Frank Gehry

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Frank Gehry
B.Arch
)
OccupationArchitect
Spouses
Anita Snyder
​
​
(m. 1952; div. 1966)​
Berta Isabel Aguilera
​
​
(m. 1975)​
[1]
Children4
AwardsList of awards
PracticeGehry Partners, LLP
BuildingsList of works
Websitefoga.com

Frank Owen Gehry

FAIA (/ˈɡɛəri/ GAIR-ee; né Goldberg; born February 28, 1929) is a Canadian-American architect and designer. A number of his buildings, including his private residence in Santa Monica, California, have become attractions
.

Gehry rose to prominence in the 1970s with his distinctive style that blended everyday materials with complex, dynamic structures. Gehry's approach to architecture has been described as deconstructivist, though he himself resists categorization. His works are considered among the most important of contemporary architecture in the 2010 World Architecture Survey, leading Vanity Fair to call him "the most important architect of our age".[2]

Gehry is known for his postmodern designs and use of bold, unconventional forms and materials. His most famous works include the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao in Spain, the Walt Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles, the Louis Vuitton Foundation in Paris, and the National Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial in Washington D.C.[3] These buildings are characterized by their sculptural, often undulating exteriors and innovative use of materials such as titanium and stainless steel.

Throughout his career, Gehry has received numerous awards and honors, including the Pritzker Architecture Prize in 1989, considered the field's highest honor. He has also been awarded the National Medal of Arts and the Presidential Medal of Freedom in the United States. Gehry's influence extends beyond architecture; he has designed furniture, jewelry, and liquor bottles.

Early life

Santa Monica
,California

Frank Owen Gehry was born Frank Owen Goldberg on February 28, 1929, in

Polish-Jewish mother was an immigrant born in Łódź, Poland.[7][8][9] A creative child, he was encouraged by his grandmother, Leah Caplan,[10] with whom he built little cities out of scraps of wood.[11] With these scraps from her husband's hardware store, she entertained him for hours, building imaginary houses and futuristic cities on the living room floor.[6]

Gehry's use of

corrugated steel, chain-link fencing, unpainted plywood, and other utilitarian or "everyday" materials was partly inspired by spending Saturday mornings at his grandfather's hardware store. He spent time drawing with his father, and his mother introduced him to the world of art. "So the creative genes were there", Gehry says. "But my father thought I was a dreamer, I wasn't gonna amount to anything. It was my mother who thought I was just reticent to do things. She would push me."[12]

He was given the

bar mitzvah.[13] In 1954, Gehry changed his surname from Goldberg to Gehry, after his then-wife Anita expressed concern about antisemitism.[14]

Education

In 1947, Gehry's family immigrated to the United States, settling in California. He got a job driving a delivery truck and studied at Los Angeles City College.

According to Gehry, "I was a truck driver in L.A., going to City College, and I tried radio announcing, which I wasn't very good at. I tried chemical engineering, which I wasn't very good at and didn't like, and then I remembered. You know, somehow I just started wracking my brain about, 'What do I like?' Where was I? What made me excited? And I remembered art, that I loved going to museums and I loved looking at paintings, loved listening to music. Those things came from my mother, who took me to concerts and museums. I remembered Grandma and the blocks, and just on a hunch, I tried some architecture classes."[15]

Gehry went on to graduate from the

city planning at Harvard University's Graduate School of Design. Gehry had always expressed an socialist philosophy for architecture, something that was influenced by political views as he expressed a more leftist attitude to the world. These progressive ideas about socially responsible architecture were under-realized and not respected by his professors at Harvard, leaving him to feel disheartened and "underwhelmed".[19] Gehry's distaste for the school culminated after he was invited by his architecture professor to engage in a discussion revolving around a "secret architectural project in progress." Which was ultimately revealed to Gehry as a palace that he was designing for Cuban dictator Fulgencio Batista.[6][20]

Career

Venice, California
(1991)
Public housing in Frankfurt-Schwanheim (1994)
Fondation Louis Vuitton building as seen from the Bois de Boulogne in Paris
, France (2016)
Miami Beach
, Florida (2011)
8 Spruce Street
in Lower Manhattan, completed in 2010, has a stainless steel and glass exterior and is 76 stories high (2010).
Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health of the Cleveland Clinic in Las Vegas
, Nevada (2010)

Gehry ultimately dropped out of his graduate program at Harvard University (where he studied urban planning) to start a furniture manufacturing company Easy Edges, which specialised in creating pieces with cardboard.[21][22][23]

He returned to Los Angeles to work for

Idyllwild, California for his wife Anita's family neighbor Melvin David, the over 2,000 sq ft (190 m2) "David Cabin"[24] shows features that were to become synonymous with Gehry's later work, including beams protruding from the exterior sides, vertical-grain douglas fir detail, and exposed unfinished ceiling beams. It also shows strong Asian influences, stemming from his earliest inspirations, such as the Shōsōin in Nara, Japan
.

In 1961, Gehry moved to Paris, where he worked for architect Andre Remondet.[25] In 1962, he established a practice in Los Angeles that became Frank Gehry and Associates in 1967,[11] then Gehry Partners in 2001.[26] His earliest commissions were in Southern California, where he designed a number of innovative commercial structures such as Santa Monica Place (1980) and residential buildings such as the eccentric Norton House (1984) in Venice, Los Angeles.[27]

Among these works, Gehry's most notable design may be the renovation of his own Santa Monica residence.[28] Originally built in 1920 and purchased by Gehry in 1977, it features a metallic exterior wrapped around the original building that leaves many of the original details visible.[29] Gehry still resides there.

Other of Gehry's buildings completed during the 1980s include the

California Aerospace Museum (1984) at the California Museum of Science and Industry
in Los Angeles.

In 1989, Gehry received the Pritzker Architecture Prize, where the jury described him: "Always open to experimentation, he has as well a sureness and maturity that resists, in the same way that Picasso did, being bound either by critical acceptance or his successes. His buildings are juxtaposed collages of spaces and materials that make users appreciative of both the theatre and the back-stage, simultaneously revealed."[30]

Gehry continued to design other notable buildings in California, such as the

Cinémathèque Française[32](1994) in Paris, originally The American Center in Paris;[33] and the Dancing House[34] (1996) in Prague
.

From 1994 to 1996 a couple buildings by Gehry for a public housing project were realized in Goldstein, part of Frankfurt-Schwanheim (1994) In 1997, Gehry vaulted to a new level of international acclaim[2] when the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao opened in Bilbao, Spain. Hailed by The New Yorker as a "masterpiece of the 20th century", and by legendary architect Philip Johnson as "the greatest building of our time",[35] the museum became famous for its striking yet aesthetically pleasing design and its positive economic effect on the city.

Since then, Gehry has regularly won major commissions and established himself as one of the world's most notable architects. His best-received works include several concert halls for classical music. The boisterous, curvaceous Walt Disney Concert Hall (2003) in downtown Los Angeles is the centerpiece of the neighborhood's revitalization; the Los Angeles Times called it "the most effective answer to doubters, naysayers, and grumbling critics an American architect has ever produced".[36] Gehry also designed the open-air Jay Pritzker Pavilion (2004) in Chicago's Millennium Park;[37] and the understated New World Center (2011) in Miami Beach, which the LA Times called "a piece of architecture that dares you to underestimate it or write it off at first glance."[38]

His other notable works include academic buildings such as the Stata Center (2004)[39] at MIT, and the Peter B. Lewis Library (2008) at Princeton University;[40] museums such as the Museum of Pop Culture (2000) in Seattle, Washington;[41] commercial buildings such as the IAC Building (2007) in New York City;[42] and residential buildings, such as Gehry's first skyscraper, the Beekman Tower at 8 Spruce Street (2011)[43] in New York City.

Gehry's recent major international works include the

Foster + Partners to design the High Street phase of the development of Battersea Power Station in London, Gehry's first project there.[48]

In recent years, some of Gehry's more prominent designs have failed to go forward. In addition to unrealized designs for the

World Trade Center Performing Arts Center in New York City.[49] Some stalled projects have recently shown progress: After many years and a dismissal, Gehry was recently reinstated as architect for the Grand Avenue Project in Los Angeles, and though his controversial[50][51][52] design of the National Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial in Washington, DC has had numerous delays during the approval process with the United States Congress
, it was finally approved in 2014 with a modified design.

In 2014, two significant, long-awaited museums designed by Gehry opened: the Biomuseo,[53] a biodiversity museum in Panama City, Panama; and the Fondation Louis Vuitton,[54][55][56] a modern art museum in the Bois de Boulogne park in Paris, France. Both opened to generally positive reviews.[57][58][59]

Also in 2014, Gehry was commissioned by River LA (formerly the Los Angeles River Revitalization Corporation), a nonprofit group founded by the city of Los Angeles in 2009 to coordinate river policy, to devise a wide-ranging new plan for the river.[60][61]

In February 2015, the new AU$180 million building for the University of Technology Sydney was officially opened, whose façade has more than 320,000 hand-placed bricks and glass slabs. Gehry said he would not design a building like the "crumpled paper bag" again.[62]

Gehry told the French newspaper

Beekman Tower, was built 1 foot (0.30 m) taller than the nearby Trump Building, which until then was New York City's tallest residential building.[64][66]

Notable Gehry-designed buildings completed in the 2020s include the Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial in Washington, DC[67] and the LUMA Arles museum in France.[68] In 2021, noting Gehry's progress on an increasing number of significant projects in his hometown, including the Grand Avenue Project, a concert hall for the Youth Orchestra Los Angeles, and an office building for Warner Bros., The Architect's Newspaper stated that "Seventy-four years after he moved there from his native Toronto, L.A. is looking more and more like Gehry Country."[69]

Architectural style

Said to "defy categorisation", Gehry's work reflects a spirit of experimentation coupled with a respect for the demands of professional practice, and has remained largely unaligned with broader stylistic tendencies or movements.[70] With his earliest educational influences rooted in modernism, Gehry's work has sought to escape modernist stylistic tropes while remaining interested in some of its underlying transformative agendas. Continually working between given circumstances and unanticipated materializations, he has been assessed as someone who "made us produce buildings that are fun, sculpturally exciting, good experiences", although his approach may become "less relevant as pressure mounts to do more with less".[70]

Gehry's style at times seems unfinished or even crude, but his work is consistent with the California "

Whitney Museum in 1988 revealed that he is also a sophisticated classical artist who knows European art history and contemporary sculpture and painting.[71]

Early influences and design philosophy

Frank Gehry has often described architecture as inherently sculptural, asserting, “I always thought that architecture was, by definition, a three-dimensional object, therefore sculpture.” This perspective reflects his commitment to blending artistic and architectural disciplines. Gehry’s early work with sculptors influenced his experimental approach, which includes deconstructing traditional architectural forms and embracing ideas of flow and defamiliarization, akin to Viktor Shklovsky’s concept of “laying bare the device.” Critics often describe his work as embodying structuralism rather than traditional formalism.

Cultural and personal influences

Gehry’s Jewish heritage and immigrant background have shaped his architectural philosophy. He often reinterprets traditional forms in ways that reflect his multicultural experience. His works have been described as embodying “a critique of consumerism” [74]by defying expectations of luxury and focusing on creativity. For Gehry, architecture is not just about creating buildings but about crafting spaces that inspire and challenge societal norms.

Material innovation

A hallmark of Gehry’s style is his innovative use of materials. He challenges architectural norms by incorporating unconventional elements such as corrugated steel, chain-link fencing, and plywood. His works are celebrated for their “raw aesthetic”[75] that combines everyday materials in unexpected ways, creating structures that blur the line between functionality and artistry. These material choices also reflect a critique of luxury, emphasizing creativity over opulence.

Bilbao effect

The Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, Spain

The term "Bilbao Effect" emerged in urban planning to describe the transformative impact of Gehry’s architecture. His design for the Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, Spain, revitalized the city, serving as a prime example of how architecture can drive economic and cultural renewal. The museum’s dramatic curves and shimmering titanium panels are defining features of Gehry’s style, emphasizing movement and fluidity.[76][77][78]

After the phenomenal success of Gehry's design for the Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, Spain, critics began referring to the economic and cultural revitalization of cities through iconic, innovative architecture as the "Bilbao effect".[79] In the first 12 months after the museum was opened, an estimated US$160 million were added to the Basque economy. Indeed, over $3.5 billion have been added to the Basque economy since the building opened.[80] In subsequent years there have been many attempts to replicate this effect through large-scale eye-catching architectural commissions that have been both successful and unsuccessful, such as Daniel Libeskind's expansion of the Denver Art Museum and buildings by Gehry himself, such as the almost universally well-received Walt Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles and the more controversial Museum of Pop Culture in Seattle.[81] Though some link the concept of the Bilbao effect to the notion of starchitecture, Gehry has consistently rejected the label of a starchitect.[82]

Time management and client interaction

Despite the complexity of his designs, Gehry’s approach to project management is highly disciplined. He has been praised for listening closely to clients and translating their needs into visionary designs. As one collaborator noted, “Sometimes he produces something for the client that they don’t realize they want because he listens so well.”[83] Gehry himself credits curiosity as a cornerstone of his process, stating, “You’re being curious. And that curiosity leads to invention.” [84]

Criticism

Though much of Gehry's work has been well-received, its reception was not always positive. In 2014, Gizmodo's Geoff Manaugh called Gehry "the world's worst living architect," saying he is the "multi-billion dollar equivalent of a Salvador Dalí poster tacked to the wall in a stoned lacrosse player’s dorm room."[85][86]

Art historian

design flaws that the buildings waste structural resources by creating functionless forms, do not seem to belong in their surroundings or enhance the public context of their locations, and are apparently designed without taking into account the local climate.[88][89][90]

Moreover, socialist magazine Jacobin pointed out that Gehry's work can be summed up as architecture for the super-wealthy, in the sense that it is expensive, not resourceful, and does not serve the interests of the overwhelming majority. The article criticized Gehry's statement, "In the world we live in, 98 percent of what gets built and designed today is pure shit".[91]

Academia and design career

Academia

In January 2011, Gehry joined the University of Southern California (USC) faculty, as the

Zürich, and at Yale University, where he still teaches as of 2017.[93]

Though he is often referred to as a "

President of the University of Southern California, told Gehry that "...After George Lucas
, you are our most prominent graduate".

As of December 2013[update], Gehry has received over a dozen honorary university degrees (see #Honorary doctorates).

In February 2017, MasterClass announced an online architecture course taught by Gehry that was released that July.[95]

Exhibition design

Gehry has been involved in exhibition designs at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art dating back to the 1960s. In 1965, Gehry designed the exhibition display for the "Art Treasures of Japan" exhibition at the LACMA. This was followed soon after by the exhibition design for the "Assyrian Reliefs" show in 1966 and the "Billy Al Bengston Retrospective" in 1968. The LACMA then had Gehry design the installation for the "Treasures of Tutankhamen" exhibition in 1978 followed by the "Avant-Garde in Russia 1910–1930" exhibition in 1980. The subsequent year, Gehry designed the exhibition for "Seventeen Artists in the '60s" at the LACMA, followed soon after by the "German Expressionist Sculpture Exhibition" in 1983. In 1991–92, Gehry designed the installation of the landmark exhibition "Degenerate Art: The Fate of the Avant-Garde in Nazi Germany", which opened at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art and traveled to the Art Institute of Chicago, the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, and the Altes Museum in Berlin.[96][97] Gehry was asked to design an exhibition on the work of Alexander Calder at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art's Resnick Pavilion, again invited by the museum's curator Stephanie Barron.[98] The exhibition began on November 24, 2013, and ran through July 27, 2014.

In addition to his long-standing involvement with exhibition design at the LACMA, Gehry has also designed numerous exhibition installations with other institutions. In 1998, "The Art of the Motorcycle" exhibition opened at the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum with its installation designed by Gehry. This exhibition subsequently traveled to the

Guggenheim Las Vegas
.

In 2014, he curated an exhibition of photography by his close friend and businessman Peter Arnell that ran from March 5 through April 1 at Milk Studios Gallery in Los Angeles.[99]

Stage design

In 1983, Gehry created the stage design for

Theatre de la Ville in Paris. The set consisted of two levels angled in relation to each other, with a chain-link backdrop.[100] The piece was revived in 2015,[101] and was performed, among other places, in Los Angeles and Philadelphia, where it was presented by FringeArts, which commissioned the revival.[102]

In 2003, Gehry designed the set for the American premiere of Janáček's opera Osud at the Gehry-designed Fisher Center at Bard College.[103]

In 2012, Gehry designed the set for the Los Angeles Philharmonic's opera production of Don Giovanni, performed at the Walt Disney Concert Hall.

In April 2014, Gehry designed a set for an "exploration of the life and career of Pierre Boulez" by the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, which was performed in November of that year.[104]

Other designs

Wiggle side chair

In addition to architecture, Gehry has made a line of furniture for

U.S. Army, where he designed furniture for enlisted soldiers.[105][106][107]

In many of his designs, Gehry is inspired by fish. "It was by accident I got into the fish image", claimed Gehry. One thing that sparked his interest in fish was the fact that his colleagues were recreating Greek temples. He said, "Three hundred million years before man was fish....if you gotta go back, and you're insecure about going forward...go back three hundred million years ago. Why are you stopping at the Greeks? So, I started drawing fish in my sketchbook, and then I started to realize that there was something in it."[108]

As a result of his fascination, the first Fish Lamps were fabricated between 1984 and 1986. They employed wire armatures molded into fish shapes, onto which shards of plastic laminate ColorCore are individually glued. Since the creation of the first lamp in 1984, the fish has become a recurrent motif in Gehry's work, most notably in the Fish Sculpture at La Vila Olímpica del Poblenou in Barcelona (1989–92) and Standing Glass Fish for the Minneapolis Sculpture Garden (1986).[109]

Frank Gehry designed kettle, presented in the Indianapolis Museum of Art

Gehry has previously collaborated with luxury jewelry company Tiffany & Co., creating six distinct jewelry collections: the Orchid, Fish, Torque, Equus, Axis, and Fold collections. In addition to jewelry, Gehry designed other items, including a distinctive collector's chess set and a series of tableware items, including vases, cups, and bowls for the company.[110]

In 2004, Gehry designed the official trophy for the World Cup of Hockey.[111] He redesigned the trophy for the next tournament in 2016.[112]

He has collaborated with American furniture manufacturer Emeco on designs such as the 2004 "Superlight" chair.[113][114]

In 2014, Gehry was one of the six "iconoclasts" selected by French fashion house Louis Vuitton to design a piece using their iconic monogram pattern as part of their "Celebrating Monogram" campaign.[115]

In 2015, Gehry designed his first yacht.[116]

In 2020, Gehry designed a limited edition bottle of Hennessy cognac.[117]

Software development

Gehry's firm was responsible for innovation in architectural software.

Trimble Navigation.[119] Its client list includes Diller Scofidio + Renfro, Herzog & de Meuron, Jean Nouvel, Coop Himmelb(l)au, and Zaha Hadid
.

Personal life

A naturalized U.S. citizen,[120] he also remains a citizen of Canada.[121] He lives in Santa Monica, California, and continues to practice out of Los Angeles.[122] Having grown up in Canada, he is an avid fan of ice hockey. He began a hockey league, FOG (for Frank Owen Gehry), in his office, though he no longer plays with them.[123] In 2004, he designed the trophy for the World Cup of Hockey.[124]

Gehry is known for his occasional bad temper. During a trip to

Prince of Asturias Award in October 2014, he received a significant amount of attention, both positive and negative, for publicly flipping off a reporter at a press conference who accused him of being a "showy" architect.[125][126]

Gehry is a member of the California Yacht Club in

Marina Del Rey, and enjoys sailing with his fiberglass-hulled yacht, Foggy.[127]

Philanthropy

In 2014, Gehry co-founded Turnaround Arts: California, a 501(c)(3) nonprofit that expands access to the arts in under-resourced public elementary and middle schools across California.[128][129] In addition to serving as a board member for the organization, Gehry has served as a visiting artist with students.[130] He also serves on the leadership council of the New York Stem Cell Foundation.[131]

Gehry has also donated his time to design projects pro-bono. In 2014, he began pro-bono work with the L.A. River Revitalization Corp., a nonprofit group founded by the city, to develop the LA River Master Plan.[132] In 2015, he unveiled his design, for which he waved his design fee, for the Children's Institute in Watts, an LA-based social services organization that provides services to families who have experienced violence and poverty.[133] The Youth Orchestra Los Angeles (YOLA), which is an educational center and performance space that provides free instruments, music training, and academic support to students from disadvantaged neighborhoods, was also designed pro-bono by Gehry and was completed in 2021.[134]

In 2004, Gehry voiced himself in an episode of the children's TV show

treehouse.[135] He also voiced himself in a 2005 episode of The Simpsons, "The Seven-Beer Snitch", where he designs a concert hall for the fictional city of Springfield. He has since said he regrets the appearance, as it included a joke about his design technique that has led people to misunderstand his architectural process.[136]

In 2006, filmmaker Sydney Pollack made a documentary about Gehry's work, Sketches of Frank Gehry, which followed Gehry over five years and painted a positive portrait of his character; it was well-received critically.[137]

In 2009, architecture-inspired ice cream sandwich company Coolhaus named a cookie and ice cream combination after Gehry. Dubbed the "Frank Behry", it features Strawberries & Cream gelato and snickerdoodle cookies.[138][139]

Works

Main article: List of works by Frank Gehry

Exhibitions

In October 2014, the first major European exhibition of Gehry's work debuted at the

Milan Triennale (first in 1988, then in 2010 with an exhibition entitled "Frank Gehry from 1997"), and LACMA (2015).[141]

Gehry participated in the 1980 Venice Biennale's La Strada Novissima installation. He also contributed to the 1985 Venice Biennale with an installation and performance named Il Corso del Coltello, in collaboration with Claes Oldenburg. His projects were featured in the 1996 event, and contributed to the 2008 event with the installation Ungapatchket.

In October 2015, 21 21 Design Sight in Tokyo held the exhibition Frank Gehry. I Have An Idea, curated by Japanese architect Tsuyoshi Tane.[142]

In 2021, the

Beverly Hills held Spinning Tales, an exhibition of new fish sculptures by Gehry.[143]

Awards and honors

Gehry was elected to the College of Fellows of the American Institute of Architects (AIA) in 1974,[153] and he has received many national, regional and local AIA awards. He is a senior fellow of the Design Futures Council and serves on the steering committee of the Aga Khan Award for Architecture.

External videos
video icon Frank Gehry: My days as a young rebel, 44:28, TED Talks[154]
video icon Frank Gehry: A master architect asks, Now what?, 21:56, TED Talks[155]

Honorary degrees

See also

References

Notes

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  2. ^ a b Tyrnauer, Matt (June 30, 2010). "Architecture in the Age of Gehry". Vanity Fair. Retrieved July 22, 2010.
  3. ^ for the design, see: "Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial: Design" Archived November 19, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
  4. OCLC 82172814
    .
  5. OCLC 30816307
    .
  6. ^
    ISBN 0-8109-5829-5
    .
  7. ^ Finding Your Roots, February 2, 2016, PBS
  8. ^ Green, Peter S. (June 30, 2005). "In the News: Warsaw Jewish Museum In Poland". The New York Times. Retrieved August 30, 2011.
  9. ^ Gorin, Abbott (Spring 2015) "A Golden Age of Jewish Architects" Jewish Currents. Retrieved 12 January 2020.
  10. ^ Ouroussoff, Nicolai (October 25, 1998) "I'm Frank Gehry, and This Is How I See the World"[dead link‍] https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1998-oct-25-tm-35829-story.html Los Angeles Times Magazine
  11. ^
    Salon
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  14. ^ Verge, Stéphanie (July 2022). "Frank Talk". Toronto Life. p. 55: Gehry's a phony name—I changed it in 1954 because my ex-wife was worried about antisemitism and thought it sounded less Jewish.
  15. ^
    American Academy of Achievement
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  16. ^ Hess, Alan (June 30, 2014). "Erasing Pereira". Orange Coast Magazine. Retrieved April 3, 2025.
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  22. ^ Ray, Debika (February 27, 2020). "As architect Frank Gehry turns 90 years old we look back at his prolific career". ICON Magazine. Retrieved February 25, 2025.
  23. ^ Templer, Karen (October 5, 1999). "Frank Gehry". Salon. Retrieved February 25, 2025.
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  25. ^ Goldberger (2015), pp.110–111
    Lazo, Caroline Evensen (2006) Frank Gehry. Twenty-First Century Books
    Hawthorne, Christopher (October 8, 2014) "In Paris, a Passion for All Things Frank Gehry" Los Angeles Times
  26. ^ Gehry Partners, LLP website Archived December 19, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
  27. ^ Molloy, Jonathan C. (February 28, 2013). "AD Classic: Norton House / Frank Gehry". ArchDaily.com. Retrieved May 25, 2013.
  28. ^ Head, Jeffrey (October 21, 2009). "Frank Gehry: The Houses". Los Angeles Times.
  29. ^ "Gehry House – Frank Gehry". Great Buildings Collection. Retrieved June 3, 2010.
  30. ^ "Jury Citation: Frank Gehry: 1989 Laureate". pritzkerprize.com. Pritzker Architecture Prize. 1989. Retrieved March 8, 2017.
  31. ^ Colwell, Hailey (August 5, 2015). "Modeling the museum for 17 years". Weisman.UMN.edu. The Frederick Weisman Museum of Art, University of Minnesota. Archived from the original on May 10, 2006. Retrieved March 8, 2017.
  32. ^ "American Center, Paris". galinsky.com. 2010. Retrieved March 8, 2017.
  33. ^ "Architect March 2010 Page 80". lscpagepro.mydigitalpublication.com. Retrieved August 19, 2024.
  34. ^ "Dancing House". galinsky.com. 2006. Retrieved March 8, 2017.
  35. ^ Tyrnauer, Matt (August 2010). "Architecture in the Age of Gehry". Vanity Fair. Retrieved March 27, 2012.
  36. ^ Roston, Eric (October 11, 2004). "Windy City Redux". Time. Archived from the original on September 9, 2009. Retrieved July 30, 2008.
  37. ^ Hawthorne, Christopher (September 21, 2013). "Frank Gehry's Walt Disney Concert Hall is inextricably of L.A." Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 9, 2013.
  38. ^ Hawthorne, Christopher (January 24, 2011). "Architecture review: Frank Gehry's New World Center in Miami Beach". Los Angeles Times.
  39. ^ "The Stata Center". MIT.edu. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Retrieved March 8, 2017.
  40. ^ Cliatt, Cass (September 11, 2008). "Architect Gehry seeks to inspire with Princeton's Lewis Library design". Archived from the original on March 8, 2017. Retrieved March 8, 2017.
  41. Fodors. Archived from the original
    on August 18, 2010. Retrieved March 22, 2015.
  42. ^ Ouroussoff, Nicolai (March 22, 2007). "Gehry's New York Debut: Subdued Tower of Light". The New York Times. Retrieved August 25, 2007.
  43. ^ Ouroussoff, Nicolai (February 9, 2011). "8 Spruce Street by the Architect Frank Gehry – Review". The New York Times.
  44. ^ "UTS City Campus Master Plan". uts.edu.au. University of Technology Sydney. Archived from the original on September 3, 2014. Retrieved August 30, 2014.
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Bibliography

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