Frederick Banting
FRCP | |
---|---|
Born | |
Died | February 21, 1941 | (aged 49)
Education | University of Toronto (MB, MD) |
Known for | Discovery of insulin |
Spouses |
|
Scientific career | |
Fields | Pharmacology |
Institutions | University of Western Ontario University of Toronto |
Notable students | Charles Best |
Military career | |
Service/ | Royal Canadian Army Medical Corps |
Years of service | 1915–1919[1] |
Rank | Captain[2] |
Battles/wars | |
Awards | Military Cross (1919) |
Signature | |
Sir Frederick Grant Banting
Banting and his student, Charles Best, isolated insulin at the University of Toronto in the lab of Scottish physiologist John Macleod.[8] When he and Macleod received the 1923 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Banting shared the honours and award money with Best. That same year, the government of Canada granted Banting a lifetime annuity to continue his work.[9] To this day, Frederick Banting, who received the Nobel Prize at age 32, remains the youngest Nobel laureate for Physiology/Medicine.[10]
Early life
Banting was born on November 14, 1891, in his family's farmhouse in
With his family being located within a secure rural community, Banting was raised in prosperous circumstances.[13] He was often called "Fred" or "Freddie."[12] Farm life largely defined most of his boyhood. He felt excluded from his siblings, all multiple years his senior, and recalled that "my older brothers could not be bothered with me for the most part."[14] When he began schooling at the age of seven in Alliston, Banting was a shy, asocial boy who tired of the attendance and was bullied frequently.[15] Early difficulties with spelling ensured poor marks in exams: "I simply could not spell. Every word seemed to have about three ways of spelling. It was a guess and I invariably guessed wrong."[16] He later attributed these experiences as being the product of an inferiority complex.[16]
During his childhood, Banting devoted himself to farmwork, grew close with his mother, and sympathised with animals in the absence of other company.[17] Marion Walwyn, a cousin who first met Banting in 1901, recalled that "we sat together in the swing in our yard. In an hour he didn’t say one word."[18] He continued to struggle in school and stubbornly resisted being disciplined there. After one incident, he resolved never to continue his education but was convinced otherwise by his father.[19] Banting's grandfather, John Banting, had urged his own children to be educated; the philosophy had influenced William, who offered to provide a fund to his sons when they turned twenty-one. In contrast to his brothers, who spent the inheritance towards their own farms, Frederick would use it towards matriculation.[20]
In his late teenage years, Banting grew into a tall man with engagements in school football and baseball teams. Both his mother and father hoped that he would find a vocation in the Methodist ministry.[21] He passed physics and chemistry during junior matriculation examinations in 1909, but repeated English and was required to undertake French and Latin. The next year, he narrowly passed Latin but failed French and, for a second time, English composition. The principal later remembered his repeated efforts: "We would not have picked him for one on whom fame should settle. He was a white boy, a right boy."[22]
College and service years
Banting finally passed examinations in July of 1910. He stated on his application to university that he wished to be a teacher, although he also harbored aspirations of becoming a doctor.
Banting established himself in medical school by working diligently. His roommate, Sam Graham, remembered him for studying late into the night. Besides being a successful rugby player, however, he was otherwise undistinguished. His grades—now without the burden of language courses—saw a marked improvement, averaging approximately a B, an above-average score. Summers were spent returning to work at the farm.[27] At Toronto's Faculty of Medicine, Banting specialised in surgery.[28]
At the onset of
Banting's fourth year was committed to clinical work at
For thirteen months, Banting assisted Starr, a pioneer of nerve
The 44th Battalion,
Banting returned to Canada after the war and went to Toronto to complete his surgical training.
Medical research
Isolation of insulin
An article he read about the
Moses Barron published an article in 1920 which described experimental closure of the pancreatic duct by ligature; this further influenced Banting's thinking. The procedure caused deterioration of the cells of the pancreas that secrete trypsin which breaks down insulin, but it left the islets of Langerhans intact. Banting realized that this procedure would destroy the trypsin-secreting cells but not the insulin. Once the trypsin-secreting cells had died, insulin could be extracted from the islets of Langerhans. Banting discussed this approach with John Macleod, professor of physiology at the University of Toronto. Macleod provided experimental facilities and the assistance of one of his students, Charles Best. Banting and Best, with the assistance of biochemist James Collip, began the production of insulin by this means.[42]
As the experiments proceeded, the required quantities could no longer be obtained by performing surgery on living dogs. In November 1921, Banting hit upon the idea of obtaining insulin from the fetal pancreas. He removed the pancreases from fetal calves at a William Davies slaughterhouse and found the extracts to be just as potent as those extracted from the dog pancreases. By December 1921, he had also succeeded in extracting insulin from the adult pancreas.[44] Pork and beef would remain the primary commercial sources of insulin until they were replaced by genetically engineered bacteria in the late 20th century. On January 11, 1922, the first ever injection of insulin was given to 14-year-old Canadian Leonard Thompson at Toronto General Hospital. In spring of 1922, Banting established a private practice in Toronto and began to treat diabetic patients. His first American patient was Elizabeth Hughes Gossett, daughter of U.S. Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes.[45]
Banting and Macleod were jointly awarded the 1923 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Banting split his half of the Prize money with Best, and Macleod split the other half of the Prize money with James Collip.
After insulin
Banting was appointed Senior Demonstrator in Medicine at the University of Toronto in 1922. Next year he was elected to the new Banting and Best Chair of Medical Research, endowed by the Legislature of the Province of Ontario. He also served as Honorary Consulting Physician to the Toronto General, the Hospital for Sick Children, and the Toronto Western Hospital. At the
In 1938, Banting's interest in aviation medicine resulted in his participation with the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) in research concerning the physiological problems encountered by pilots operating high-altitude combat aircraft. Banting headed the RCAF's Number 1 Clinical Investigation Unit (CIU), which was housed in a secret facility on the grounds of the former Eglinton Hunt Club in Toronto.[46]
During the Second World War he investigated the problems of aviators, such as "blackout" (syncope).[42] He also helped Wilbur Franks with the invention of the G-suit to stop pilots from blacking out when they were subjected to g-forces while turning or diving.[47] Another of Banting's projects during the Second World War involved using and treating mustard gas burns. Banting even tested the gas and antidotes on himself to see if they were effective.[48]
Public statements
Statements on Hudson's Bay Company
During his 1927 Arctic trip with A. Y. Jackson, Banting realized that crew or passengers on board the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) paddle wheeler SS Distributor were responsible for spreading the influenza virus down the Slave River and Mackenzie River, a virus that had over the summer and autumn spread territory-wide, devastating the aboriginal population of the north.[49] Returning from the trip, Banting gave an interview in Montreal with a Toronto Star reporter under the agreement that his statements on HBC would remain off the record.[50] The conversation was nonetheless published in the Toronto Star and rapidly reached a wide audience across Europe and Australia.[50][51] Banting was angry at the leak, having promised the Department of the Interior not to make any statements to the press prior to clearing them.[51]
The article noted that Banting had given the journalist C. R. Greenaway repeated instances of how the fox fur trade always favoured the company: "For over $100,000 of fox skins, he estimated that the Eskimos had not received $5,000 worth of goods."[51] He traced this treatment to health, consistent with reports made in previous years by RCMP officers, suggesting that "the result was a diet of 'flour, biscuits, tea and tobacco,' with the skins that once were used for clothing traded merely for 'cheap whiteman's goods.'"[51]
The fur trade commissioner for the Hudson's Bay Company called Banting's remarks "false and slanderous", and a month later, the governor and general manager of HBC met Banting at the King Edward Hotel to demand a retraction.[51][50] Banting stated that the reporter had betrayed his confidence, but did not retract his statement and reaffirmed that HBC was responsible for the death of indigenous residents by supplying the wrong kind of food and introducing diseases into the Arctic.[50] As A. Y. Jackson notes in his memoir, since neither the governor nor the general manager had been to the Arctic, the meeting ended with them asking Banting's advice on what HBC ought to do: "He gave them some good advice and later he received a card at Christmas with the Governor's best wishes."[50]
Banting also maintained this position in his report to the Department of the Interior:[51]
He noted that "infant mortality was high because of the undernourishment of the mother before birth"; that "white man’s food leads to decay of native teeth"; that "tuberculosis has commenced. Saw several cases at Godhavn, Etah, Port Burwell, Arctic Bay"; that "an epidemic resembling influenza killed a considerable proportion of population at Port Burwell"; and that "the gravest danger faces the Eskimo in his transfer from a race-long hunter to a dependent trapper. White flour, sea-biscuits, tea and tobacco do not provide sufficient fuel to warm and nourish him." Furthermore, he discouraged the establishment of an Arctic hospital. The "proposed hospital at Pangnirtung would be a waste of money, as it could be reached by only a few natives." Banting's report contrasted starkly with the bland descriptions provided by the ship's physician, F. H. Stringer.
Personal life
Banting married twice. His first marriage was to Marion Robertson in 1924; they had one child, William (1929–1998). They divorced in 1932 and Banting married Henrietta Ball in 1937.[42]
In February 1941, Banting died of wounds and exposure following the crash of a
Banting and his wife are buried at Mount Pleasant Cemetery in Toronto.[55]
Painting
Banting developed an interest in painting beginning around 1921 while he was in London, Ontario.[56] Some of his first pieces were done on the back of the cardboard in which his shirts were packed by the dry-cleaners.[57] He became friends with the Group of Seven artists A. Y. Jackson and Lawren Harris, fellow members of the Arts and Letters Club of Toronto, sharing their love of the rugged Canadian landscape.[50][58] Writing on Banting, Jackson recalls that "He did not want to make a business of art and would tell [would-be purchasers] to go buy a Lismer or something else and then he would exchange it for one of his."[50] An obituary said, "A member of the Arts and Letters Club of Toronto, he was one of Canada's most accomplished amateur painters."[3]
In 1927, he made a sketching trip with Jackson to the
At the time of his death in 1941, Banting was one of Canada's best-known amateur painters.[58] Dennis Reid, the former director of Collections and Research at the Art Gallery of Ontario, views Banting's works as very much "part of the Jackson story".[60]
Legacy
In 1994, Banting was inducted into the Canadian Medical Hall of Fame. In 2004, he was nominated as one of the top 10 "Greatest Canadians" by viewers of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. When the final votes were counted, Banting finished fourth behind Tommy Douglas, Terry Fox and Pierre Trudeau.
Namesakes
Banting's namesake, the Banting Research Foundation, was created in 1925 and provides funding to support health and biomedical research in Canada.[61]
Banting's name is immortalized in the yearly
The "Major Sir Frederick Banting, MC, RCAMC Award for Military Health Research", sponsored by the True Patriot Love Foundation, is awarded annually by the Surgeon General to the researcher whose work presented at the annual Military and Veterans Health Research Forum is deemed to contribute most to military health. It was first awarded in 2011 in the presence of several Banting descendants.[63][64]
The "Canadian Forces Major Sir Frederick Banting Term Chair in Military Trauma Research" at Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre was established in 2012. The first Chair holder is Colonel Homer Tien, medical director of Sunnybrook's Tory Regional Trauma Centre and Senior Specialist and Trauma Adviser to the Surgeon General.[65][66]
The Banting Postdoctoral Fellowship Program is administered by the
Properties
During the voting for "Greatest Canadians" in late 2003, controversy rose over the future use of the Banting family farm in New Tecumseth which had been left to the Ontario Historical Society by Banting's late nephew, Edward, in 1998. The dispute centred on the future use of the 40 hectares (99 acres) property and its buildings. In a year-long negotiation, assisted by a provincially appointed facilitator, the Town of New Tecumseth offered $1 million to the Ontario Historical Society (OHS). The town intended to turn the property over to the Sir Frederick Banting Legacy Foundation for preservation of the property and buildings, and the Legacy Foundation planned to erect a Camp for Diabetic Youths. The day after the November 22, 2006, deadline for the OHS to sign the agreement, the OHS announced that it had sold the property for housing development to Solmar Development for more than $2 million.[71]
The Town of New Tecumseth announced it would designate the property under the Ontario Heritage Act. This would prevent its commercial development and obligate the owner to maintain it properly. OHS objected. The Ontario Conservation Review Board heard arguments for and against designation in September 2007 and recommended designation of the entire property in October. The Town officially passed the designation by-law on November 12, 2007.[72]
Banting's artwork has gained attention in the art community; A painting of his called "St. Tîte des Cap" sold for Can$30,000 including buyer's premium at a Canadian art auction in Toronto.[73]
Portrayals in film
He and his insulin discovery have also been depicted in various media formats, including comic books, the biography by Michael Bliss, and on television. The
Awards and honours
Prior to the award of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 1923[75][76]—which he shared with Macleod—he received the Reeve Prize of the University of Toronto (1922).[77] In 1923, the Canadian Parliament granted him a Life Annuity of $7,500.[9] Following the Banting's receipt of the Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of the University of Edinburgh in 1927, Banting gave the 1928 Cameron Lecture in Edinburgh. He was a member of numerous medical academies and societies in Canada and abroad, including the British and American Physiological Societies, and the American Pharmacological Society. In 1934, he was knighted as a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE)[78] King George V[78] and became an active vice-president of the Diabetic Association (now Diabetes UK). In May 1935 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society.[3][79][80] In 2004, Banting was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame.
Flame of Hope
A "
Time capsule
A time capsule was buried in the Sir Frederick Banting Square in 1991 to honour the 100th anniversary of Sir Frederick Banting's birth. It was buried by the International Diabetes Federation youth representatives and Governor General of Canada Ray Hnatyshyn. It will be exhumed if a cure for diabetes is found.[84]
Honorary degrees
Sir Frederick Banting received honorary degrees from several universities:
- LL.D.) on May 30, 1924[85]
- University of Toronto (D.Sc.) in 1924[86]
- Queen's University (LL.D.) in 1924[86][42]
- University of Michigan (LL.D.) in 1924[86]
- Yale University (D.Sc.) in 1924[86]
- University of the State of New York (D.Sc.) in 1931[86]
- McGill University (D.Sc.) in 1939[86][87]
Honorific eponyms
- Events
- Banting Lectures, annual lecture series organized by the American Diabetes Association
- Banting Award, highly prestigious award for the best researchers in Canada, valued at $70,000 per year.
- Schools
- Ontario: Banting and Best Public School, Toronto
- Ontario: Banting Memorial High School, Alliston
- Ontario: Sir Frederick Banting Secondary School, London
- British Columbia: École Banting Middle School, Coquitlam
Tribute
Since 1941, the American Diabetes Association confers Banting Medals for those with long-term contribution to diabetes research and treatment.[88] In 1991, International Diabetes Federation and World Health Organization (WHO) made his birthday the World Diabetes Day. On November 14, 2016, Google celebrated his 125th birthday with a Google Doodle.[89] 2021 marks the centenary of Dr. Banting's co-discovery of insulin at the University of Toronto. Canada Post issued a commemorative stamp.[90]
References
- ^ Collip 1941, p. 473.
- ^ Bliss 1992, p. 39.
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- ^ "Frederick Grant Banting". Oxford Reference. Retrieved February 24, 2024.
- ^ a b Toronto Daily Star (June 28, 1923). "Canada rewards Banting's service. Young physician will receive $7,500 yearly from federal treasury". University of Toronto Libraries.
- ^ "Nobel Laureates by Age". Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB. Retrieved April 3, 2016.
- ^ Bliss 1992, p. 15.
- ^ a b c Bliss 1992, p. 16.
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- ^ Bliss 1992, p. 32–33.
- ^ a b "Biography of Sir Frederick Grant Banting (1891-1941)". The Discovery and Early Development of Insulin – University of Toronto Libraries. University of Toronto. Retrieved February 24, 2024.
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- ^ Best 1942, p. 21.
- ^ Bliss 1992, p. 44.
- ^ Royal College of Physicians of London (July 25, 1918). "Certificate granting F.G. Banting license to practice medicine, surgery, and midwifery". University of Toronto Libraries. Archived from the original on July 31, 2020.
- ^ Bliss 1992, p. 48.
- ^ University of Toronto (June 9, 1922). "Certificate from the University of Toronto granting F. G. Banting the degree of M.D." University of Toronto Libraries. Archived from the original on July 31, 2020.
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- ^ Canadian Space Agency. Canada's Aerospace Medicine Pioneers – World War II Jump-Starts Aviation Medicine in Canada. Retrieved January 3, 2012. Archived October 13, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Bliss 1992, p. 255.
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- ^ Prince of Wales Northern Heritage Centre, Yellowknife. "1925-1949, Historical Timeline of the Northwest Territories". Historical Timeline of the Northwest Territories. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved March 13, 2019.
- ^ a b c d e f g Jackson, Alexander Young (May 15, 1965). "Men and books: Memories of a fellow artist, Frederick Grant Banting". Canadian Medical Association Journal. 92: 1077–1084 – via University of Toronto Libraries.
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- ^ National Defence Canada, Canadian Forces Health Services. History and Heritage. Chapter IV: Heroes and Honours. Retrieved January 3, 2012. Archived May 23, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Mount Pleasant Cemetery Website". Archived from the original on November 12, 2018. Retrieved November 11, 2018.
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- ^ MacDonald, Colin S. "Banting, F. G. (Frederick Grant), Sir". A Dictionary of Canadian Artists. Vol. 1. National Gallery of Canada. Archived from the original on May 24, 2013.
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- ^ "Sir Frederick G. Banting Research Centre". Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat. January 1994. Retrieved November 14, 2016.
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- ^ "The First Recipient of the Major Sir Frederick Banting MC, RCAMC Award for Military Health Research". National Defence and the Canadian Armed Forces. Archived from the original on May 23, 2013. Retrieved November 29, 2012.
- ^ "The Canadian Forces, Sunnybrook Hospital, and the University of Toronto Appoint the Major Banting Military Trauma Research Chair" (Press release). National Defence and the Canadian Forces. July 3, 2021. Archived from the original on May 24, 2013. Retrieved November 29, 2012.
- ^ "Military research chair awarded" (Press release). Sunnybrook Foundation. July 4, 2012. Retrieved November 29, 2012.
- ^ "Banting Postdoctoral Fellowships". Government of Canada. February 22, 2013. Retrieved November 14, 2016.
- ^ "Banting Postdoctoral Fellowships Program". Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. June 28, 2016. Archived from the original on November 14, 2016. Retrieved November 14, 2016.
- ^ "Banting House National Historic Site of Canada". Directory of Federal Heritage Designations. Parks Canada. March 15, 2012. Archived from the original on September 4, 2015. Retrieved July 29, 2015.
- ^ "Banting House National Historic Site of Canada". HistoricPlaces.ca. Parks Canada. November 23, 1997. Retrieved July 29, 2015.
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- ^ Banting, Peter M., Dr. (November 23, 2007). "The Banting Homestead is now protected!". The Global Gazette. GlobalGenealogy.com. Archived from the original on December 25, 2011. Retrieved December 31, 2011.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Auction Result". Ritchies. November 20, 2006. Archived from the original on November 28, 2007.
- ISBN 9780802068330. p. 55.
- ^ Royal Karolinska Institute (1923). "Nobel Prize medal inscribed to F. G. Banting". University of Toronto Libraries.
- ^ Royal Karolinska Institute (October 25, 1923). "Citation to F. G. Banting and J. J. R. Macleod accompanying the Nobel Prize". University of Toronto Libraries.
- ^ "Winners named for Reeve prize: F.G. Banting and C.H. Best are Granted Award". University of Toronto Libraries. October 1922. Archived from the original on June 29, 2020.
- ^ a b Order of the British Empire (June 4, 1934). "Certificate granting F. G. Banting the title of K. B. E." University of Toronto Libraries.
- ^ "List of Fellows of the Royal Society 1660 – 2007" (PDF). Royal Society. July 2007. Retrieved July 29, 2015.
- ^ "Banting, Sir Frederick Grant". Plarr's Lives of the Fellows Online. Retrieved November 13, 2013.
- ^ a b "Sir Frederick G. Banting Square". Canadian Diabetes Association. Archived from the original on January 17, 2021. Retrieved July 29, 2015.
- ^ "Frederick Banting". Diabetes.co.uk. Retrieved September 7, 2015.
- ^ Gini-Newman, Garfield; Aitken, Bob; Eaton, Diane; Holland, Dick; Montgomery, John; Riddock, Sonia (2000). Canada: A Nation Unfolding (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill Ryerson School.
- ^ "History of Diabetes". Canadian Diabetes Association. Archived from the original on March 29, 2017. Retrieved July 29, 2015.
- ^ "Honorary Degrees Awarded, 1881–present" (PDF). University of Western Ontario. p. 30. Retrieved July 29, 2015.
- ^ a b c d e f "Banting, Frederick Grant, Sir, Papers" (PDF). Library.utoronto.ca. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 14, 2012. Retrieved July 29, 2015.
- ^ "McGill University Honorary Degree Recipients" (PDF). McGill University. Retrieved July 29, 2015. [permanent dead link]
- ^ Wood, Matt (June 19, 2013). "Graeme Bell Wins Banting Medal for Scientific Achievement Award". Science Life. Archived from the original on July 31, 2020. Retrieved December 4, 2019.
- ^ "Sir Frederick Banting's 125th Birthday". Google. November 14, 2016.
- ^ "Commemorative stamp marks 100th anniversary of U of T's discovery of insulin". University of Toronto. Retrieved June 18, 2021.
Further reading
- JSTOR 17312.
- Best, C. H. (November 1, 1942). "Frederick Grant Banting 1891–1941". Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society. 4 (11): 20–26. S2CID 162239410.
- ISBN 978-0-8020-7387-7.
- Banting, F. G.; Best, C. H. (2009). "The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine: Vol. VII St. Louis, February, 1922 No. 5". Nutrition Reviews. 45 (4): 55–57. PMID 3550540.
- Bliss, Michael (1990) [1982]. The Discovery of Insulin (3rd ed.). University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-8344-9.
- Jackson, A. Y. (1943). Banting as an Artist. Ryerson Press.
- Shaw, Margaret Mason (1976). Frederick Banting. Fitzhenry & Whiteside. ISBN 978-0-88902-229-4.
- Stevenson, Lloyd (1946). Sir Frederick Banting. Ryerson Press.
- Harris, Seale (1946). Banting's miracle; the story of the discoverer of insulin. Lippincott.
- Walters, Eric (2005). Elixir. Puffin Canada. ISBN 978-0-14-301641-0.
- Raju, T. N. (1998). "The Nobel Chronicles. 1923: Frederick G Banting (1891–1941), John J R Macleod (1876–1935)". Lancet. 352 (9138): 1482. S2CID 54323266.
- Hudson, R. P. (1979). "New light on the insulin controversy (Frederick G. Banting and J. J. R. Macleod)". Annals of Internal Medicine. 91 (2): 311. PMID 380438.
- Fletcher, K. (2007). "Sir Frederick Banting homestead sold to developer, family outraged". Canadian Medical Association Journal. 176 (12): 1691–92. PMID 17548378.
- Shampo, M. A.; Kyle, R. A. (2005). "Frederick Banting – Nobel Laureate for Discovery of Insulin". Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 80 (5): 576. PMID 15887423.
- MacLeod, J. B. A. (2006). "Frederick G. Banting: Giving Prospects for Life from the Past to the New Millennium". Archives of Surgery. 141 (7): 705–07. PMID 16847245.
- Elliot, J. C. (2004). "Banting – a Nobel artist". The Medical Journal of Australia. 181 (11–12): 631. S2CID 10131078.
- Todhunter, E. N. (1953). "Frederick G. Banting, November 14, 1891–February 22, 1941". Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 29 (11): 1093. PMID 13108539.
- Les caprices du Nobel by William Rostène, ed. L'Harmattan (Paris), 2013 (in French) ISBN 978-2-343-01844-7
External links
Archives at | ||||||
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How to use archival material |
- Works by or about Frederick Banting at Internet Archive
- Banting House National Historic Site (Archived January 17, 2021, at the Wayback Machine)
- Frederick Banting on Nobelprize.org including the Nobel Lecture on September 15, 1925, "Diabetes and Insulin"
- Ontario Plaques—The Discovery of Insulin (Archived December 22, 2015, at the Wayback Machine)
- CBC Digital Archives—Chasing a Cure for Diabetes
- Simcoe County Archives—"Sir Frederick Banting"
- Famous Canadian Physicians: Sir Frederick Banting at Library and Archives Canada
- World Diabetes Day on Banting's Birthday, November 14
- 1928 A.Y. Jackson and Frederick Banting—NWT Historical Timeline, Prince of Wales Northern Heritage Centre
- Frederick Banting Papers, Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library Archived March 14, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
- The Discovery and Early Development of Insulin Digital Collection, Toronto
- Frederick Banting at Find a Grave