Frank Wisner

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For the diplomat, his son, see Frank G. Wisner.
Frank Wisner
Birth nameFrank Gardner Wisner
Born(1909-06-23)June 23, 1909
Laurel, Mississippi, U.S.
DiedOctober 29, 1965(1965-10-29) (aged 56)
Galena, Maryland, U.S.
Service/branch United States Navy
Years of service1941–1962
Battles/wars
LLB
)
Spouse(s)Mary Ellis Knowles
Children4

Frank Gardiner Wisner (June 23, 1909 – October 29, 1965) was one of the founding officers of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and played a major role in CIA operations throughout the 1950s.

Wisner began his intelligence career in the

Directorate of Plans. First headed by Allen Dulles, Wisner succeeded Dulles in 1951 when Dulles was named Director of Central Intelligence
.

Wisner remained as Deputy Director of Plans (DDP) until September 1958, playing an important role in the early history of the CIA. He suffered a breakdown in 1958, and retired from the Agency in 1962. He committed suicide in 1965.

Education and early career

Wisner was educated at the

Carter, Ledyard & Milburn.[4]

Career

Navy and OSS career

In 1941, six months before the attack on Pearl Harbor, he enlisted in the United States Navy. He worked in the Navy's censor's office until he managed to transfer to the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) in 1943. He was first stationed in Cairo where he spent an uneventful year. After Cairo (from June 15, 1944) he spent three months in OSS Istanbul, Turkey, as head of SI (Secret Intelligence) branch. On August 29, 1944, Lt. Comdr. Wisner and 21 OSS agents landed in Romania,[5] where he became head of OSS Bucharest.[6][7]

Wisner arrived just as Romania joined the Allies and declared war on the Axis. His first task was to oversee the return of over 1,000 American airmen who had been shot down in missions against Romanian oilfields. The POWs were returned by the

B-17 Flying Fortress airplanes flew out the prisoners between 31 August and 3 September. In all, some 1,127 American POWs were transported.[9][10]

Immediately after the arrival of Major Robert Bishop (September 9, 1944) as head of X-2 (Counter Espionage) branch in Bucharest, Wisner started the search for German records. With the help of Romanian Intelligence, they manage to obtain tons of records, including SD files, 200 rolls of German film and a large amount of Soviet information. During that time, Wisner and Bishop discovered and penetrated a Soviet intelligence service named GUGBEZ. Wisner left Bucharest in the last week of January 1945.[6]

In March 1945, Wisner was transferred to

Wiesbaden, Germany
. In 1945–1946, he returned to law practice at Carter, Ledyard & Milburn.

During World War II, Wisner and his wife Polly became close friends with

Philip Graham and his wife Katharine Graham who after the war became publishers of The Washington Post.[11]

CIA career

Wisner was recruited in 1947 by

State Department to become the Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Occupied Areas. On June 18, 1948, the United States National Security Council approved NSC 10/2 which created the Office of Special Projects.[12] On September 1, 1948, the office was formally established, although it was renamed to the Office of Policy Coordination (OPC) for obfuscation purposes.[13] Wisner was chosen to lead the OPC in the capacity of Assistant Director for Policy Coordination (ADPC).[14] The OPC initially received services from the CIA but was accountable to the State Department.[15]

According to its secret charter, the OPC's responsibilities include "propaganda, economic warfare, preventive direct action, including sabotage, antisabotage, demolition and evacuation procedures; subversion against hostile states, including assistance to underground resistance groups, guerrillas and refugee liberation groups, and support of indigenous anti-communist elements in threatened countries of the free world."[16]

During the early 1950s, Wisner was the subject of FBI inquiries in connection with his wartime work in Romania, including the claim that he had an affair with Tanda Caradja, daughter of Romanian princess Catherine Caradja during the war; Caradja was alleged in FBI reports to be a Soviet agent. However, Wisner was cleared of all suspicions by the CIA Office of Security.[17]

On August 23, 1951, Wisner succeeded

US citizenship – and intelligence agencies protected them from exposure for decades.[19]

FBI director J. Edgar Hoover and U.S. Senator Joseph McCarthy succeeded in forcing CIA director Roscoe H. Hillenkoetter to dismiss long-time staffer Carmel Offie in 1950 for homosexuality, over Wisner's objections.[20]

Grave at Arlington National Cemetery

Wisner worked closely with Kim Philby, the British agent who was also a Soviet spy.

Wisner was also deeply involved in establishing the Lockheed U-2 spy plane program run by Richard M. Bissell Jr.[1]

Wisner suffered a serious breakdown in September 1958. He was diagnosed as

electroshock therapy. Bissell replaced Wisner as Deputy Director of Plans.[21] After a lengthy recovery, Wisner became chief of the CIA's London Station.[21]

In 1961, Wisner was ordered to organize CIA activities in British Guiana.[22]

In 1962, Wisner retired from the CIA.[citation needed]

Family

Wisner married Mary Ellis 'Polly' Knowles (1912–2002) and they had four children: Elizabeth Wisner, Graham Wisner, Ellis Wisner, and Frank G. Wisner who entered into diplomatic service.[11] Wisner died on October 29, 1965 by suicide.[23]

References

  1. ^
    ISBN 0-313-33282-7
  2. ISBN 0-684-82538-4
    .
  3. ^ "Our History: Featured Alumni: Wisner, Frank G., 1934". libguides.law.virginia.edu. Retrieved 2 May 2018.
  4. ISBN 978-1615780112
    .
  5. ISBN 978-973-32-0924-9
    .
  6. ^ a b CIA FOIA ERR, “Report on X-2 Activities in Bucharest, 25 April 1945”
  7. ^ Dill, Josh (September 2019). Parties, Politics and Press on P Street. Citizens Association of Georgetown. page 6. Retrieved June 17, 2021.
  8. ^ V.C.Georgescu (January 1990). "Letters from Georgescu". 450thbg.com. Retrieved 19 January 2024.
  9. ^ "Operatiunea Reunion (II)". iar80flyagain.org (in Romanian). 2022-10-28.
  10. ^ Patricia Louise Wadley, "Even One Is Too Many" Archived 2007-04-05 at the Wayback Machine, Ph.D. thesis, Texas Christian University, 1993
  11. ^ a b Levy, Claudia (July 11, 2002). "Polly Fritchey Dies". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 17, 2021.
  12. ^ "Foreign Relations of the United States, 1945–1950, Emergence of the Intelligence Establishment - Office of the Historian".
  13. ISBN 0801437113
    .
  14. ^ Karalekas, Anne (23 April 1976). History of the Central Intelligence Agency. p. 34. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  15. ^ Foreign Relations 1964–1968, Volume XXVI, Indonesia; Malaysia-Singapore; Philippines: Note on U.S. Covert Action Programs. United States Department of State.
  16. ^ Thorne, C. Thomas Jr.; Patterson, David S. (1995). "National Security Council Directive on Office of Special Projects". Foreign Relations of the United States, 1945–1950, Emergence of the Intelligence Establishment. GPO. Retrieved 2017-01-05.
  17. ^ Evan Thomas (1995). The Very Best Men: The Early Years of the CIA. pp. 138-139.
  18. ^ Operation PBSUCCESS: The United States and Guatemala, 1952–1954, CIA History Staff document by Nicholas Cullather, 1994. Excerpt
  19. ^ Richard Rashke: Useful Enemies: John Demjanjuk and America's Open-Door Policy For Nazi War Criminals (Delphinium Books, 2013) Google Books
  20. ISBN 978-0385540452
    .
  21. ^
    ISBN 978-1615780112
    .
  22. ISBN 0-8078-5639-8
    .
  23. ^ Evan Thomas (1995). The Very Best Men: The Early Years of the CIA. p. 320.

Bibliography

External links
Government offices
Preceded by
Allen W. Dulles
Deputy Director for Plans

August 23, 1951 – January 1, 1959 		Succeeded by
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