Franklin half dollar

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Franklin half dollar
United States
Value50 cents (0.50 US dollars)
Mass12.50[1] g
Diameter30.61[1] mm (1.21[1] in)
Thickness1.8 mm
Edgereeded[1]
Composition
Silver0.36169[1] troy oz
Years of minting1948–1963[1]
Mint marksD, S on reverse, above yoke of bell and below letter E in STATES. Philadelphia Mint coins struck without mint mark.
Obverse
DesignBenjamin Franklin
DesignerJohn R. Sinnock
Design date1948
Reverse
DesignLiberty Bell
DesignerSinnock with participation by Gilroy Roberts
Design date1948

The Franklin half dollar is a

coin that was struck by the United States Mint from 1948 to 1963. The fifty-cent piece pictures Founding Father Benjamin Franklin on the obverse and the Liberty Bell on the reverse. A small eagle was placed to the right of the bell to fulfill the legal requirement that half dollars depict the figure of an eagle. Produced in 90 percent silver with a reeded edge, the coin was struck at the Philadelphia, Denver, and San Francisco mints
.

Mint director

Commission of Fine Arts
("Commission") for its advisory opinion. The Commission disliked the small eagle and felt that depicting the crack in the Liberty Bell would expose the coinage to jokes and ridicule. Despite the Commission's disapproval, the Mint proceeded with Sinnock's designs.

After the coins were released in April 1948, the Mint received accusations that Sinnock's initials "JRS" on the cutoff at Franklin's shoulder were a tribute to Soviet dictator

Roosevelt Dime in 1946). The coin was struck regularly until 1963. Beginning in 1964 it was replaced by the Kennedy half dollar, issued in honor of the assassinated President John F. Kennedy. Though the coin is still legal tender
, its value to collectors or as silver (bullion value) both greatly exceed its face value.

Background and selection

Mint Director Nellie Tayloe Ross had long been an admirer of Benjamin Franklin, and wished to see him on a coin.

numismatic writer Jonathan Tepper noted, "Had Benjamin Franklin known that he would be appearing on a half dollar with an eagle, he most likely would have been quite upset. He detested the eagle, and numismatic lore has it that he often referred to it as a scavenger. Given the practical man that he was, Franklin proposed the wild turkey as our national bird."[5]

The Sesquicentennial half dollar. Its reverse was used as the basis for the Franklin half dollar's reverse.

An 1890 statute forbade the replacement of a coin design without congressional action, unless it had been in service for 25 years, counting the year of first issuance. The

Franklin Roosevelt, who had been closely associated with the March of Dimes.[7] The Walking Liberty design seemed old-fashioned to Mint officials, and the only other coin being struck which was eligible for replacement was the Lincoln cent. Abraham Lincoln remained a beloved figure, and Ross did not want to be responsible for removing him from the coinage.[9]

In 1947, Ross asked Sinnock to produce a design for a half dollar featuring Franklin. The chief engraver adapted his earlier work for the obverse.[2] He had designed the medal from a bust of Franklin by Jean-Antoine Houdon.[7] Sinnock based his design for the reverse on the 1926 commemorative half dollar for the sesquicentennial (150th anniversary) of American Independence.[2] Numismatic writer Don Taxay later discovered that Sinnock had based his Liberty Bell (as depicted on both the Sesquicentennial half dollar and the Franklin half) on a sketch by John Frederick Lewis.[10] Sinnock died in May 1947, before finishing the reverse design, which was completed by the new chief engraver, Gilroy Roberts.[7] Similar to Sinnock's work for the Roosevelt dime, the portrait is designed along simple lines, with Franklin depicted wearing a period suit. The small eagle on the reverse was added as an afterthought, when Mint officials realized that the Coinage Act of 1873 required one to be displayed on all coins of greater value than the dime.[9]

The Mint sought comments on the designs from the

Gilmore Clarke wrote to Ross saying that they had no objection to the obverse, in which they recognized Sinnock's "good workmanship".[11]
As for the reverse,

The eagle shown on the model is so small as to be insignificant and hardly discernible when the model is reduced to the size of a coin. The Commission hesitate to approve the Liberty Bell as shown with the crack in the bell visible; to show this might lead to puns and to statements derogatory to United States coinage.

The Commission disapprove the designs.[11]

Numismatist Paul Green later noted, "Over the years there would probably have been even more puns and derogatory statements if there had been an attempt to depict the bell without a crack."

John W. Snyder, which Taxay ascribes to an unwillingness to dishonor Sinnock.[13]

Release and production

John R. Sinnock's medal of Franklin served as the basis of his obverse for the half dollar.

On January 7, 1948, the Treasury issued a press release announcing the new half dollar. The Commission's disapproval went unreported; instead the release noted that the design had been Ross's idea and had received Secretary Snyder's "enthusiastic approval".[14] The release noted Franklin's reputation for thrift, and expressed hope that the half dollar would serve as a reminder that spare cash should be used to purchase savings bonds and savings stamps. Franklin became the fifth person and first non-president to be honored by the issuance of a regular-issue US coin, after Lincoln, Roosevelt, George Washington and Thomas Jefferson.[14]

In a speech given when she unveiled the design in January 1948, Ross indicated that she had been urged to put Franklin on the cent because of his association with the adage "a penny saved is a penny earned" (in Franklin's original, "A penny saved is twopence dear".)[10] Ross stated, "You will agree, I believe, that the fifty-cent piece, being larger and of silver, lends itself much better to the production of an impressive effect."[10] On April 29, 1948, the day before the coin's public release, Ross held a dinner party for 200 at the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia; each guest received a Franklin half dollar in a card signed by Ross.[4][15]

The new half dollars first went on sale at noon on April 30, 1948, the anniversary of George Washington's 1789 inauguration as President. They were sold from a booth on the steps of the Sub-Treasury Building in New York, by employees of the Franklin Savings Bank dressed in Revolutionary-era garb.[16]

Nellie Tayloe Ross, seen in this medal by Sinnock, favored placing Franklin on the half dollar.

The Roosevelt dime had been designed by Sinnock, and had provoked complaints by citizens viewing Sinnock's initials "JS" on the coin as those of Joseph Stalin, placed there by some Kremlin infiltrator within the Mint. Even though Sinnock's initials (placed on the cutoff of Franklin's bust) were expressed "JRS", the Mint still received similar complaints, to which they responded with what numismatic historian Walter Breen termed "outraged official denials".[7][15] According to The New York Times, "People wrote in demanding to know how the Bureau of the Mint had discovered that Joe Stalin had a middle name."[17] Another rumor was that the small "o" in "of" was an error, and that the coins would be recalled. This claim died more quickly than the Stalin rumor.[15]

After the assassination of John F. Kennedy on November 22, 1963, Congress and the Mint moved with great speed to authorize and produce a half dollar in tribute to him. With the authorization of the Kennedy half dollar on December 30, 1963, the Franklin half dollar series came to an end.[18] Breen reports rumors of 1964 Franklin half dollars, produced possibly as trial strikes to test 1964-dated dies, but none has ever come to light.[15] A total of 465,814,455 Franklin half dollars were struck for circulation; in addition, 15,886,955 were struck in proof.[19]

Collecting

The Franklin half dollar was struck in relatively small numbers in its first years,

Proof coins were struck at the Philadelphia Mint from 1950. "Cameo proofs", with frosted surfaces and mirror-like fields, were struck in small numbers and carry a premium. Just under 498 million Franklin half dollars, including proofs, were struck.[10]

Close-up of the "Bugs Bunny" variety of the Franklin half dollar

There are only 35 different dates and mintmarks in the series, making it a relatively inexpensive collecting project.[20] A widely known variety is the 1955 "Bugs Bunny" half. This variety was caused by a die clash between an obverse die and a reverse die. The impact of the eagle's wings on the other die caused a marking outside of Franklin's mouth which, according to some, resembles buck teeth.[22] The quality of half dollars struck by the Mint decreased in the late 1950s, caused by deterioration of the master die from which working dies were made for coinage.[23]

In an initial attempt to improve the quality of the pieces, the Mint made slight modifications to the designs, though both the old (Type I) and new (Type II) were struck in 1958 and 1959. One obvious difference between the types is the number of long tail feathers on the eagle—Type I half dollars have four tail feathers, Type II only three. Approximately 5-10% of the 1958 Philadelphia coinage is Type II, struck from dies which were first used to strike the 1958 proofs. About 70% of the 1959 half dollars struck at Philadelphia are Type II; all 1958-D and 1959-D half dollars are Type I.[5] The Mint recut the master die before beginning the 1960 coinage, improving quality.[23]

An especially well-struck Franklin half dollar is said to have full bell lines. To qualify, the seven parallel lines making up the bottom of the bell must be fully visible, and the three wisps of hair to the right of Franklin's ear on the obverse must also fully show, and not blend together.[1] Many Franklins have been damaged by "roll friction": the tendency of pieces in a loose coin roll to rub together repeatedly, causing steel-gray abrasions, usually on Franklin's cheek and on the center of the Liberty Bell.[24]

By mintages, the key dates in this series are the 1948, 1949-S, 1953 and 1955. Franklin half dollars have been extensively melted for their silver, and many dates are rarer than the mintage figures indicate.[1] For example, although more than nine million 1962 halves were struck for circulation, and an additional three million in proof, the coin was more valuable as bullion than in any condition when silver prices reached record levels in 1979–1980.

Mintage figures

The release of the Franklin half dollar was front-page news in the coin collecting world, as seen by the June 1948 The Numismatist.
Mintage figures
Year Philadelphia Mint[25] Denver Mint[25] San Francisco Mint[25]
1948 3,006,814 4,028,500
1949 5,614,000 4,120,500 3,744,000
1950 7,793,509 (51,386) 8,031,600
1951 16,859,602 (57,500) 9,475,200 13,696,000
1952 21,274,073 (81,980) 25,395,600 5,526,000
1953 2,796,820 (128,800) 20,900,400 4,148,000
1954 13,421,502 (233,300) 25,445,580 4,993,400
1955 2,876,381 (378,200)
1956 4,701,384 (669,384)
1957 6,361,952 (1,247,952) 19,966,850
1958 4,917,652 (875,652) 23,962,412
1959 7,349,291 (1,149,291) 13,053,750
1960 7,715,602 (1,691,602) 18,215,812
1961 11,318,244 (3,028,244) 20,276,442
1962 12,932,019 (3,218,019) 35,473,281
1963 25,239,645 (3,075,645) 67,069,292

Note: Numbers in parentheses represent coins which were distributed in proof sets, which are also included in the totals.

References

Bibliography

  • .
  • Guth, Ron; Garrett, Jeff (2005). United States Coinage: A Study by Type. Atlanta, Ga.: Whitman Publishing. .
  • Lange, David W. (2006). History of the United States Mint and its Coinage. Atlanta: Whitman Publishing. .
  • .
  • Tomaska, Rick (2002). A Complete Guide to Franklin Half Dollars. Virginia Beach, Va.: DLRC Press. .
  • Tomaska, Rick (2011). A Guide Book of Franklin & Kennedy Half Dollars. Atlanta: Whitman Publishing. .

Other sources

External links

Preceded by Half dollar (United States coin) (1948–1963) Succeeded by