Frank Church

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Frank Church
Church in 1975
United States Senator
from Idaho
In office
January 3, 1957 – January 3, 1981
Preceded byHerman Welker
Succeeded bySteve Symms
Personal details
Born
Frank Forrester Church III

(1924-07-25)July 25, 1924
Boise, Idaho, U.S.
DiedApril 7, 1984(1984-04-07) (aged 59)
Bethesda, Maryland, U.S.
Political partyDemocratic
Spouse
Forrest
EducationStanford University (BA, LLB)
Occupation
  • Politician
  • lawyer
Military service
AllegianceUnited States
Branch/serviceUnited States Army
Years of service1942–1946[a]
Rank Second Lieutenant
Battles/wars

Frank Forrester Church III (July 25, 1924 – April 7, 1984) was an American politician and lawyer. A member of the

American foreign policy
and established a reputation as a member of the party's liberal wing.

Born and raised in

China Burma India Theater of World War II. Following the end of the war, he completed his law degree from Stanford Law School and returned to Boise to practice law. Church became an active Democrat in Idaho and ran unsuccessfully for a seat in state legislature in 1952. In 1956, he was elected to the United States Senate, defeating former Senator Glen Taylor in a closely contested primary election and incumbent Herman Welker
in the general election.

As a senator, he was a

protégé of then-senate majority leader Lyndon B. Johnson, and was appointed to the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations. In 1960, Church received national exposure when he gave the keynote speech at the 1960 Democratic National Convention. Considered a strong progressive and environmental legislator, he played a major role in the creation of a system of protected wilderness areas. Church was highly critical of the Vietnam War, despite initially supporting it; he co-authored the Cooper–Church Amendment of 1970 and the Case–Church Amendment of 1973, which sought to curtail the war. In 1975, he chaired the Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, better known as the Church Committee, laying the groundwork for the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act
of 1978.

In 1976, Church belatedly sought the

Georgia governor Jimmy Carter. Church was re-elected continuously to the Senate, defeating his Republican opponents in 1962, 1968, and 1974, until his defeat during the Republican wave of 1980. Following the end of his term, he practiced international law in Washington, D.C., specializing in Asian issues. Church was hospitalized for a pancreatic tumor on January 12, 1984, and he died less than three months later at his home in Bethesda, Maryland
, on April 7, 1984.

Early life

Youth, family, and early education

Senator William Borah, whom Church admired

Frank Forrester Church III was born on July 25, 1924, in Boise, Idaho. He traced his ancestry from the

Church Report.[3]

His father co-owned a

fraternity.[4]

Military service and education

Church left university in 1942, at the age of 18, and enlisted in the Army following the

lieutenant on his 20th birthday. In the army, he served as a military intelligence officer in the China Burma India Theater. He was inducted to the Infantry Hall of Fame at Fort Benning.[9] Following the end of the war, he was discharged in 1946.[2][a]

In June 1947 he married

governor of Idaho and the federal judge for the state. The wedding took place at the secluded Robinson Bar Ranch (44°14′49″N 114°40′41″W / 44.247°N 114.678°W / 44.247; -114.678),[10] the Clark family's ranch in the mountains east of Stanley (and now owned by singer Carole King, since 1981).[11][12] The two had a happy marriage and often showed their affection in public.[13] He entered Harvard Law School that fall and after one year, Church transferred to Stanford Law School, when he thought the cold Massachusetts winter was the cause of a pain in his lower back. The pain did not go away and the problem was soon diagnosed as testicular cancer.[14] After one of his testicles and glands in his lower abdomen were removed, Church was given only a few months to live. However, he rebounded from the illness after another doctor started X-ray treatments. This second chance led him to later reflect that "life itself is such a chancy proposition that the only way to live is by taking great chances."[15] In 1950, Church graduated from Stanford Law School and returned to Boise to practice law and teach public speaking at Boise Junior College (now Boise State University).[16][17]

Frank and Bethine had two sons, Frank Forrester Church IV, who died in 2009, and Chase Clark Church,[18] who lives in Boise. Both boys were named for their grandfathers.

Career

1956 election

See also: 1956 United States Senate election in Idaho

Following his return to Idaho, he became active in

Ricks College professor Claude Burtenshaw, bureaucrat Alvin McCormack, and former senator Glen H. Taylor.[19]

When the primary came, Church won the nomination, with only 37.75% of the vote, narrowly edging out Taylor by 200 votes. Though Church won the democratic nomination, Taylor refused to concede, and claimed a number of voting irregularities in the canvassing of the primary.[20] During the general election campaign, Church and his campaign hit the road. Church shook around 75,000 hands over the entire course of the campaign.[2] Church also conducted an astute campaign, by contrasting his fitness with that of Welker's. His slogan, "Idaho Will Be Proud of Frank Church", was a major asset to his campaign. Church also campaigned on an internationalist plank, gave mild support to a high Hell's dam, and was conservative on money matters.[21]

This was in stark contrast to that of Welker's campaign, which campaigned heavily on

Anti-Communism, a decision which proved to be a weak political foundation.[20] The Welker campaign also ran on his record, as well as the "Herman letter", which was a letter in which president Eisenhower endorsed Welker's candidacy.[21] Glen Taylor also ran in the general election as a write-in candidate, labeling Church as a candidate of the "corporate interests".[20] Church won the race, defeating both Welker and Taylor, with a plurality of 46,315 voters.[22] This was despite a number of factors which would've inhibited Church's campaign. Including the Republican's fundraising advantage and president Eisenhower's large victory in the presidential election.[21]

First term (1957–1963)

Upon entering the Senate in January 1957, Church voted against a procedural motion on the

Senate Foreign Relations Committee, a position which allowed Church to follow in the footsteps of his idol, William Borah.[25] Recently declassified documents show that the young veteran also challenged his mentor, behind closed doors, after the 1964 Gulf of Tonkin incident,[26]
making this prescient warning: "In a democracy you cannot expect the people, whose sons are being killed and who will be killed, to exercise their judgment if the truth is concealed from them."

Church was reelected in 1962, defeating former state representative Jack Hawley. To date, he is the only Idaho Democrat to be popularly elected for more than one term in the Senate.

Attempted recall and election of 1968

In 1967, a recall campaign was waged against Church by Ron Rankin, a Republican county commissioner in the northern Idaho county Kootenai who co-founded the Victory in Vietnam Committee to coordinate the recall.[27] Rankin unsuccessfully sued Idaho's secretary of state to accept recall petitions. The U.S. District Court for Idaho ruled that the state's recall laws did not apply to U.S. senators and that such a recall would violate the U.S. Constitution. Allan Shepard, Idaho's attorney general at the time, agreed with the court's decision.[28]

In the 1968 Senate election, Church won with over 60 percent of the vote against Republican challenger and U.S. Representative George V. Hansen, in contrast with the concurrent presidential election where Republican candidate Richard Nixon got nearly 57 percent of the popular vote in Idaho.[29][30] James Risen attributes Church's victory to the 1967 recall effort backfiring: "Most Idaho voters were angered by the recall effort, and it generated sympathy for church throughout the state."[31]

Third term (1969–1975): Vietnam War and Church Committee

Further information: Cooper–Church Amendment, Case–Church Amendment, and Church Committee

Church was a key figure in

Senate Committee on Foreign Relations from 1979 to 1981. Following the instinct that led him to ask questions early on (see above), Church was one of the first senators to publicly oppose the Vietnam War in the 1960s, although he had supported the conflict earlier. He was the co-author of two legislative efforts to curtail the war: the Cooper–Church Amendment of 1970, and the Case–Church Amendment of 1973.[32]

In September 1970, Church announced on television and in speeches across the country that "the

anti-war movement
, "A negotiated peace and the withdrawal of American troops," were now official policy. The only debate that remained would be over when to withdraw, not whether to withdraw, and over the meaning of the war. Church concluded:

So the last service the doves can perform for their country, is to insist that

Indochina
.

Church argued that the opponents of the Vietnam War needed to prevent the corruption of the nation and its institutions. To Church, the anti-war opposition was the "highest concept of patriotism—which is not the patriotism of conformity—but the patriotism of Senator Carl Schurz, a dissenter from an earlier period, who proclaimed: 'Our country right or wrong. When right, to be kept right: when wrong, to be put right."[33]

Church gained national prominence during his service in the Senate through his chairmanship of the U.S. Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities from 1975 through 1976, more commonly known as the Church Committee, which conducted extensive hearings investigating extra-legal

CIA intelligence-gathering and covert operations. The committee investigated CIA drug smuggling activities in the Golden Triangle and secret U.S.-backed wars in Third World countries.[34][35][36][37]
Together with Senator Sam Ervin's committee inquiries, the Church Committee hearings laid the groundwork for the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978.

NSA as follows: "I know the capacity that is there to make tyranny total in America, and we must see to it that this agency and all agencies that possess this technology operate within the law and under proper supervision, so that we never cross over that abyss. That is the abyss from which there is no return."[38]
More specifically on August 17, 1975, Senator Frank Church stated on NBC's "Meet the Press" without mentioning the name of the NSA about this agency:

In the need to develop a capacity to know what potential enemies are doing, the United States government has perfected a technological capability that enables us to monitor the messages that go through the air. These messages are between ships at sea, they could be between units, military units in the field. We have a very extensive capability of intercepting messages wherever they may be in the airwaves. Now, that is necessary and important to the United States as we look abroad at enemies or potential enemies. We must know, at the same time, that capability at any time could be turned around on the American people, and no American would have any privacy left such is the capability to monitor everything—telephone conversations, telegrams, it doesn't matter. There would be no place to hide.

If this government ever became a tyranny, if a dictator ever took charge in this country, the technological capacity that the intelligence community has given the government could enable it to impose total tyranny, and there would be no way to fight back because the most careful effort to combine together in resistance to the government, no matter how privately it was done, is within the reach of the government to know. Such is the capability of this technology.

Now why is this investigation important? I'll tell you why: because I don't want to see this country ever go across the bridge. I know the capacity that is there to make tyranny total in America, and we must see to it that this agency and all agencies that possess this technology operate within the law and under proper supervision so that we never cross over that abyss. That is the abyss from which there is no return.[39][40][41][42]

NSA monitoring of Senator Church's communications

In a secret operation code-named "

Project Minaret," the National Security Agency (NSA) monitored the communications of leading Americans, including Senators Church and Howard Baker, Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., and other prominent U.S. journalists and athletes, who criticized the U.S. war in Vietnam.[43] A review by NSA of the NSA's Minaret program concluded that Minaret was "disreputable if not outright illegal."[43]

Environmental record and other issues

Church is also remembered for his voting record as a strong progressive and environmental legislator, and he played a major role in the creation of the nation's system of protected wilderness areas in the 1960s. In 1964, Church was the floor sponsor of the national

members of Congress from northwestern states, Church helped establish the Hells Canyon National Recreation Area along the Oregon-Idaho border, which protected the gorge from dam building. He was also the primary proponent in the establishment of the Sawtooth Wilderness and National Recreation Area
in central Idaho in 1972.

Church also was instrumental in the creation of Idaho's

Jim McClure introduced the measure in the Senate in late February,[44]
and President Reagan signed the act on March 14,[45] less than four weeks before Frank Church's death on April 7.

Frank Church was considered a progressive (remarkable considering that he represented one of the most conservative states in the nation), though he was a strong opponent of gun control and was pro-life.

Christian Science Monitor, this stance somewhat disarmed his opponent's charge in the 1980 campaign that Church's performance on the Foreign Relations Committee had helped to weaken the US militarily.[47]
In 1974, Church joined Senator
hospice care programs. The bill did not have widespread support and was not brought to a vote. Congress finally included a hospice benefit in Medicare in 1982.[48]

In late 1975 and early 1976, a sub-committee of the

U.S. Senate led by Church concluded that members of the Lockheed board had paid members of friendly governments to guarantee contracts for military aircraft[49] in a series of illegal bribes and contributions made by Lockheed officials from the late 1950s to the 1970s. In 1976, it was publicly revealed that Lockheed had paid $22 million in bribes to foreign officials[50]
in the process of negotiating the sale of aircraft including the F-104 Starfighter, the so-called "Deal of the Century."

Church also sponsored, along with

John Heinz, the "conscience clause," which prohibited the government from requiring church-affiliated hospitals to perform abortions.[6]

Late political career

Commemorative plaque in Idaho City where Church announced his candidacy for the presidential election
From left: Senator (and future Vice President and President) Joe Biden, Senator Frank Church and President of Egypt Anwar Sadat after signing Egyptian–Israeli Peace Treaty, 1979

In 1976, Church belatedly sought the

1936 Republican primaries
.

By June, Carter had the nomination sufficiently locked up and could take time to interview potential vice-presidential candidates. The pundits predicted that Church would be tapped to provide balance as an experienced senator with strong liberal credentials. Church promoted himself, persuading friends to intervene with Carter in his behalf. If a quick choice had been required as in past conventions, Carter later recalled, he would probably have chosen Church. But the longer period for deliberation gave Carter time to worry about his compatibility with the publicity-seeking Church, who had a tendency to be long-winded. Instead, Carter invited Senators Edmund Muskie, John Glenn, and Walter Mondale to visit his home in Plains, Georgia, for personal interviews, while Church, Henry M. Jackson, and Adlai Stevenson III would be interviewed at the convention in New York. Of all the potential candidates, Carter found Mondale the most compatible. As a result, Carter selected Mondale as his running mate.

In the late 1970s, Church was a leading congressional supporter of the

congressman Steve Symms, which permitted them, under former Federal election law, to spend as much as they could raise to defeat Church.[53]

Church lost his bid for a fifth term to Symms by less than one percent of the vote. His defeat was blamed on the activities of the Anybody But Church Committee and the national media's early announcement in Idaho of Republican presidential candidate

Idaho Panhandle to not vote at all. As of 2024
, Church is the last Democrat to represent Idaho in the U.S. Senate.

Election results

U.S. Senate elections in Idaho (Class III)
: Results 1956–1980
Year Democrat Votes Pct Republican Votes Pct 3rd Party Party Votes Pct
1956 Frank Church 149,096 56.2% Herman Welker (inc.) 102,781 38.7% Glen H. Taylor Write-In 13,415 5.1%
1962 Frank Church (inc.) 141,657 54.7% Jack Hawley 117,129 45.3%
1968 Frank Church (inc.) 173,482 60.3% George V. Hansen 114,394 39.7%
1974 Frank Church (inc.) 145,140 56.1% Bob Smith 109,072 42.1% Jean L. Stoddard American 4,635 1.8%
1980 Frank Church (inc.) 214,439 48.8% Steve Symms 218,701 49.7% Larry Fullmer Libertarian 6,507 1.5%

Following his 24 years in the Senate, Church practiced international law with the Washington, D.C., firm of Whitman and Ransom, specializing in Asian issues.

Death

Three years after leaving the Senate, Church was hospitalized for a pancreatic tumor on January 12, 1984.[54][55] Less than three months later, he died at his home in Bethesda, Maryland, on April 7 at age 59.[8][56] A memorial service was held at the National Cathedral in Washington, D.C.,[57] and then his body was flown home to Idaho, where he lay in state beneath the rotunda of the Idaho State Capitol.[58][59] His funeral was held in downtown Boise at the Cathedral of the Rockies on April 12 and televised throughout Idaho. Church was buried at Morris Hill Cemetery near his boyhood hero, Senator William Borah.[60][61][62]

Legacy

Church received an honorary doctorate from Pennsylvania's Elizabethtown College in 1983 to honor his work for the American people during his career in public office. His papers, originally given to his alma mater Stanford University in 1981, were transferred to Boise State University at his request in 1984.[63]

As of 2023, Church remains the last Democrat to serve in the U.S. Senate from Idaho; his final election victory was in 1974, 50 years ago.

Warning about the NSA

Church was stunned by what the Church Committee learned about the immense operations and electronic monitoring capabilities of the National Security Agency (NSA), an agency whose existence was unknown to most Americans at the time. Church stated in 1975:

That capability at any time could be turned around on the American people, and no American would have any privacy left, such is the capability to monitor everything: telephone conversations, telegrams, it doesn't matter. There would be no place to hide.[39][64]

He is widely quoted as also stating regarding the NSA:

I don't want to see this country ever go across the bridge... I know the capacity that is there to make tyranny total in America, and we must see to it that this agency and all agencies that possess this technology operate within the law and under proper supervision, so that we never cross over that abyss. That is the abyss from which there is no return.[39][64]

Commentators such as

September 11 Attacks.[65]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b His date of discharged is inconsistent, with some sources putting it instead in 1945.[9]

References

Citations

  1. ^ a b Campbell 1983, p. 5B.
  2. ^ a b c d Encyclopedia 2008.
  3. ^ Geni (2019). "Frank Forrester Church I". Geni. Retrieved November 17, 2021.
  4. ^ a b c Hogan 1999.
  5. ^ Prentice 2013.
  6. ^ a b Lardner 1976, p. A12.
  7. ^ Ashby 1990.
  8. ^ a b House 1984.
  9. ^ a b Sterrett 1976, p. 24.
  10. ^ Dieter, Alice (Spring 1973). "The Robinson Bar". Skiing. p. 57.
  11. ^ "Musician Carole King's Stanley ranch re-listed". Idaho Mountain Express. Ketchum. July 2, 2010. Archived from the original on July 5, 2010.
  12. ^ "Robinson Bar Ranch". Hall and Hall. Archived from the original on September 29, 2015. Retrieved September 28, 2015.
  13. ^ "Bethine Church dies at age 90". Spokesman.com. Retrieved 2018-09-06.
  14. ^ "Milestones: Jan. 23, 1984". Time. January 23, 1984. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved May 2, 2010.
  15. ^ Petrow, Steve (July 16, 2012). "New Cancer Threat Lurks Long After Cure". Well. New York Times Company. Retrieved March 31, 2024.
  16. ^ "Church, Frank Forrester". US Congress. Retrieved March 31, 2024.
  17. ^ Hunter, Marjorie (April 8, 1984). "Frank Church of Idaho, who served in the Senate for 24 years, dies at 59". The New York Times. Retrieved March 31, 2024.
  18. ^ "Sen. Church's son sentenced to prison". Spokane Chronicle. Washington. March 25, 1987. p. A3.
  19. ^ a b Martin 1957, p. 123.
  20. ^ a b c Martin 1957, p. 124.
  21. ^ a b c Martin 1957, p. 125.
  22. ^ Martin 1957, p. 122.
  23. ^ Risen & Risen 2023, pp. 54–55.
  24. ^ Risen & Risen 2023, pp. 65–66.
  25. ^ Risen & Risen 2023, pp. 23, 66–67.
  26. ^ Bumiller, Elizabeth (14 July 2010). "Records Show Doubts on '64 Vietnam Crisis". The New York Times. Retrieved 15 July 2010.
  27. ^ Risen & Risen 2023, pp. 87–88.
  28. ^ Risen & Risen 2023, p. 93.
  29. ^ "1968". The American Presidency Project, UC Santa Barbara. Retrieved March 31, 2024.
  30. ^ "Statistics of the Presidential and Congressional Election of November 5, 1968" (PDF). Washington: Government Printing Office. July 1, 1969. p. 11. Retrieved March 31, 2024.
  31. ^ Risen & Risen 2023, p. 92.
  32. ^ Frank Church, the Senate, and the Emergence of Dissent on the Vietnam War, by David F. Schmitz, Natalie Fousekis, Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 63, No. 4 (Nov., 1994), pp. 561-581.
  33. ISBN 0-521-86133-0. p. 121. Schmitz uses the example of "The Doves Have Won and Don't Know It" September 6, 1970 on CBS television, 2.2/32/IS, FCP; "The Doves Have Won," September 11, 1970 (Source of the "highest concept of patriotism..." quote), speech at Mills College of Education; "The Doves are Winning — Don't Despair," September 26, 1970, speech at Colorado State University
    and "The Unsung Victory of the Doves," December 1970, 10.6/8/8 FCP.
  34. ^ Knott, Stephen F (November 4, 2001). "Congressional Oversight and the Crippling of the CIA". History News Network.
  35. ^ Mooney, Chris (November 5, 2001). "Back to Church". The American Prospect. Archived from the original on 2006-12-05.
  36. ^ Burbach, Roger (October 2003). "State Terrorism and September 11, 1973 & 2001". ZMag. 16 (10). Archived from the original on January 11, 2006.
  37. ^ "Debate: Bush's handling of terror clues". CNN. May 19, 2002. Archived from the original on April 29, 2011. Retrieved May 2, 2010.
  38. ^ Ellsberg, Daniel (June 10, 2013). "Edward Snowden: saving us from the United Stasi of America". The Guardian.
  39. ^ a b c "The Intelligence Gathering Debate". NBC. August 18, 1975. Archived from the original on 2021-12-12. Retrieved May 28, 2015.
  40. ^ Popkey, Dan (5 August 2013). "Idaho's Frank Church has posthumous TV debate with Rick Santorum". Idaho Statesman. Retrieved 21 September 2013.
  41. ^ "Sen. Frank Church Warns of How Easily Government Can Abuse Expanding Surveillance Capabilities". Grabien – The Multimedia Marketplace. 17 August 1975. Retrieved 21 September 2013.
  42. ^ Bamford, James (13 September 2011). "Post-September 11, NSA 'enemies' include us". Politico. Retrieved 21 September 2013.
  43. ^ a b "Declassified NSA files show agency spied on Muhammad Ali and MLK". the Guardian. 2013-09-26. Retrieved 2022-12-02.
  44. ^ "Idaho acts to rename area after Frank Church". Deseret News. Salt Lake City, Utah. UPI. February 28, 1984. p. 10B.
  45. ^ "Reagan signs bill naming area after Frank Church". Spokane Chronicle. Washington. Associated Press. March 15, 1984. p. 3.
  46. ^ "Frank Church: Respect for life of all ages". Lewiston Morning Tribune. (Idaho). (advertisement). November 2, 1980. p. 7B.
  47. ^ Mouat, Lucia (October 16, 1980). "It's 'Frank' vs. 'Steve' as Idaho's Church seeks re-election to Senate". Christian Science Monitor: 6. Archived from the original on January 31, 2008.
  48. ^ "National Hospice and Palliative Care Organization: History of Hospice". Archived from the original on 2020-10-18. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
  49. ^ "Wie gestalteten sich die sogenannte "Lockheed-Affäre" und die "Abhöraffäre"?". Franz Josef Strauß - Leben und Wirken des bayerischen Politikers.
  50. ^ "Scancals: Lockheed's Defiance: A Right to Bribe?". Time. August 18, 1975. Archived from the original on November 17, 2007.
  51. ^ Shelledy, Jay (March 19, 1976). "Church joins race for White House". Lewiston Morning Tribune. Idaho. p. 1A.
  52. ^ Weaver Jr., Warren (June 15, 1976). "Church Withdraws; Endorses Carter". The New York Times. p. 27.
  53. ^ Lindsay, John J (June 30, 1980). "Endangered Liberals". Newsweek. p. 20. Archived from the original on January 31, 2008.
  54. ^ "Frank Church in hospital; described as 'gravely ill'". Spokesman-Review. (Spokane, Washington). Associated Press. January 11, 1984. p. 1.
  55. ^ "Former Sen. Church will undergo surgery at N.Y. cancer center". Deseret News. (Salt Lake City, Utah). Associated Press. January 11, 1984. p. A3.
  56. ^ "Frank Church dies of cancer". Lewiston Morning Tribune. (from The Washington Post). April 8, 1984. p. 1.
  57. ^ "Church's body returned for funeral rite at Boise". Spokane Chronicle. Washington. Associated Press. April 11, 1984. p. 36.
  58. ^ "Church's body comes home to Idaho". Spokesman-Review. Spokane, Washington. Associated Press. April 12, 1984. p. 1.
  59. ^ "Hundreds of Idahoans mourn". Spokane Chronicle. Washington. Associated Press. April 12, 1984. p. 1.
  60. ^ "Frank Church will rest near boyhood hero". Spokane Chronicle. Associated Press. April 9, 1984. p. 3.
  61. ^ Sher, Jeff (April 13, 1984). "Last tribute paid to Church". Spokesman-Review. Spokane, Washington. p. 1.
  62. ^ Gallagher, Susan (April 13, 1984). "Church remembered as man of compassion". Lewiston Morning Tribune. Idaho. Associated Press. p. 1A.
  63. ^ "Church's papers headed for BSU". Spokesman-Review. (Spokane, Washington). wire reports. March 2, 1984. p. 21.
  64. ^ a b Bamford, James (December 25, 2005). "The Agency That Could Be Big Brother". The New York Times.
  65. ^ Greenwald, Glenn (June 25, 2013). "Liberal Icon Frank Church on the NSA - Almost 40 Years Ago, the Idaho Senator Warned of the Dangers of Allowing the NSA to Turn Inward". The Guardian.

Bibliography

Further reading

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Frank Church.
Party political offices
Preceded by
David Worth Clark
Class 3)
1956, 1962, 1968, 1974, 1980
 Succeeded by
John V. Evans
Preceded by Keynote Speaker of the Democratic National Convention
1960 		Succeeded by
John O. Pastore
Preceded by Response to the State of the Union address
1972
Served alongside: Carl Albert, Lloyd Bentsen, Hale Boggs, John Brademas, Thomas Eagleton, Martha Griffiths, John Melcher, Ralph Metcalfe, William Proxmire, Leonor Sullivan 		Vacant
Title next held by
Mike Mansfield
U.S. Senate
Preceded by
James A. McClure
 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Chair of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee
1979–1981 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Chair of the Senate Aging Committee
1971–1979 		Succeeded by
New office Chair of the
Senate National Emergency Termination Committee

1971–1975 		Position abolished
Chair of the Church Committee
1975 		Succeeded byas Chair of the Senate Intelligence Committee
Honorary titles
Preceded by
Russell Long
 Baby of the Senate
1957–1961 		Succeeded by
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