Frascati Manual
The Frascati Manual is a document setting forth the methodology for collecting
Contents
The Frascati Manual classifies budgets according to what is done, what is studied, and who is studying it. For example, an oral history project conducted by a religious organization would be classified as being basic research, in the field of humanities (the sub-category of history), and performed by a non-governmental, non-profit organization.
Three forms of research
The manual gives definitions for:
The Frascati Manual classifies research into three categories:[1]
- Basic research is experimental or theoretical work undertaken primarily to acquire new knowledge about observable phenomena and facts, not directed toward any particular use.
- Applied research is original investigation to acquire new knowledge directed primarily towards a specific practical aim or objective.
- Experimental development is systematic effort, based on existing knowledge from research or practical experience, directed toward creating novel or improved materials, products, devices, processes, systems, or services.
These involve novelty, creativity, uncertainty, systematic, and reproducibility and transferability.
Research areas
It also organizes the fields of scholarly research endeavors, from mathematics to literature, into main and sub-categories. The 2002 Frascati Manual included a 'Field of Science' (FOS) classification. After several reviews, a Revised Fields of Science and Technology (FOS) classification was published in February 2007 consisting of the following high-level groupings:[2]
- Natural sciences
- Engineering and technology
- Medical and Health sciences
- Agricultural sciences
- Social sciences
- Humanities
Industry sectors
The Frascati Manual deals primarily with measuring the expenditure and personnel resources devoted to
History
In June 1963,
Use
The definitions provided in the Frascati Manual have been adopted by many governments and serve as a common language for discussions of science and technology policy and
Over the past 40 years, the