Franz Joseph I of Austria
| Franz Joseph I | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Head of the Präsidialmacht Austria
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| In office 1 May 1850 – 24 August 1866 | |||||
| Preceded by | Ferdinand I | ||||
| Succeeded by | Wilhelm I (as Head of the North German Confederation) | ||||
| Born | 18 August 1830 Schönbrunn Palace, Vienna, Austrian Empire | ||||
| Died | 21 November 1916 (aged 86) Schönbrunn Palace, Vienna, Austria-Hungary | ||||
| Burial | |||||
| Spouse | |||||
| Issue |
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Habsburg-Lorraine | |||||
| Father | Archduke Franz Karl of Austria | ||||
| Mother | Princess Sophie of Bavaria | ||||
| Religion | Catholic Church | ||||
| Signature |  | ||||
Franz Joseph I or Francis Joseph I (German: Franz Joseph Karl
In December 1848, Franz Joseph's uncle Emperor
Franz Joseph was troubled by nationalism throughout his reign. He concluded the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, which granted greater autonomy to Hungary and created the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary. He ruled peacefully for the next 45 years, but personally suffered the tragedies of the execution of his brother Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico in 1867, the suicide of his son Rudolf in 1889, and the assassinations of his wife Elisabeth in 1898 and his nephew and heir presumptive, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, in 1914.
After the Austro-Prussian War, Austria-Hungary turned its attention to the
Early life
Franz Joseph was born on 18 August 1830 in the
For this reason, Franz Joseph was consistently built up as a potential successor to the imperial throne by his politically ambitious mother from early childhood.
Up to the age of seven, little "Franzi" was brought up in the care of the nanny ("Aja") Louise von Sturmfeder. Then the "state education" began, the central contents of which were "sense of duty", religiosity and dynastic awareness. The theologian Joseph Othmar von Rauscher conveyed to him the inviolable understanding of rulership of divine origin (divine grace), and therefore a belief that no participation of the population in rulership in the form of parliaments was required.
The educators Heinrich Franz von Bombelles and Colonel Johann Baptist Coronini-Cronberg ordered Archduke Franz to study an enormous amount of time, which initially comprised 18 hours per week and was expanded to 50 hours per week by the age of 16. One of the main focuses of the lessons was language acquisition: in addition to French, the diplomatic language of the time, Latin and Ancient Greek, Hungarian, Czech, Italian and Polish were the most important national languages of the monarchy. In addition, the archduke received general education that was customary at the time (including mathematics, physics, history, geography), which was later supplemented by law and political science. Various forms of physical education completed the extensive program.
On his 13th birthday, Franz Joseph was appointed Colonel-
Revolutions of 1848
During the Revolutions of 1848, the Austrian Chancellor Prince Klemens von Metternich resigned (March–April 1848). The young archduke, who (it was widely expected) would soon succeed his uncle on the throne, was appointed Governor of Bohemia on 6 April 1848, but never took up the post. Sent instead to the front in Italy, he joined Field Marshal Radetzky on campaign on 29 April, receiving his baptism of fire on 5 May at Santa Lucia.
By all accounts, he handled his first military experience calmly and with dignity. Around the same time, the imperial family was fleeing revolutionary Vienna for the calmer setting of Innsbruck, in Tyrol. Called back from Italy, the archduke joined the rest of his family at Innsbruck by mid-June. It was here that Franz Joseph first met his cousin and eventual future bride, Elisabeth, then a girl of ten, but apparently the meeting made little impression.[5]
Following Austria's victory over the Italians at Custoza in late July 1848, the court felt it safe to return to Vienna, and Franz Joseph travelled with them. But within a few weeks Vienna again appeared unsafe, and in September the court left once more, this time for Olmütz in Moravia. By now, Alfred I, Prince of Windisch-Grätz, an influential military commander in Bohemia, was determined to see the young archduke soon put on the throne. It was thought that a new ruler would not be bound by the oaths to respect constitutional government to which Ferdinand had been forced to agree, and that it was necessary to find a young, energetic emperor to replace the kindly but mentally unfit Ferdinand.[6]
By the abdication of his uncle Ferdinand and the renunciation of his father (the mild-mannered Franz Karl), Franz Joseph succeeded as Emperor of Austria at Olmütz on 2 December 1848. At this time, he first became known by his second as well as his first Christian name. The name "Franz Joseph" was chosen to bring back memories of the new Emperor's great-granduncle, Emperor Joseph II (Holy Roman Emperor from 1765 to 1790), remembered as a modernising reformer.[7]
Under the guidance of the new prime minister, Prince
However, the military tide began to turn swiftly in favor of Franz Joseph and the Austrian whitecoats. Almost immediately, Charles Albert was decisively beaten by Radetzky at Novara and forced to sue for peace, as well as to renounce his throne.
Revolution in Hungary
Unlike other Habsburg ruled areas, the Kingdom of Hungary had an old historic constitution,[8] which limited the power of the crown and had greatly increased the authority of the parliament since the 13th century. The Hungarian reform laws (
The new Austrian constitution also went against the historical constitution of Hungary, and even tried to nullify it.[11] Even the territorial integrity of the country was in danger: On 7 March 1849 an imperial proclamation was issued in the name of the Emperor Francis Joseph, according to the new proclamation, the territory of Kingdom of Hungary would be carved up and administered by five military districts, while Principality of Transylvania would be reestablished.[12] These events represented a clear and obvious existential threat for the Hungarian state. The new constrained Stadion Constitution of Austria, the revocation of the April laws and the Austrian military campaign against Kingdom of Hungary resulted in the fall of the pacifist
Constitutional and legitimacy problems in Hungary
On 7 December 1848, the Diet of Hungary formally refused to acknowledge the title of the new king, "as without the knowledge and consent of the diet no one could sit on the Hungarian throne", and called the nation to arms.[12] While in most Western European countries (like France and the United Kingdom) the monarch's reign began immediately upon the death of their predecessor, in Hungary the coronation was indispensable; if it were not properly executed, the kingdom remained "orphaned".
Even during the long personal union between the Kingdom of Hungary and other Habsburg ruled areas, the Habsburg monarchs had to be crowned as King of Hungary in order to promulgate laws there or exercise royal prerogatives in the territory of the Kingdom of Hungary.[13][14][15] From a legal point of view, according to the coronation oath, a crowned Hungarian king could not relinquish the Hungarian throne during his life; if the king was alive and unable to do his duty as ruler, a governor (or regent, as they would be called in English) had to assume the royal duties. Constitutionally, Franz Josef's uncle Ferdinand was still the legal king of Hungary. If there was no possibility to inherit the throne automatically due to the death of the predecessor king (since King Ferdinand was still alive), but the monarch wanted to relinquish his throne and appoint another king before his death, technically only one legal solution remained: the parliament had the power to dethrone the king and elect a new king. Due to the legal and military tensions, the Hungarian parliament did not grant Franz Joseph that favour. This event gave to the revolt an excuse of legality. Actually, from this time until the collapse of the revolution, Lajos Kossuth (as elected regent-president) became the de facto and de jure ruler of Hungary.[12]
Military difficulties in Hungary
While the revolutions in the Austrian territories had been suppressed by 1849, in Hungary, the situation was more severe and Austrian defeat seemed imminent. Sensing a need to secure his right to rule, Franz Joseph sought help from Russia, requesting the intervention of Tsar Nicolas I, in order "to prevent the Hungarian insurrection developing into a European calamity".[16] For the Russian military support, Franz Joseph kissed the hand of the tsar in Warsaw on 21 May 1849.[17] Tsar Nicholas supported Franz Joseph in the name of the Holy Alliance,[18] and sent a 200,000 strong army with 80,000 auxiliary forces. Finally, the joint army of Russian and Austrian forces defeated the Hungarian forces. After the restoration of Habsburg power, Hungary was placed under brutal martial law.[19]
With order now restored throughout his empire, Franz Joseph felt free to renege on the constitutional concessions he had made, especially as the Austrian parliament meeting at
Assassination attempt in 1853
On 18 February 1853, Franz Joseph survived an assassination attempt by Hungarian nationalist János Libényi.[21] The emperor was taking a stroll with one of his officers, Count Maximilian Karl Lamoral O'Donnell, on a city bastion, when Libényi approached him. He immediately struck the emperor from behind with a knife straight at the neck. Franz Joseph almost always wore a uniform, which had a high collar that almost completely enclosed the neck. The collars of uniforms at that time were made from very sturdy material, precisely to counter this kind of attack. Even though the Emperor was wounded and bleeding, the collar saved his life. Count O'Donnell struck Libényi down with his sabre.[21]
O'Donnell, hitherto a Count only by virtue of his Irish nobility,
After this unsuccessful attack, the emperor's brother Archduke
Consolidation of domestic policy
The next few years saw the seeming recovery of Austria's position on the international scene following the near disasters of 1848–1849. Under Schwarzenberg's guidance, Austria was able to stymie Prussian scheming to create a new German Federation under Prussian leadership, excluding Austria. After Schwarzenberg's premature death in 1852, he could not be replaced by statesmen of equal stature, and the emperor himself effectively took over as prime minister.[20] He was one of the most prominent Roman Catholic rulers in Europe, and a fierce enemy of Freemasonry.[25]
Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867
The 1850s witnessed several failures of Austrian external policy: the Crimean War, the dissolution of its alliance with Russia, and defeat in the Second Italian War of Independence. The setbacks continued in the 1860s with defeat in the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, which resulted in the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867.[26]
The Hungarian political leaders had two main goals during the negotiations. One was to regain the traditional status (both legal and political) of the Hungarian state, which was lost after the Hungarian Revolution of 1848. The other was to restore the series of reform laws of the revolutionary parliament of 1848, which were based on the 12 points that established modern civil and political rights, economic and societal reforms in Hungary.[9]
The Compromise partially re-established[27] the sovereignty of the Kingdom of Hungary, separate from, and no longer subject to the Austrian Empire. Instead, it was regarded as an equal partner with Austria. The compromise put an end to 18 years of absolutist rule and military dictatorship which had been introduced by Francis Joseph after the Hungarian Revolution of 1848. Franz Joseph was crowned King of Hungary on 8 June, and on 28 July he promulgated the laws that officially turned the Habsburg domains into the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary.
According to Emperor Franz Joseph, "There were three of us who made the agreement: Deák, Andrássy and myself."[28]
Political difficulties in Austria mounted continuously through the late 19th century and into the 20th century. However, Franz Joseph remained immensely respected; the emperor's patriarchal authority held the Empire together while the politicians squabbled among themselves.[29]
Bohemian question
 | This section needs additional citations for verification. (November 2019) |
Following the accession of Franz Joseph to the throne in 1848, the political representatives of the Kingdom of Bohemia hoped and insisted that account should be taken of their historical state rights in the upcoming constitution. They felt the position of Bohemia within the Habsburg monarchy should have been highlighted by a coronation of the new ruler to the king of Bohemia in Prague (the last coronation took place in 1836). However, before the 19th century the Habsburgs had ruled Bohemia by hereditary right and a separate coronation was not deemed necessary.
His new government installed the system of
I will have myself crowned King of Bohemia in Prague, and I am convinced that a new, indissoluble bond of trust and loyalty between My throne and My Bohemian Kingdom will be strengthened by this holy rite.[30]
In contrast to his predecessor Emperor Ferdinand (who spent the rest of his life after his abdication in 1848 in Bohemia and especially in Prague), Franz Joseph was never crowned separately as king of Bohemia. In 1861, the negotiations failed because of unsolved constitutional problems. However, in 1866, a visit of the monarch to Prague following defeat at the Battle of Königgrätz was a huge success, testified by the considerable numbers of new photographs taken.
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In 1867, the Austro-Hungarian compromise and the introduction of the dual monarchy left the Czechs and their aristocracy without the recognition of separate Bohemian state rights for which they had hoped. Bohemia remained part of the Austrian Crown Lands. In Bohemia, opposition to dualism took the form of isolated street demonstrations, resolutions from district representations, and even open air mass protest meetings, confined to the biggest cities, such as Prague. The Czech newspaper Národní listy complained that the Czechs had not yet been compensated for their wartime losses and sufferings during the Austro-Prussian War, and had just seen their historic state rights tossed aside and their land subsumed into the "other" half of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, commonly called "Cisleithania".[30]
The Czech hopes were revived again in 1870–1871. In an Imperial
Having in mind the constitutional position of the Bohemian Crown and being conscious of the glory and power which that Crown has given us and our predecessors… we gladly recognise the rights of the kingdom and are prepared to renew that recognition through our coronation oath.[30]
For the planned coronation, the composer Bedřich Smetana had written the opera Libuše, but the ceremony did not take place. The creation of the German Empire, domestic opposition from German-speaking liberals (especially German-Bohemians) and from Hungarians doomed the Fundamental Articles. Hohenwart resigned and nothing changed.
Many Czech people were waiting for political changes in monarchy, including
Foreign policy
German question
The main foreign policy goal of Franz Joseph had been the
Two factions quickly developed: a party of German intellectuals favouring a
If Greater Germany were to prevail, the crown would necessarily have to go to Franz Joseph, who had no desire to cede it in the first place to anyone else.
Three Emperors League
In 1873, two years after the unification of Germany, Franz Joseph entered into the
Vatican
In 1903, Franz Joseph's veto of
Bosnia and Herzegovina
During the mid-1870s a series of violent rebellions against Ottoman rule broke out in the Balkans, and the Turks responded with equally violent and oppressive reprisals. Tsar Alexander II of Russia, wanting to intervene against the Ottomans, sought and obtained an agreement with Austria-Hungary.
In the Budapest Convention of 1877, the two powers agreed that Russia would annex southern Bessarabia, and Austria-Hungary would observe a benevolent neutrality toward Russia in the pending war with the Turks. As compensation for this support, Russia agreed to Austria-Hungary's annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina.[36] A scant 15 months later, the Russians imposed on the Ottomans the Treaty of San Stefano, which reneged on the Budapest accord and declared that Bosnia-Herzegovina would be jointly occupied by Russian and Austrian troops.[36]
The treaty was overturned by the 1878
In 1908, the Russian foreign minister,
Based upon the assurances of the Buchlau Conference and the treaties that preceded it, Franz Joseph signed the proclamation announcing the annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina into the Empire on 6 October 1908. However a diplomatic crisis erupted, as both the Serbs and the Italians demanded compensation for the annexation, which the Austro-Hungarian government refused to entertain. The incident was not resolved until the revision of the Treaty of Berlin in April 1909, exacerbating tensions between Austria-Hungary and the Serbs.
Outbreak of World War I
On 28 June 1914 Franz Joseph's nephew and heir-presumptive
While the emperor was shaken, and interrupted his holiday to return to Vienna, he soon resumed his vacation at his Kaiservilla at Bad Ischl. Initial decision-making during the "July Crisis" fell to Count Leopold Berchtold, the Austrian foreign minister; Count Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf, the chief of staff for the Austro-Hungarian army and the other ministers.[41] The ultimate resolution of deliberations by the Austro-Hungarian government during the weeks following the assassination of the Archduke was to give Serbia an ultimatum of itemized demands with which it was virtually certain Serbia would be unable or unwilling to comply, thus serving as a "legal basis for war".
A week after delivery of the Austro-Hungarian ultimatum to Serbia, on 28 July, war was declared. Within weeks, the Germans, Russians, French and British had all entered the fray which eventually became known as World War I. On 6 August, Franz Joseph signed the declaration of war against Russia.
Death
Franz Joseph died in the Schönbrunn Palace on the evening of 21 November 1916, at the age of 86. His death was a result of developing pneumonia of the right lung several days after catching a cold while walking in Schönbrunn Park with King Ludwig III of Bavaria.[42] He was succeeded by his grand-nephew Charles I & IV, who reigned until the collapse of the empire following its defeat at the end of the First World War in 1918.[43]
He is buried in the Imperial Crypt in Vienna.
Family
It was generally felt in the court that the emperor should marry and produce heirs as soon as possible. Various potential brides were considered, including Princess Elisabeth of Modena, Princess Anna of Prussia and Princess Sidonia of Saxony.[44] Although in public life Franz Joseph was the unquestioned director of affairs, in his private life his mother still wielded crucial influence. Sophie wanted to strengthen the relationship between the Houses of Habsburg and Wittelsbach—descending from the latter house herself—and hoped to match Franz Joseph with her sister Ludovika's eldest daughter, Helene ("Néné"), who was four years the emperor's junior.
However, Franz Joseph fell deeply in love with Néné's younger sister
Their marriage would eventually prove to be an unhappy one; though Franz Joseph was passionately in love with his wife, the feeling was not mutual. Elisabeth never truly acclimatized to life at court, and was frequently in conflict with the imperial family. Their first daughter Sophie died as an infant, and their only son
In 1885 Franz Joseph met Katharina Schratt, a leading actress of the Vienna stage, and she became his friend and confidante. This relationship lasted the rest of his life, and was—to a certain degree—tolerated by Elisabeth. Franz Joseph built Villa Schratt in Bad Ischl for her, and also provided her with a small palace in Vienna.[46] Though their relationship lasted for thirty-four years, it remained platonic.[47]
The empress was an inveterate traveller, horsewoman, and fashion maven who was rarely seen in Vienna. Sisi was obsessed about preserving her beauty, carrying out many bizarre routines and strenuous exercise, and as a result suffered from ill health. She was
Relationship with Franz Ferdinand
Although the emperor received letters from members of the imperial family throughout the fall and winter of 1899 beseeching him to relent, Franz Joseph stood his ground.[50] He finally gave his consent in 1900. However, the marriage was to be morganatic, and any children of the marriage would be ineligible to succeed to the throne.[51] The couple were married on 1 July 1900 at Reichstadt. The emperor did not attend the wedding, nor did any of the archdukes. After that, the two men disliked and mistrusted each other.[46]
His interactions with Franz Ferdinand were strained; the emperor's personal attendant recollected in his memoirs that:
"thunder and lightning always raged when they had their discussions."[52]
Following the assassination of Franz Ferdinand and Sophie in 1914, Franz Joseph's daughter, Marie Valerie, noted that her father expressed his greater confidence in the new heir presumptive, his grandnephew Archduke Charles. The emperor admitted to his daughter, regarding the assassination:
"For me, it is a relief from a great worry."[53]
Titles, styles, honours and arms
| Monarchical styles of Ferenc József I of Hungary | ||
|---|---|---|
Reference style His Apostolic Majesty | | |
| Spoken style | Your Apostolic Majesty | |
Name
Franz Joseph's names in the languages of his empire were:
- Bosnian: Franjo Josip I
- Croatian: Franjo Josip I.
- Czech: František Josef I
- German: Franz Joseph I
- Hungarian: I. Ferenc József
- Italian: Francesco Giuseppe I
- Polish: Franciszek Józef I
- Romanian: Francisc Iosif
- Serbian: Фрања Јосиф
- Slovak: František Jozef I
- Slovene: Franc Jožef I
- Ukrainian: Фра́нц Йо́сиф I
Titles and styles
- 18 August 1830 – 2 December 1848: His Imperial and Royal Highness Archduke and Prince Francis Joseph of Austria, Prince of Hungary, Bohemia and Croatia[54]
- 2 December 1848 – 21 November 1916: His Imperial and Royal Apostolic Majesty The Emperor of Austria, Apostolic King of Hungary
His official grand title after the
Honours
National decorations
- Knight of the Golden Fleece, 1844;[56] Chief and Sovereign, 2 December 1848 (Orden vom Goldenen Vlies, ex officio as Emperor of Austria)[57]
- Grand Master of the Military Order of Maria Theresa (Militär Maria-Theresien-Orden, ex officio as Emperor of Austria)[58]
- Grand Master of the Royal Hungarian Order of St. Stephen (Königlich ungarischer St. Stephan-Orden, ex officio as Emperor of Austria)[59]
- Grand Master of the Austrian Imperial Order of Leopold (Leopold-Orden, ex officio as Emperor of Austria)[60]
- Grand Master of the Imperial Order of the Iron Crown (Orden der Eisernen Krone, ex officio as Emperor of Austria)[61]
In addition, he founded the Order of Franz Joseph (Franz Joseph-Orden) on 2 December 1849,[62] and the Order of Elizabeth (Elizabeth-Orden) in 1898.[63]
Foreign decorations
- Ascanian duchies: Grand Cross of the Order of Albert the Bear, 27 October 1849[64]
- Baden:[65]
- Knight of the House Order of Fidelity, 1851
- Grand Cross of the Zähringer Lion, 1851
- Bavaria:
- Knight of St. Hubert, 1849[66]
- Grand Cross of the Military Order of Max Joseph
- Belgium: Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold (civil), 19 April 1849[67]
- Brunswick: Grand Cross of the Order of Henry the Lion, 1854[68]
- Bulgaria:
- Denmark: Knight of the Elephant, 17 January 1849[71]
- Ernestine duchies: Grand Cross of the Saxe-Ernestine House Order, March 1852[72]
- France: Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour[73]
- Hanover:[74]
- Hawaii:
- Grand Cross of the Order of Kamehameha I, 1865[75]
- Grand Cross of the Order of Kalākaua, 1878[76]
- Hesse-Darmstadt: Grand Cross of the Ludwig Order, 3 May 1851[77]
- Knight of the Golden Lion, 19 November 1851[78]
- Holy See: Grand Cross of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem
- Italy:
- Knight of the Annunciation, 13 April 1869[79]
- Grand Cross of Saints Maurice and Lazarus, 1869
- Grand Cross of the Crown of Italy, 1869
- Japan: Grand Cordon of the Order of the Chrysanthemum, 7 May 1880; Collar, 25 October 1898[80]
- Sovereign Military Order of Malta: Bailiff Grand Cross of Honour and Devotion[69]
- Mecklenburg-Strelitz: Cross for Distinction in War, 1st and 2nd Classes[81]
- Mexico: Grand Cross of the Mexican Eagle, with Collar, 1865[82]
- Modena: Grand Cross of the Eagle of Este, 1856[83]
- Monaco: Grand Cross of St. Charles, 24 September 1872[84]
- Montenegro: Grand Cross of the Order of Prince Danilo I[85]
- Knight of the Gold Lion of Nassau, May 1858[86]
- Netherlands: Grand Cross of the Military William Order, 21 June 1849[87]
- Oldenburg: Grand Cross of the Order of Duke Peter Friedrich Ludwig, with Golden Crown, 9 March 1853[88]
- Parma: Senator Grand Cross of the Constantinian Order of St. George, with Collar, 1849[89]
- Prussia:
- Knight of the Black Eagle, 14 August 1844; with Collar, 1851[90]
- Grand Commander's Cross of the Royal House Order of Hohenzollern, 16 September 1884[90]
- Pour le Mérite (military), with Oak Leaves, 27 August 1914[91]
- Romania:
- Collar of the Order of Carol I, 1906[92]
- Grand Cross of the Star of Romania[73]
- Russia:
- Knight of St. Andrew, 30 December 1845[93]
- Knight of St. Alexander Nevsky
- Knight of the White Eagle
- Knight of St. Anna, 1st Class
- Knight of St. George, 4th Class, 2 July 1849[94]
- Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach: Grand Cross of the White Falcon, 1 October 1857[95]
- Saxony:
- Knight of the Rue Crown, 1847[96]
- Grand Cross of the Military Order of St. Henry
- Serbia:
- Siam: Knight of the Order of the Royal House of Chakri, 15 July 1891
- Spain: Grand Cross of the Order of Charles III, with Collar, 10 May 1875[97]
- Sweden-Norway:
- Knight of the Seraphim, with Collar, 9 July 1850[98]
- Knight of the Norwegian Lion, 5 April 1904[99]
- Tuscany: Grand Cross of St. Joseph[100]
- Two Sicilies: Knight of St. Januarius, 1848[101]
- United Kingdom:
- Stranger Knight Companion of the Garter, 14 August 1867 (revoked 1915)[102]
- Recipient of the Royal Victorian Chain, 16 August 1904 (revoked 1915)[103]
- Württemberg: Grand Cross of the Württemberg Crown, 1850[104]
Honorary appointments
- Honorary General of the Swedish Army, 1888[105]
- 1st (The King's) Dragoon Guards, British Army, 25 March 1896 – 1914
- Colonel-in-chief of the Kexholm Life Guards Grenadier Regiment, Russian Army, until 26 June 1914
- Colonel-in-chief of the 12th Belgorod Lancer Regiment, Russian Army, until 26 June 1914
- Colonel-in-chief of the 16th (Schleswig-Holstein) Hussars, German Army[69]
- Colonel-in-chief of the 122nd (Emperor Francis Joseph of Austria, King of Hungary (4th Württemberg) Fusiliers[69]
- Field Marshal of the British Army, 1 September 1903 – 1914
Imperial Standard (From 1867 to 1915)[106]
.svg)
Arms and monogram
 Lesser coat of arms of Franz Joseph I |
Imperial monogram
|
Legacy
Franz Joseph founded in 1872 the Franz Joseph University (Hungarian: Ferenc József Tudományegyetem, Romanian: Universitatea Francisc Iosif) in the city of Cluj-Napoca (at that time a part of Austria-Hungary under the name of Kolozsvár). The university was moved to Szeged after Cluj became a part of Romania, becoming the University of Szeged.
In certain areas, celebrations are still being held in remembrance of Franz Joseph's birthday. The Mitteleuropean People's Festival takes place every year around 18 August, and is a "spontaneous, traditional and brotherly meeting among peoples of the Central-European Countries".[108] The event includes ceremonies, meetings, music, songs, dances, wine and food tasting, and traditional costumes and folklore from Mitteleuropa.
Personal motto
- "With united forces" (as the Emperor of Austria) – German: "Mit vereinten Kräften" – Latin: "Viribus Unitis"
- "My trust in [the ancient] virtue" (as the Apostolic King of Hungary) – Hungarian: "Bizalmam az Ősi Erényben" – Latin: "Virtutis Confido"
Issue
- Archduchess Sophie of Austria; 5 March 1855 – 29 May 1857.
- Archduchess Gisela of Austria; 12 July 1856 – 27 July 1932. Married Prince Leopold of Bavaria (second cousin) in 1873; had issue.
- Princess Stephanie of Belgium in 1881; had issue. Died in a murder–suicide.
- Archduchess Marie Valerie of Austria; 22 April 1868 – 6 September 1924. Married Archduke Franz Salvator (second cousin) in 1890; had issue
Ancestry
See also
- Family tree of German monarchs – he was related to every other ruler of Germany
- List of coupled cousins
- Austro-Hungarian entry into World War I
- Franc Jozeph Island, island in Albania named in honor of the Emperor.
- Order of St. George (Habsburg-Lorraine)
Citations
- ^ Francis Joseph, in Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 19 April 2009
- ^ "Gale Encyclopedia of Biography: Francis Joseph". Answers.com. Retrieved 2 December 2013.
- ^ Murad 1968, p. 61.
- ^ Murad 1968, p. 101.
- ^ Murad 1968, p. 33.
- ^ Murad 1968, p. 8.
- ^ Murad 1968, p. 6.
- ISBN 978-0-7735-6547-0.
the Hungarian constitution was restored.
- ^ ISBN 978-963-05-2595-4.
- ISBN 978-0-86516-444-4.
- ISBN 978-0-88033-159-3.
- ^ a b c This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Phillips, Walter Alison (1911). "Hungary". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 917–918.
- ^ Yonge, Charlotte (1867). "The Crown of St. Stephen". A Book of Golden Deeds Of all Times and all Lands. London, Glasgow and Bombay: Blackie and Son. Retrieved 21 August 2008.
- ^ Nemes, Paul (10 January 2000). "Central Europe Review – Hungary: The Holy Crown". Archived from the original on 17 May 2019. Retrieved 26 September 2008.
- ^ An account of this service, written by Count Miklos Banffy, a witness, may be read at The Last Habsburg Coronation: Budapest, 1916. From Theodore's Royalty and Monarchy Website.
- ^ Rothenburg, G. The Army of Francis Joseph. West Lafayette, Purdue University Press, 1976. p. 35.
- ISBN 978-0-691-20027-9.
- ISBN 978-0-8160-7469-3
- ^ The Making of the West: Volume C, Lynn Hunt, pp. 683–684
- ^ a b Murad 1968, p. 41.
- ^ a b c Murad 1968, p. 42.
- ISSN 0790-7389
- ^ Decker, Wolfgang. "Kleingartenanlage Simmeringer Haide". www.simmeringerhaide.at. Retrieved 4 October 2018.
- ^ "Statuary of St. Francis Seraph". Královská cesta. Archived from the original on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 17 August 2019.
- ^ Simon Sarlin and Dan Rouyer, "The Anti-Masonic Congress of Trento (1896): International Mobilization and the Circulation of Practices against Freemasonry." Contemporanea: Rivista di Storia dell'800 e del '900 (July-Sep 2021), 24#3, pp. 517-536.
- ^ Murad 1968, p. 169.
- ISBN 978-0-8047-4976-3.
- ISBN 978-0-8229-7917-3. p. 83
- ^ :William M. Johnston, The Austrian Mind: An Intellectual and Social History, 1848–1938 (University of California Press, 1983), p. 38
- ^ ISBN 978-1-84545-202-5. Retrieved 17 November 2016.
- ^ Murad 1968, p. 149.
- ^ Murad 1968, p. 150.
- ^ a b c Murad 1968, p. 151.
- ^ a b Murad 1968, p. 127.
- ^ See also http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05677b.htm (discussing the papal veto from the perspective of the Catholic Church)
- ^ a b Albertini 2005, p. 16.
- ^ Albertini 2005, p. 37.
- ^ Albertini 2005, p. 94.
- ISBN 978-1-85065-663-0.
- ^ Albert Freiherr von Margutti: Vom alten Kaiser. Leipzig & Wien 1921, S. 147f. Zitiert nach Erika Bestenreiter: Franz Ferdinand und Sophie von Hohenberg. München (Piper), 2004, S. 247
- ^ Palmer 1994, p. 328.
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{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ "Seccion IV: Ordenes del Imperio", Almanaque imperial para el año 1866 (in Spanish), 1866, pp. 214–236, 242–243, retrieved 29 April 2020
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General bibliography
- Albertini, Luigi (2005). The Origins of the War of 1914. New York: Enigma Books.[ISBN missing]
- Murad, Anatol (1968). Franz Joseph I of Austria and his Empire. Twayne Publishers. ISBN 978-0-8290-0172-3.
- Palmer, Alan (1994). Twilight of the Habsburgs: The Life and Times of Emperor Francis Joseph. Atlantic Monthly Press. ISBN 978-0-8021-1560-7.
Further reading
- OCLC 1658401.
- Beller, S. (1996). Francis Joseph. Profiles in Power. London: OCLC 605339010.
- Bled, J. (1994). Franz Joseph. Oxford: OCLC 844302638.
- Bridge, F. R. (1972). From Sadowa to Sarajevo: the foreign policy of Austria–Hungary, 1866–1914.
- Cunliffe-Owen, M. (1904). A Keystone of Empire: Francis Joseph of Austria. New York: OCLC 8393894.
- Gerő, A. (2001). Emperor Francis Joseph: King of the Hungarians. Boulder: Social Science Monogaphs. OCLC 865200178.
- Owens, K. (2013). Franz Joseph and Elisabeth: The Last Great Monarchs of Austria–Hungary. Jefferson: ISBN 978-1-4766-1216-4.
- Redlich, J. (1929). Emperor Francis Joseph of Austria. New York: OCLC 936201260.
- Taylor, A.J.P. (1964). The Habsburg monarchy, 1809–1918: a history of the Austrian Empire and Austria–Hungary (2nd ed.). London: Penguin Books.; politics and diplomacy
- Tschuppik, Karl (1930). The reign of the Emperor Francis Joseph.
- Unterreiner, K. (2006). Emperor Franz Joseph, 1830–1916: Myth and Truth. Vienna: Brandstätter. ISBN 978-3-902510-44-0.
- Van der Kiste, J. (2005). Emperor Francis Joseph: Life, Death and the Fall of the Habsburg Empire. Stroud: ISBN 978-0-7524-9547-7.
- Winkelhofer, M. (2012). The Everyday Life of the Emperor: Francis Joseph and His Imperial Court. Innsbruck: Haymon Taschenbuch. ISBN 978-3-85218-927-7.
External links
- Works by or about Franz Joseph I of Austria at Internet Archive
- Works by Franz Joseph I of Austria at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
- Newspaper clippings about Franz Joseph I of Austria in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW
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