine takeover of the city.[13][14]
    • The
      Alonissos), were Byzantine possessions that came under Venetian rule after the Fall of Constantinople in 1453. They were captured by the Ottomans under Hayreddin Barbarossa
      in 1538.
    • Monemvasia (Malvasia), a Byzantine outpost left unconquered by the Ottomans in 1460, it accepted Venetian rule, until captured by the Ottomans in 1540.[15]
    • Vonitsa on the coast of Epirus, captured in 1684 and held as a mainland exclave of the Ionian Islands until the end of the Republic.
    • Preveza on the coast of Epirus, occupied during the Morean War (1684–99), recaptured in 1717 and held as a mainland exclave of the Ionian Islands until the end of the Republic.
  • The whole of the Peloponnese or
    lost
    again to the Ottomans in 1715.

Gallery

Venetian possessions (till 1797):

See also

References

  1. ^ Maltezou, Crete during the Period of Venetian Rule, p. 105
  2. ^ Maltezou, Crete during the Period of Venetian Rule, p. 157
  3. ^ Setton 1978, pp. 98, 290, 522–523.
  4. ^ a b Miller 1908, p. 365.
  5. ^ Bon 1969, p. 66.
  6. ^ Setton 1978, pp. 515–522.
  7. ^ a b Topping 1975, pp. 153–155.
  8. ^ a b Fine 1994, p. 568.
  9. ^ Fine 1994, p. 567.
  10. ^ Miller 1908, pp. 354–362.
  11. ^ Fine 1994, pp. 356, 544.
  12. ^ Miller 1908, p. 363.
  13. ^ Topping 1975, pp. 161–163.
  14. ^ Miller 1908, pp. 353–364.
  15. ^ Fine 1994, pp. 567–568.

Sources

External links