Frankfurt

	Largest groups of foreign residents
Turkey	25,294
Croatia	16,751
Italy	15,120
Poland	12,174
Romania	10,451
Serbia	9,404
Bulgaria	8,509
India	7,412
Spain	7,261
Greece	6,381
Morocco	6,275
Bosnia and Herzegovina	6,142
Afghanistan	5,114
China	4,662
France	4,609
Algeria	4,087
Portugal	3,991

Frankfurt
Frankfurt
New Old Town; old town of the district Höchst; and Römerberg
	Coat of arms
	Location of Frankfurt within Hesse Frankfurt
	Coordinates: 50°06′38″N 08°40′56″E / 50.11056°N 8.68222°E
Country	Lord Mayor (Caretaker)
• Governing parties	Greens / SPD / FDP / Volt
Area
• City	248.31 km2 (95.87 sq mi)
Elevation	112 m (367 ft)
Population (2021-12-31)
• City	759,224
• Density	3,100/km2 (7,900/sq mi)
• Urban	2,319,029
• Metro	5,604,523
Time zone	UTC+01:00 (CET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+02:00 (CEST)
Postal codes	60306–60599, 65929–65936
Dialling codes	069, 06101, 06109
Vehicle registration	F
Website	frankfurt.de

Frankfurt, officially Frankfurt am Main (German:

geographic center of the EU at Gadheim in Lower Franconia. Like France and Franconia, the city is named after the Franks. Frankfurt is the largest city in the Rhine Franconian dialect

area.

Frankfurt was a

14th wealthiest city

in the world.

Frankfurt is a global hub for commerce, culture, education, tourism and transportation, and rated as an

trade fairs. Major fairs include the Music Fair and the Frankfurt Book Fair

, the world's largest book fair.

Frankfurt is home to influential

Frankfurt Zoo. In sports, the city is known as the home of the top-tier soccer club Eintracht Frankfurt, the Löwen Frankfurt ice hockey team, the basketball club Frankfurt Skyliners, the Frankfurt Marathon and the venue of Ironman Germany. It was also one of the host cities of the 1974 and 2006 FIFA World Cups

.

Distinctions

Often stereotyped as a financial city, Frankfurt is multifaceted, including the entertainment district at Bahnhofsviertel

.

Frankfurt is the largest financial hub in continental Europe. It is home to the European Central Bank, Deutsche Bundesbank, Frankfurt Stock Exchange and several large commercial banks.

The Frankfurt Stock Exchange is one of the world's largest stock exchanges by market capitalization and accounts for more than 90 percent of the turnover in the German market.

In 2010, 63 national and 152 international banks had their registered offices in Frankfurt, including Germany's major banks, notably Deutsche Bank, DZ Bank, KfW and Commerzbank, as well as 41 representative offices of international banks.^[6]

Frankfurt is considered a global city (alpha world city) as listed by the GaWC group's 2012 inventory.^[7] Among global cities it was ranked tenth by the Global Power City Index 2011 and 11th by the Global City Competitiveness Index 2012. Among financial hubs, the city was ranked eighth by the International Financial Centers Development Index 2013 and ninth in the 2013 Global Financial Centres Index.

Its central location in Germany and Europe makes Frankfurt a major air, rail, and road

rail stations in Europe and the busiest junction operated by Deutsche Bahn, the German national railway company, with 342 trains a day to domestic and European destinations.^[8] Frankfurter Kreuz, also known as the Autobahn interchange and located close to the airport, is the most-heavily used interchange in the EU, used by 320,000 cars daily.^[9] In 2011 human-resource-consulting firm Mercer ranked Frankfurt as seventh in its annual 'Quality of Living' survey of cities around the world.^[10] According to The Economist cost-of-living survey, Frankfurt is Germany's most expensive city and the world's tenth most expensive.^[11]

Frankfurt has many downtown

Dom-Römer Project

from 2012 to 2018.

Etymology

The legend of the Frankenfurt (ford of the Franks)

Frankonovurd (in

ford

) where the river was shallow enough to be crossed on foot.

By the 19th century, the name Frankfurt had been established as the official spelling. The older English spelling of Frankfort is now rarely seen in reference to Frankfurt am Main, although more than a dozen other towns and cities, mainly in the United States, use this spelling, including Frankfort, Kentucky, Frankfort, New York, and Frankfort, Illinois.

The suffix am Main has been used regularly since the 14th century. In

English, the city's full name of Frankfurt am Main means "Frankfurt on the Main" (pronounced like English mine or German mein). Frankfurt is located on an ancient ford (German: Furt) on the river Main. As a part of early Franconia, the inhabitants were the early Franks, thus the city's name reveals its legacy as "the ford of the Franks on the Main".^[13]

Among English speakers, the city is commonly known simply as Frankfurt, but Germans occasionally call it by its full name to distinguish it from the other (significantly smaller) German city of Frankfurt an der Oder in the Land of Brandenburg on the Polish border.

The city district Bonames has a name probably dating back to Roman times, thought to be derived from bona me(n)sa (good table).

The common abbreviations for the city, primarily used in railway services and on road signs, are Frankfurt (Main), Frankfurt (M), Frankfurt a. M., Frankfurt/Main or Frankfurt/M. The common

IATA code

for Frankfurt Airport.

History

Timeline of Frankfurt am Main
historical affiliations

Roman Empire, pre 475
Francia, ca. 475–843
East Francia, 843–962
Holy Roman Empire, 962–1806
Free City of Frankfurt, 1372–1806
Grand Duchy of Frankfurt, 1806–1813
Free City of Frankfurt, 1813–1866
Kingdom of Prussia, 1866–1871
German Empire, 1871–1918
Weimar Republic, 1918–1933
German Reich, 1933–1945

American occupation zone
, 1945–1949
West Germany, 1949–1990
Germany, 1990–present

Early history and Holy Roman Empire

The first traces of

river Nidda date to the reign of Emperor Vespasian in the years 69 to 79 AD. Nida (modern Heddernheim, Praunheim) was a Roman civitas

capital (Civitas Taunensium).

Alemanni and Franks lived there, and by 794, Charlemagne presided over an imperial assembly and church synod, at which Franconofurd (alternative spellings end with -furt and -vurd) was first mentioned. It was one of the two capitals of Charlemagne's grandson Louis the German, together with Regensburg. Louis founded the collegiate church, rededicated in 1239 to Bartholomew the Apostle and now Frankfurt Cathedral.^[14]

Frankfurt was one of the most important cities in the

emperors were crowned and elected in Frankfurt, initiated for Maximilian II. This tradition ended in 1792, when Franz II was elected. His coronation was deliberately held on Bastille Day, 14 July, the anniversary of the storming of the Bastille. The elections and coronations took place in St. Bartholomäus Cathedral

, known as the Kaiserdom (Emperor's Cathedral), or its predecessors.

The Frankfurter Messe ('Frankfurt Trade Fair') was first mentioned in 1150. In 1240, Emperor Friedrich II granted an imperial privilege to its visitors, meaning they would be protected by the empire. The fair became particularly important when similar fairs in French Beaucaire lost attraction around 1380. Book trade fairs began in 1478.

In 1372, Frankfurt became a Reichsstadt (

Imperial Free City), i.e., directly subordinate to the Holy Roman Emperor

and not to a regional ruler or a local nobleman.

In 1585, Frankfurt traders established a system of exchange rates for the various currencies that were circulating to prevent cheating and extortion. Therein lay the early roots for the Frankfurt Stock Exchange.

Frankfurt managed to remain neutral during the Thirty Years' War, but suffered from the bubonic plague that refugees brought to the city. After the war, Frankfurt regained its wealth. In the late 1770s the theater principal Abel Seyler was based in Frankfurt, and established the city's theatrical life.^[15]

Kaiserplatz, c. 1880

Impact of French revolution and the Napoleonic Wars

Following the

prince of Venice

", a newly established primogeniture in Italy), Grand Duke of Frankfurt after Dalberg's death (since the latter as a Catholic bishop had no legitimate heirs). The Grand Duchy remained a short episode lasting from 1810 to 1813 when the military tide turned in favor of the Anglo-Prussian-led allies that overturned the Napoleonic order. Dalberg abdicated in favor of Eugène de Beauharnais, which of course was only a symbolic action, as the latter effectively never ruled after the ruin of the French armies and Frankfurt's takeover by the allies.

Frankfurt as a fully sovereign state

After Napoleon's final defeat and abdication, the Congress of Vienna (1814–1815) dissolved the grand-duchy and Frankfurt became a fully sovereign city-state with a republican form of government. Frankfurt entered the newly founded German Confederation (till 1866) as a free city, becoming the seat of its Bundestag, the confederal parliament where the nominally presiding Habsburg Emperor of Austria was represented by an Austrian "presidential envoy".

After the ill-fated

Frankfurter Paulskirche (St. Paul's Church) and was opened on 18 May 1848. The institution failed in 1849 when the Prussian king, Frederick William IV

, declared that he would not accept "a crown from the gutter". In the year of its existence, the assembly developed a common constitution for a unified Germany, with the Prussian king as its monarch.

Frankfurt after the loss of sovereignty

View of Frankfurt am Main, including the Alte Brücke (Old Bridge), by Gustave Courbet

(1858)

Frankfurt lost its independence after the

Hesse-Nassau. The Prussian occupation and annexation were perceived as a great injustice in Frankfurt, which retained its distinct western European, urban and cosmopolitan character. The formerly independent towns of Bornheim and Bockenheim

were incorporated in 1890.

In 1914, the citizens founded the University of Frankfurt, later named Goethe University Frankfurt. This marked the only civic foundation of a university in Germany; today it is one of Germany's largest.

From 6 April to 17 May 1920, following military intervention to put down the

peace treaty of Versailles concerning the demilitarization of the Rhineland had been broken.^[17] In 1924, Ludwig Landmann became the first Jewish mayor of the city, and led a significant expansion during the following years. During the Nazi era, the synagogues of the city were destroyed and the vast majority of the Jewish population fled or was killed.^[18]

Frankfurt was severely bombed in World War II (1939–1945). About 5,500 residents were killed during the raids, and the once-famous medieval city center, by that time the largest in Germany, was almost completely destroyed. It became a ground battlefield on 26 March 1945, when the Allied advance into Germany was forced to take the city in contested urban combat that included a river assault. The 5th Infantry Division and the 6th Armored Division of the United States Army captured Frankfurt after several days of intense fighting, and it was declared largely secure on 29 March 1945.^[19]

After the end of the war, Frankfurt became a part of the newly founded state of Hesse, consisting of the old

American Zone of Occupation of Germany. The Military Governor for the United States Zone (1945–1949) and the United States High Commissioner for Germany (HICOG) (1949–1952) had their headquarters in the IG Farben Building

, intentionally left undamaged by the Allies' wartime bombardment.

Frankfurt was the original choice for the provisional capital city of the newly founded state of

Chancellor, preferred the town of Bonn, for the most part because it was close to his hometown, but also because many other prominent politicians opposed the choice of Frankfurt out of concern that Frankfurt would be accepted as the permanent capital, thereby weakening the West German population's support for a reunification with East Germany and the eventual return of the capital to Berlin

.

Postwar reconstruction took place in a sometimes simple modern style, thus changing Frankfurt's architectural face. A few landmark buildings were reconstructed historically, albeit in a simplified manner (e.g.,

S.D. Goitein, "not even handlists indicating its contents have survived."^[20]

Reconstruction (1981–1984) of six houses at the east side of the Römerberg which were destroyed in World War II

The end of the war marked Frankfurt's comeback as Germany's leading financial hub, mainly because Berlin, now a city divided into four sectors, could no longer rival it. In 1948, the Allies founded the Bank deutscher Länder, the forerunner of Deutsche Bundesbank. Following this decision, more financial institutions were re-established, e.g. Deutsche Bank and Dresdner Bank. In the 1950s, Frankfurt Stock Exchange regained its position as the country's leading stock exchange.

Frankfurt also reemerged as Germany's transportation hub and

London Heathrow Airport

in 1961.

During the 1970s, the city created one of Europe's most efficient underground transportation systems.

S-Bahn) linking outlying communities with the city center, and a deep underground light rail system with smaller coaches (U-Bahn

) also capable of travelling above ground on rails.

In 1998, the European Central Bank was founded in Frankfurt, followed by the European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority and European Systemic Risk Board in 2011.

Geography

Frankfurt as seen by the European Space Agency's Sentinel-2A

Frankfurt is the largest city in the state of Hesse in the western part of Germany.

Site

Frankfurt is located on both sides of the river Main, south-east of the Taunus mountain range. The southern part of the city contains the Frankfurt City Forest, Germany's largest city forest. The city area is 248.31 km² (95.87 sq mi) and extends over 23.4 km (14.54 mi) east to west and 23.3 km (14.48 mi) north to south. Its downtown is north of the river Main in Altstadt district (the historical center) and the surrounding Innenstadt district. The geographical center is in Bockenheim district near Frankfurt West station.

Frankfurt at the heart of the densely populated

Rüsselsheim, Wetzlar and Marburg

.

Districts

The 46 Stadtteile (city districts) of central Frankfurt, 2010

Frankfurt am Main by "Ortsbezirke" (local districts) and "zugehörige Stadtbezirke" (associated city districts), 2020

The central Innenstadt district, as seen by a SkySat

satellite

The city is divided into 46 city districts (Stadtteile), which are in turn divided into 121 city boroughs (Stadtbezirke) and 448 electoral districts (Wahlbezirke). The 46 city districts combine into 16 area districts (

Ortsbezirke

), which each have a district committee and chairperson.

The largest city district by population and area is Sachsenhausen, while the smallest is Altstadt, Frankfurt's historical center. Three larger city districts (Sachsenhausen, Westend and Nordend) are divided for administrative purposes into a northern (-Nord) and a southern (-Süd) part, respectively a western (-West) and an eastern (-Ost) part, but are generally considered as one city district (which is why often only 43 city districts are mentioned, even on the city's official website).^[22]

Some larger housing areas are often falsely called city districts, even by locals, like Nordweststadt (part of

Bahnhofsviertel

district).

Many city districts are incorporated suburbs (

Riederwald

.

History of incorporations

Until the year 1877 the city's territory consisted of the present-day inner-city districts of
Gutleutviertel, Gallus, Westend, Nordend, Ostend and Sachsenhausen
.
Riederwald
, was created on territory that had formerly belonged to Seckbach and Ostend.
On 1 April 1928 the City of
Sossenheim) or joining the newly established Landkreis of Main-Taunus-Kreis
.
Dornbusch became a city district in 1946. It was created on territory that had formerly belonged to Eckenheim and Ginnheim.
On 1 August 1972, Hesse's smaller suburbs of
Kreis Groß-Gerau, the Hochtaunuskreis, the Main-Kinzig-Kreis or the Wetteraukreis
.
Bergen-Enkheim
was the last suburb to become part of Frankfurt on 1 January 1977.
Flughafen became an official city district in 1979. It covers the area of Frankfurt Airport that had belonged to Sachsenhausen and the neighboring city of Mörfelden-Walldorf
.
Frankfurt's youngest city district is Frankfurter Berg. It was part of Bonames until 1996.
Kalbach was officially renamed Kalbach-Riedberg in 2006 because of the large residential housing development in the area known as Riedberg.

Neighboring districts and cities

Frankfurt urban area within Hesse

To the west Frankfurt borders the
Rüsselsheim and Kelsterbach
.
Together with these towns (and some larger nearby towns, e.g., Hanau, Rodgau, Dreieich, Langen) Frankfurt forms a contiguous built-up urban area called Stadtregion Frankfurt which is not an official administrative district. The urban area had an estimated population of 2.3 million in 2010, and is the 13th-largest urban area in the EU.

Climate

Frankfurt has a
temperate-oceanic climate (Köppen
: Cfb). Its average annual temperature is 10.6 °C (51.1 °F), with monthly mean temperatures ranging from 1.6 °C (34.9 °F) in January to 20.0 °C (68.0 °F) in July (Data from between 1981 and 2010).
Due to its location at the northern tip of the Upper Rhine Valley in the Southwest of Germany, Frankfurt is one of the warmest and driest bigger German cities together with cities like Darmstadt, Mannheim, Karlsruhe and Freiburg im Breisgau. Summers in Frankfurt can get very warm, when compared to the rest of the country. Between the years 1981 and 2010 there have been 52 days in Frankfurt with a maximum temperature over 25 °C and 13 days with a maximum over 30 °C on average per year.
Climate change elevates the number of hot days. In the year of 2018, there have been recorded 108 days with a maximum of over 25 °C and 43 days with a maximum of over 30 °C (compared to 52 and 13 days on average per year between 1981 and 2010). The overall tendency for higher temperatures can be seen when comparing the climate data from 1981 to 2010 with the data from 2010 to 2020. It is getting sunnier, drier and warmer and the climate resembles more a humid subtropical climate (Cfa).
Being an urban heat island, Frankfurt is sometimes affected by tropical nights, where the temperature does not drop under 20 °C between May and September. This occurs because the density of the city causes it to store all the heat.
The growing season is longer when compared to the rest of Germany, thus resulting in an early arrival of springtime in the region.
Winters in Frankfurt are generally mild or at least not freezing with a small possibility of snow, especially in January and February but dark and often overcast. Frankfurt is, on average, covered with snow only for around 10 to 20 days per year.^[23] The temperatures fell at about 70 days under 0 °C and daily maximum has stayed under 0 °C for about 13 days on average per year between 1981 and 2010. Some days with lows under −10 °C can occur more often here than at the coasts of Northern Germany, but not that frequently like in Bavaria or the eastern parts of Germany.
Because of the mild climate in the region, there are some well-known wine regions not far away such as
lemon trees and southern European plants growing in that area. The area is called the "Nizza" (the German word for the southern French town Nice) and is one of the biggest parks with a Mediterranean vegetation north of the Alps.^[24]

Climate data for Frankfurt Airport 1981–2010, extremes 1949–present (sunshine duration and precipitation rounded)

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

Record high °C (°F) 15.9
(60.6) 19.1
(66.4) 24.7
(76.5) 30.3
(86.5) 33.2
(91.8) 39.3
(102.7) 40.2
(104.4) 38.7
(101.7) 32.8
(91.0) 28.0
(82.4) 19.1
(66.4) 16.3
(61.3) 40.2
(104.4)

Average high °C (°F) 4.2
(39.6) 5.9
(42.6) 10.7
(51.3) 15.4
(59.7) 20.0
(68.0) 23.1
(73.6) 25.5
(77.9) 25.1
(77.2) 20.3
(68.5) 14.6
(58.3) 8.4
(47.1) 4.9
(40.8) 14.8
(58.6)

Daily mean °C (°F) 1.6
(34.9) 2.4
(36.3) 6.4
(43.5) 10.3
(50.5) 14.7
(58.5) 17.8
(64.0) 20.0
(68.0) 19.5
(67.1) 15.2
(59.4) 10.4
(50.7) 5.6
(42.1) 2.5
(36.5) 10.6
(51.1)

Average low °C (°F) −1.1
(30.0) −1.1
(30.0) 2.1
(35.8) 4.9
(40.8) 9.1
(48.4) 12.3
(54.1) 14.4
(57.9) 14.0
(57.2) 10.5
(50.9) 6.6
(43.9) 2.8
(37.0) −0.1
(31.8) 6.2
(43.2)

Record low °C (°F) −21.6
(−6.9) −19.6
(−3.3) −13.0
(8.6) −7.1
(19.2) −2.8
(27.0) 0.1
(32.2) 2.8
(37.0) 2.5
(36.5) −0.3
(31.5) −6.3
(20.7) −11.5
(11.3) −17.0
(1.4) −21.6
(−6.9)

Average precipitation mm (inches) 45
(1.8) 41
(1.6) 48
(1.9) 42
(1.7) 63
(2.5) 58
(2.3) 65
(2.6) 57
(2.2) 53
(2.1) 55
(2.2) 49
(1.9) 54
(2.1) 629
(24.8)

Average rainy days 16 13 14 14 15 15 14 14 12 12 14 16 169

Mean monthly sunshine hours 50 80 121 178 211 219 233 219 156 103 51 41 1,662

Percent possible sunshine 18 29 33 42 45 46 47 51 40 30 19 16 35

Source 1: Deutscher Wetterdienst^[25]

Source 2: Weather Atlas (sunshine data)^[26]

Climate data for Frankfurt Airport February 2011 – February 2021 (recent 10 years)

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

Average high °C (°F) 5.3
(41.5) 6.8
(44.2) 11.8
(53.2) 17.4
(63.3) 20.6
(69.1) 24.4
(75.9) 26.7
(80.1) 26.3
(79.3) 21.7
(71.1) 15.5
(59.9) 9.3
(48.7) 6.6
(43.9) 16
(61)

Daily mean °C (°F) 3.1
(37.6) 3.5
(38.3) 7.2
(45.0) 11.8
(53.2) 15.1
(59.2) 19.1
(66.4) 21.1
(70.0) 20.7
(69.3) 16.5
(61.7) 11.7
(53.1) 6.7
(44.1) 4.5
(40.1) 11.7
(53.1)

Average low °C (°F) 0.7
(33.3) 0.1
(32.2) 2.4
(36.3) 6.1
(43.0) 9.6
(49.3) 13.7
(56.7) 15.5
(59.9) 15.1
(59.2) 11.3
(52.3) 7.8
(46.0) 4.0
(39.2) 2.3
(36.1) 7.4
(45.3)

Average precipitation mm (inches) 42.4
(1.67) 29.7
(1.17) 24.8
(0.98) 30.2
(1.19) 51.2
(2.02) 51.9
(2.04) 43.0
(1.69) 57.4
(2.26) 39.6
(1.56) 36.9
(1.45) 41.1
(1.62) 54.3
(2.14) 502.7
(19.79)

Average rainy days 11 8 7 6 8 8 8 9 6 9 8 12 100

Mean monthly sunshine hours 44 86 153 206 231 224 240 222 182 100 56 34 1,777

Source 1: wetteronline.de (high and low temperature and rain days data)^[27]

Source 2: weatheronline.de (sunshine, mean temperature and precipitation data)^[28]

Climate data for Frankfurt

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

Mean daily daylight hours 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 15.0 16.0 16.0 14.0 13.0 11.0 9.0 8.0 12.3

Average Ultraviolet index 1 1 3 4 6 7 7 6 5 3 1 1 3.5

Source: Weather Atlas^[26]

Demographics

Population

Historical population
Year Pop. ±%
1387 9,600 —
1520 10,000 +4.2%
1750 32,000 +220.0%
1871 91,040 +184.5%
1895 229,279 +151.8%
1905 334,978 +46.1%
1925 467,520 +39.6%
1933 555,857 +18.9%
1939 553,464 −0.4%
1945 357,737 −35.4%
1950 532,037 +48.7%
1961 685,682 +28.9%
1970 669,635 −2.3%
1980 629,375 −6.0%
1985 595,348 −5.4%
1990 644,865 +8.3%
1995 650,055 +0.8%
2000 646,550 −0.5%
2005 651,899 +0.8%
2010 679,664 +4.3%
2015 732,688 +7.8%
2018 753,056 +2.8%
2020 764,104 +1.5%
Population size may be affected by changes in administrative divisions.

Largest groups of foreign residents^[29]

Nationality Population (30 June 2019)

Turkey 25,294

Croatia 16,751

Italy 15,120

Poland 12,174

Romania 10,451

Serbia 9,404

Bulgaria 8,509

India 7,412

Spain 7,261

Greece 6,381

Morocco 6,275

Bosnia and Herzegovina 6,142

Afghanistan 5,114

China 4,662

France 4,609

Algeria 4,087

Portugal 3,991

With a population of 763,380 (2019) within its administrative boundaries

Großstadt (a city with at least 100,000 residents by definition) since 1875. With 414,576 residents in 1910, it was the ninth largest city in Germany and the number of inhabitants grew to 553,464 before World War II. After the war, at the end of the year 1945, the number had dropped to 358,000. In the following years, the population grew again and reached an all-time-high of 691,257 in 1963. It dropped again to 592,411 in 1986 but has increased since then. According to the demographic forecasts for central Frankfurt, the city will have a population up to 813,000 within its administrative boundaries in 2035^[32]

and more than 2.5 million inhabitants in its urban area.

As of 2015, Frankfurt had 1909

ultra high-net-worth individuals, the sixth-highest number of any city.^[33]

During the 1970s, the state government of Hesse wanted to expand the city's administrative boundaries to include the entire urban area. This would have made Frankfurt officially the second-largest city in Germany after Berlin with up to 3 million inhabitants.^[34] However, because local authorities did not agree, the administrative territory is still much smaller than its actual urban area.

Population of the 46 city districts on 31 December 2009
No.	City district (Stadtteil)	Area in km²^[35]	Population^[36]	Foreign nationals^[36]	Foreign nationals in %^[36]	Area district (Ortsbezirk)
01	Altstadt	0.51	3.475	1.122	32.3	01 – Innenstadt I
02	Innenstadt	1.52	6.577	2.529	38.5	01 – Innenstadt I
03	Bahnhofsviertel	0.53	2.125	810	38.1	01 – Innenstadt I
04	Westend-Süd	2.47	17.288	3.445	19.9	02 – Innenstadt II
05	Westend-Nord	1.67	8.854	2.184	24.7	02 – Innenstadt II
06	Nordend-West	3.07	28.808	5.162	17.9	03 – Innenstadt III
07	Nordend-Ost	1.69	26.619	5.580	21.0	03 – Innenstadt III
08	Ostend	5.40	26.955	7.213	26.8	04 – Bornheim/Ostend
09	Bornheim	2.66	27.184	6.240	23.0	04 – Bornheim/Ostend
10	Gutleutviertel	2.20	5.843	1.953	33.4	01 – Innenstadt I
11	Gallus	4.22	26.716	11.012	41.2	01 – Innenstadt I
12	Bockenheim	8.04	34.740	9.034	26.0	02 – Innenstadt II
13	Sachsenhausen-Nord	4.24	30.374	6.507	21.4	05 – Süd
14	Sachsenhausen-Süd	34.91	26.114	4.847	18.6	05 – Süd
15	Flughafen	20.00	211	14	6.6	05 – Süd
16	Oberrad	2.74	12.828	3.113	24.3	05 – Süd
17	Niederrad	2.93	22.954	6.569	28.6	05 – Süd
18	Schwanheim	17.73	20.162	3.532	17.5	06 – West
19	Griesheim	4.90	22.648	8.029	35.5	06 – West
20	Rödelheim	5.15	17.841	4.863	27.3	07 – Mitte-West
21	Hausen	1.26	7.178	2.135	29.7	07 – Mitte-West
22/23	Praunheim	4.55	15.761	3.197	20.3	07 – Mitte-West
24	Heddernheim	2.49	16.443	3.194	19.4	08 – Nord-West
25	Niederursel	7.22	16.394	3.671	22.4	08 – Nord-West
26	Ginnheim	2.73	16.444	4.024	24.5	09 – Mitte-Nord
27	Dornbusch	2.38	18.511	3.482	18.8	09 – Mitte-Nord
28	Eschersheim	3.34	14.808	2.657	17.9	09 – Mitte-Nord
29	Eckenheim	2.23	14.277	3.674	25.7	10 – Nord-Ost
30	Preungesheim	3.74	13.568	3.442	25.4	10 – Nord-Ost
31	Bonames	1.24	6.362	1.288	20.2	10 – Nord-Ost
32	Berkersheim	3.18	3.400	592	17.4	10 – Nord-Ost
33	Riederwald	1.04	4.911	1.142	23.3	11 – Ost
34	Seckbach	8.04	10.194	1.969	19.3	11 – Ost
35	Fechenheim	7.18	16.061	5.635	35.1	11 – Ost
36	Höchst	4.73	13.888	5.279	38.0	06 – West
37	Nied	3.82	17.829	5.224	29.3	06 – West
38	Sindlingen	3.98	9.032	2.076	23.0	06 – West
39	Zeilsheim	5.47	11.984	2.555	21.3	06 – West
40	Unterliederbach	5.85	14.350	3.511	24.5	06 – West
41	Sossenheim	5.97	15.853	4.235	26.7	06 – West
42	Nieder-Erlenbach	8.34	4.629	496	10.7	13 – Nieder-Erlenbach
43	Kalbach-Riedberg	6.90	8.482	1.279	15.1	12 – Kalbach-Riedberg
44	Harheim	5.02	4.294	446	10.4	14 – Harheim
45	Nieder-Eschbach	6.35	11.499	1.978	17.2	15 – Nieder-Eschbach
46	Bergen-Enkheim	12.54	17.954	2.764	15.4	16 – Bergen-Enkheim
47	Frankfurter Berg	2.16	7.149	1.715	24.0	10 – Nord-Ost
	Frankfurt am Main	248.33	679.571	165.418	24.3

Immigration and foreign nationals

According to data from the city register of residents, 51.2% of the population had a migration background as of 2015, which means that a person or at least one or both of their parents was born with foreign citizenship. For the first time, a majority of the city residents had an at least part non-German background.^[37] Moreover, three of four children in the city under the age of six had full or partial immigrant backgrounds,^[38] and 27.7% of residents had a foreign citizenship.^[39]

According to statistics, 46.7% of immigrants in Frankfurt come from other countries in the EU; 24.5% come from European countries that are not part of the EU; 15.7% come from Asia (including Western Asia and South Asia); 7.3% come from Africa; 3.4% come from North America (including the Caribbean and Central America); 0.2% come from Australia and New Zealand; 2.3% come from South America; and 1.1% come from Pacific island nations. Because of this the city is often considered to be a multicultural city, and has been compared to New York City, London, and Toronto.

Religion

Frankfurt was historically a

Catholics moved to Frankfurt. As of 2013, the largest Christian denominations were Catholicism (22.7% of the population) and Protestantism, especially Lutheranism (19.4%).^[40]

The Jewish community has a history dating back to medieval times and has always ranked among the largest in Germany. Over 7,200 inhabitants are affiliated with the Jewish community, making it the second largest in Germany after Berlin.^[18] Frankfurt has four active synagogues.^[41]

Due to the growing immigration of people from Muslim countries beginning in the 1960s, Frankfurt has a large Muslim community. Estimations put the share of Muslim inhabitants at approximately 12% (as of 2006).^[42] According to calculations based on census data for 21 countries of origin, the number of Muslim migrants in Frankfurt amounted to about 84,000 in 2011, making up 12.6 percent of the population.^[43] The most prevalent countries of origin were Turkey and Morocco.

Government and politics

Mayor

Results of the second round of the 2023 mayoral election

The current Mayor is Mike Josef of the Social Democratic Party, who took the office on 11 May 2023.

The most recent mayoral election was held on 5 March 2023, with a runoff held on 26 March, and the results were as follows:


Candidate		Party	First round		Second round
Candidate		Party	Votes	%	Votes	%
	Uwe Becker	Christian Democratic Union	70,411	34.5	86,307	48.3
	Mike Josef	Social Democratic Party	49,033	24.0	92,371	51.7
	Manuela Rottmann	Alliance 90/The Greens	43,502	21.3
	Peter Wirth	Independent	10,397	5.1
	Daniela Mehler-Würzbach	The Left	7,356	3.6
	Maja Wolff	Independent	6,014	2.9
	Yanki Pürsün	Free Democratic Party	5,768	2.8
	Andreas Lobenstein	Alternative for Germany	4,628	2.3
	Mathias Pfeiffer	Citizens for Frankfurt	1,565	0.8
	Katharina Tanczos	Die PARTEI	1,176	0.6
	Khurrem Akhtar	Team Todenhöfer	858	0.4
	Frank Großenbach	dieBasis	744	0.4
	Tilo Schwichtenberg	Garden Party Frankfurt am Main	661	0.3
	Sven Junghans	Independent	574	0.3
	Yamòs Camara	Free Party Frankfurt	487	0.2
	Niklas Pauli	Independent	340	0.2
	Peter Pawelski	Independent	325	0.2
	Feng Xu	Independent	199	0.1
	Karl-Maria Schulte	Independent	158	0.1
	Markus Eulig	Independent	102	0.0
Valid votes			204,298	99.6	178,678	99.0
Invalid votes			921	0.4	1,754	1.0
Total			205,219	100.0	180,432	100.0
Electorate/voter turnout			508,510	40.4	510,336	35.4
Source: City of Frankfurt am Main

City council

Results of the 2021 city council election

The Frankfurt am Main city council (Stadtverordnetenversammlung) governs the city alongside the mayor. It is located in the city's medieval town hall, Römer, which is also used for representative and official purposes. The most recent city council election was held on 14 March 2021, and the results were as follows:


Party		Lead candidate	Votes	%	+/-	Seats	+/-
	Alliance 90/The Greens (Grüne)	Martina Feldmayer	4,894,339	24.6	9.3	23	9
	Christian Democratic Union (CDU)	Nils Kößler	4,361,942	21.9	2.2	20	2
	Social Democratic Party (SPD)	Mike Josef	3,385,017	17.0	6.8	16	6
	The Left (Die Linke)	Dominike Pauli	1,572,333	7.9	0.1	7	1
	Free Democratic Party (FDP)	Annette Rinn	1,515,646	7.6	0.1	7	±0
	Alternative for Germany (AfD)	Patrick Schenk	902,412	4.5	4.4	4	4
	Volt Germany (Volt)	Eileen O'Sullivan	745,418	3.7	New	4	New
	Citizens for Frankfurt (BFF)	Mathias Mund	395,905	2.0	0.7	2	1
	Ecological Left – Anti-Racist List (ÖkoLinX-ARL)	Jutta Ditfurth	359,304	1.8	0.3	2	±0
	Die PARTEI (PARTEI)	Nico Wehnemann	361,932	1.8	0.4	2	1
	Europe List for Frankfurt (ELF)	Luigi Brillante	265,914	1.3	0.1	1	±0
	Free Voters (FW)	Eric Pärisch	162,122	0.8	0.2	1	±0
	I am a Frankfurter (IBF)	Jumas Medoff	166,573	0.8	0.4	1	1
	Alliance for Innovation and Justice (BIG)	Haluk Yıldız	128,846	0.6	New	1	New
	Garden Party Frankfurt am Main (Gartenpartei)	Tilo Schwichtenberg	126,991	0.6	New	1	New
	Pirate Party Germany (Piraten)	Herbert Förster	123,772	0.6	0.2	1	±0

	Polish Dialogue Initiative for Frankfurt	Barbara Lange	88,771	0.4	New	0	New
	The Frankfurters (dFfm)	Bernhard Ochs	73,026	0.4	0.4	0	1
	International Vote Frankfurt (ISF)	Kerry Reddington	61,772	0.3	New	0	New
	Climate List Frankfurt (Klimaliste)	Beate Balzert	61,526	0.3	New	0	New
	Free Party Frankfurt (FPF)	Benjamin Klinger	40,621	0.2	New	0	New
	United Democrats (VD)	André Leitzbach	30,691	0.2	New	0	New
	The Social Liberals (SL)	Christian Bethke	18,563	0.1	New	0	New
	Frankfurt Free Voter Group (FFWG)	Thomas Schmitt	16,587	0.1	New	0	New
	Romanians for Frankfurt (RF)	Ionut-Vlad Plenz	15,884	0.1	New	0	New
	Party of Humanists (Die Humanisten)	Rüdiger Gottschalk	11,680	0.1	New	0	New
	Bulgarian Association of Frankfurt (BGF)	Daniela Spasova-Mischke	11,488	0.1	New	0	New
	Sven Junghans, We Frankfurters (WF)	Sven Junghans	9,627	0.0	New	0	New
Valid votes			221,487	96.0
Invalid votes			9,196	4.0
Total			230,683	100.0		93	±0
Electorate/voter turnout			512,034	45.1	6.1
Source: Statistics Hesse

Landtag election

For elections to the Hesse State Parliament, Frankfurt am Main is split up into six constituencies. In total 15 delegates represent the city in the Landtag in Wiesbaden. The last election took place in October 2018. Six members of parliament were directly elected in their respective constituencies: Uwe Serke (CDU, Frankfurt am Main I), Miriam Dahlke (Greens, Frankfurt am Main II), Ralf-Norbert Bartel (CDU, Frankfurt am Main III), Michael Boddenberg (CDU, Frankfurt am Main IV), Markus Bocklet (Greens, Frankfurt am Main V) and Boris Rhein (CDU, Frankfurt am Main VI).

Delegates from Frankfurt often serve high-ranking positions in Hessian politics, e.g. Michael Boddenberg is Hessian Minister of Finance and Boris Rhein was elected President of the Landtag of Hesse in 2019.

German federal election

For federal elections which are held every four years, Frankfurt is split up into two constituencies. In the German federal election 2017, Matthias Zimmer (CDU) and Bettina Wiesmann were elected to the Bundestag by directe mandate in Frankfurt am Main I and Frankfurt am Main II respectively. Nicola Beer (FDP), Achim Kessler (Linke), Ulli Nissen (SPD) and Omid Nouripour (Greens) were elected as well.

Nicola Beer resigned as a member of parliament in 2019 following her election to the European Parliament where she now serves as vice president.

Economy and business

Frankfurt is one of the world's most important financial hubs and Germany's financial capital, followed by

Worldwide Centres of Commerce Index (2008), ninth at the Global Financial Centres Index (September 2013),^[44] tenth at the Global Power City Index (2011), 11th at the Global City Competitiveness Index (2012), 12th at the Innovation Cities Index (2011),^[45] 14th at the World City Survey (2011) and 23rd at the Global Cities Index (2012).^[46]

The city's importance as a financial hub has risen since the

European System of Financial Supervisors (European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority and European Systemic Risk Board) in 2011 and the Single Supervisory Mechanism by which the European Central Bank was to assume responsibility for specific supervisory tasks related to the financial stability of the biggest and most important Eurozone

banks.

According to an annual study by Cushman & Wakefield, the European Cities Monitor (2010), Frankfurt has been one of the top three cities for international companies in Europe, after London and Paris, since the survey started in 1990.^[47] It is the only German city considered to be an alpha world city (category 3) as listed by the Loughborough University group's 2010 inventory,^[48] which was a promotion from the group's 2008 inventory when it was ranked as an alpha minus world city (category 4).^[49]

With over 922 jobs per 1,000 inhabitants, Frankfurt has the highest concentration of jobs in Germany. On work days and Saturdays, one million people commute from all over the

Rhein-Main-Area. The GRP per capita was €96,670 in 2019.^[50]

The city is expected to benefit from international banks relocating jobs from London to Frankfurt as a result of Brexit to retain access to the EU market.[51]^[52] Thus far, Morgan Stanley, Citigroup Inc., Standard Chartered Plc and Nomura Holdings Inc. announced they would move their EU headquarters to Frankfurt.^[52]

Central banks

The new headquarters of the European Central Bank in the Ostend district

Frankfurt is home to two important central banks: the German Bundesbank and the European Central Bank (ECB).^[53]

European Central Bank

Euro-Skulptur

The European Central Bank (Europäische Zentralbank) is one of the world's most important central banks. The ECB sets monetary policy for the Eurozone, consisting of 19

Eurotower at Willy-Brandt-Platz and in two other nearby high-rises. The new Seat of the European Central Bank in the Ostend district, consisting of the former wholesale market hall (Großmarkthalle

) and a newly built 185-meter skyscraper, was completed in late 2014. The new building complex was designed to accommodate up to 2,300 ECB personnel. The location is a few kilometers away from downtown and borders an industrial area as well as the Osthafen (East Harbor), It was primarily chosen because of its large premises which allows the ECB to install security arrangements without high fences.

The city honors the importance of the ECB by officially using the slogan "The City of the Euro" since 1998.

Deutsche Bundesbank

The Deutsche Bundesbank (German Federal Bank), located in Ginnheim, was established in 1957 as the central bank for the Federal Republic of Germany. Until the euro (€) was introduced in 1999, the Deutsche Bundesbank was responsible for the monetary policy of Germany and for the German currency, the Deutsche Mark (DM). The Bundesbank was greatly respected for its control of inflation through the second half of the 20th century. Today the Bundesbank is an integral part of the European System of Central Banks (ESCB) which is formed by all 27 EU member states.

Commercial banks

Deutsche Bank Twin Towers

Westend Tower

, also known as Westendstraße 1 or Crown Tower, headquarters of DZ Bank

Opernturm

, headquarters of UBS Germany, at the Opernplatz

In 2010, 63 national and 152 international banks had a registered office, including the headquarters of the major German banks, as well as 41 offices of international banks.

portmanteau of the local Main river and Manhattan

in New York City) or "Bankfurt". 73,200 people were employed at banks in 2010.

Deutsche Bank — Germany's largest commercial bank. It had 15% share of private customers and total assets of €1,900 billion in 2010. Deutsche Bank ranks among the 30 largest banks in the world and the ten largest banks in Europe.^[54] Deutsche Bank is listed on the DAX, the stock market index of the 30 largest German business companies at the Frankfurt Stock Exchange. In November 2010 Deutsche Bank bought the majority of shares of competitor Postbank. Its headquarters are located at Taunusanlage in the financial district.
Westend Tower and the City-Haus at Platz der Republik. The DZ Bank Group includes Union Investment, DVB Bank and Reisebank
, which are also headquartered in Frankfurt.

KfW Bankengruppe — Government-owned development bank formed in 1948 as part of the Marshall Plan. KfW provides loans for approved purposes at lower rates than commercial banks, especially to medium-sized businesses. With total assets of €507 billion (2017), it is Germany's third-largest bank. The KfW headquarters are located in the Westend district at Bockenheimer Landstraße and Senckenberganlage.

Commerzbank — Germany's fourth-largest bank by total assets (2017). In 2009, Commerzbank merged with competitor Dresdner Bank, then the third-largest German bank. Due to the merger and the higher credit risks, Commerzbank was 25% nationalized during the Great Recession. It is listed in the DAX. Its headquarters are at Commerzbank Tower (259 meters), the second-tallest building in the EU, at Kaiserplatz.

Sparkassen. Helaba is one of nine Landesbanken and is the fifth-largest in Germany. It is located in the 200-meter-tall Main Tower
in the financial district, the only skyscraper in Frankfurt with an observation desk open to the public.

DekaBank – DekaBank is the central asset manager of the Sparkassen in Germany. The headquarters of DekaBank are located at the Trianon skyscraper at Mainzer Landstraße.

ING Diba Germany – Germany's largest direct bank, headquartered in Bockenheim

Other major German banks include
Delbrück Bethmann Maffei
.
Many international banks have a registered or a representative office, e.g.,
SEB, Royal Bank of Scotland and Barclays
.

Frankfurt Stock Exchange

Main article: Frankfurt Stock Exchange

Bull and bear
in front of the Frankfurt Stock Exchange

The Frankfurt Stock Exchange (Frankfurter Wertpapierbörse) began in the ninth century. By the 16th century Frankfurt had developed into an important European hub for trade fairs and financial services. Today the Frankfurt Stock Exchange is by far the largest in Germany, with a turnover of more than 90 percent of the German
Eurex and clearing company Clearstream. Trading takes place exclusively via the Xetra trading system
, with redundant floor brokers taking on the role of market-makers on the new platform.
On 1 February 2012 European Commission blocked the proposed merger of Deutsche Börse and NYSE Euronext. "The merger between Deutsche Börse and NYSE Euronext would have led to a near-monopoly in European financial derivatives worldwide. These markets are at the heart of the financial system and it is crucial for the whole European economy that they remain competitive. We tried to find a solution, but the remedies offered fell far short of resolving the concerns."^[55] European competition commissioner Joaquín Almunia said.
It is located downtown at the Börsenplatz. Deutsche Börse's headquarters are formally registered in Frankfurt, but it moved most of its employees to a high-rise called "The Cube" in Eschborn in 2010, primarily due to significantly lower local corporate taxes.

Frankfurt Trade Fair

Main article:
Frankfurt Trade Fair

Messeturm
seen from the trade fair premises

Frankfurt Trade Fair (Messe Frankfurt) has the third-largest exhibition site in the world with a total of 578,000 m² (6,220,000 sq ft) . The trade fair premises are located in the western part between Bockenheim, the Westend and the Gallus district. It houses ten exhibition halls with a total of 321,754 m² (3,463,330 sq ft) of space and 96,078 m² (1,034,170 sq ft) of outdoor space.
Hosted in Frankfurt are the
Frankfurt Motor Show (Internationale Automobil-Ausstellung – IAA), the world's largest auto show, the Frankfurt Book Fair (Frankfurter Buchmesse), the world's largest book fair, the Ambiente Frankfurt, the world's largest consumer goods
fair, the Achema, the world's largest plant engineering fair, and many more like Paperworld, Christmasworld, Beautyworld, Tendence Lifestyle or Light+Building.
Messe Frankfurt GmbH, the owner and operator company, organized 87 exhibitions in 2010, 51 thereof in foreign countries.^[citation needed] It is one of the largest trade fair companies with commercial activities in over 150 countries.

Aviation

Two Lufthansa Airbus A380s at Frankfurt Airport

Frankfurt Airport is one of the busiest airports in the world and is also the single largest place of work in Germany with over 500 companies which employ 71,500 people (2010).^[56]
Fraport is the owner and operator of Frankfurt Airport. It is the airport's second-largest employer (19,800 workers in 2010).^[57] Fraport also operates other airports worldwide, e.g., King Abdulaziz International Airport in Jeddah, Jorge Chávez International Airport in Lima and Antalya Airport.
The largest company at Frankfurt Airport is Lufthansa, Germany's
Lufthansa Flight Training
is also based here.
Condor
is a German airline based at Frankfurt Airport.

Other industries

Accountancy and professional services

Three of the four largest international
Big Four
) are present.
Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu are present, while Ernst & Young is located in Eschborn
.

Credit rating agencies

The three major international
Fitch Ratings
– have their German headquarters in Frankfurt.

Investment trust companies

DWS Investments is the largest
Allianz SE, and a top-five global active investment manager with €1,933 billion assets under management globally), Union Investment
and Deka Investmentfonds.

Management consultancies

Many of the largest international
Roland Berger Strategy Consultants
.

Real estate services companies

Located in Frankfurt are the German headquarters of
Jones Lang LaSalle and BNP Paribas Real Estate
.

Law firms

Frankfurt has the highest concentration of lawyers in Germany, with one lawyer per 97 inhabitants (followed by Düsseldorf with a ratio of 1/117 and Munich with 1/124) in 2005.^[61]
Most of the large international
Norton Rose, Shearman & Sterling, Sidley Austin, SJ Berwin, Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom, Sullivan & Cromwell, K&L Gates, Taylor Wessing and White & Case
.

Advertising agencies

Although it is best known for its banks and financial institutions, Frankfurt is also a media hub. Around 570 companies of the advertising industry and 270 public relations companies are there.
According to a ranking of German
McCann-Erickson, Saatchi & Saatchi, JWT, and Publicis.^[62]

Food

Frankfurt is home to the German headquarters of
Niederrad. Other important food companies are Ferrero SpA
(German headquarters) and Radeberger Gruppe KG, the largest private brewery group in Germany.

Automotive

The South-Korean
Kia Motors moved its European headquarters to Frankfurt in 2007. In the same year, Italian manufacturer Fiat opened its new German headquarters. The automotive supplier Continental AG
has the headquarters and a major manufacturing plant of its Chassis & Safety division (formerly ITT Automotive) located in Frankfurt Rödelheim.

Construction

Some of the largest German construction companies have offices, e.g.,
Bilfinger Berger, Hochtief
, Züblin and BAM Deutschland.

Property and real estate

Frankfurt has Germany's highest concentration of homeowners. This is partly attributed to the financial sector, but also to its cosmopolitan nature, with expatriates and immigrants representing one-fourth of its population. For this reason, Frankfurt's property market often operates differently than the rest of the country where the prices are generally flatter.

Tourism

Frankfurt is one of Germany's leading tourist destinations. In addition to its infrastructure and economy, its diversity supports a vibrant cultural scene. This blend of attractions led 4.3 million tourists (2012) to visit Frankfurt.[63] The Hotels in central Frankfurt offer 34,000 beds in 228 hotels, of which 13 are luxury hotels and 46 are first-class hotels.^[64]

Other

Nintendo of Europe
in the Lyoner Quartier

[1]

[4]

[3]

[2]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

[40]

[41]

[42]

[43]

[44]

[45]

[46]

[47]

[48]

[49]

[50]

[52]

[53]

[54]

[55]

[56]

[57]

[61]

[62]

[64]

Distinctions

Etymology

History

Early history and Holy Roman Empire

Impact of French revolution and the Napoleonic Wars

Frankfurt as a fully sovereign state

Frankfurt after the loss of sovereignty

Geography

Site

Districts

History of incorporations

Neighboring districts and cities

Climate

Demographics

Population

Immigration and foreign nationals

Religion

Government and politics

Mayor

City council

Landtag election

German federal election

Economy and business

Central banks

European Central Bank

Deutsche Bundesbank

Commercial banks

Frankfurt Stock Exchange

Frankfurt Trade Fair

Aviation

Other industries

Accountancy and professional services

Credit rating agencies

Investment trust companies

Management consultancies

Real estate services companies

Law firms

Advertising agencies

Food

Automotive

Construction

Property and real estate

Tourism

Other

Urban area (suburban) businesses

International relations

Twin towns – sister cities

Friendly cities

Cityscape

Landmarks

20th-century architecture

21st-century architecture

Skyscrapers

History of high-rise buildings

Other tall structures

Shopping streets

Green city

Culture

Museums

Performing arts

Music

Venues

Botanical gardens

Foreign culture

Festivals

Nightlife

Domestic culture

Culinary specialties

Quality of life

Transport

Airports

Frankfurt Airport

Frankfurt Hahn Airport

Frankfurt Egelsbach Airport

Roads

Railway stations

Frankfurt Central Station

Frankfurt Airport stations

Frankfurt South station

Messe stations