Fredericksburg, Virginia
Fredericksburg, Virginia | ||
---|---|---|
FIPS code 51-29744[2] | | |
GNIS feature ID | 1494947[3] | |
Website | www | |
* Independent from Spotsylvania County in 1879 |
Fredericksburg is an independent city in Virginia, United States. As of the 2020 census, the population was 27,982.[4] It is 48 miles (77 km) south of Washington, D.C., and 53 miles (85 km) north of Richmond.[5][6] The Bureau of Economic Analysis of the United States Department of Commerce combines the city of Fredericksburg with neighboring Spotsylvania County for statistical purposes.
Located near where the
Fredericksburg is home to Central Park (as of 2004, the second-largest mall on the East Coast). The Spotsylvania Towne Centre is located in Spotsylvania County, adjacent to the city. Major employers include the University of Mary Washington (named for the mother of George Washington, who lived here), Mary Washington Healthcare, and GEICO. Many Fredericksburg area residents commute to work by car, bus, and rail to Washington, D.C., and Richmond, as well as Fairfax, Prince William, and Arlington counties.[8][9][10][11]
History
At the time of European encounter, the indigenous inhabitants of the area that became Fredericksburg were a
Colonial
Located on the
As interest in the frontier grew, the colonial assembly formed Spotsylvania County in 1720, named after Royal Lieutenant Governor Alexander Spotswood. In 1728, Fredericksburg was declared a port for the county, of which it was then a part. Named for Frederick, Prince of Wales,[13] son of King George II, the colonial town named its streets after the members of the royal family. The county court was moved to Fredericksburg in 1732. Hence, the community served as county seat until 1780. The court was then moved to Spotsylvania Courthouse, Virginia – closer to the geographical center of Spotsylvania County. In 1781, Fredericksburg was incorporated as a town with its own court, council, and mayor. It received its charter as an independent city in 1879 and under Virginia law, was separated from Spotsylvania County. The city adopted its present city manager/council form of government in 1911.
The city has close associations with George Washington, whose family in 1738 moved to Ferry Farm in Stafford County near the Rappahannock River opposite Fredericksburg. Washington's mother, Mary, later moved to the city, and his sister Betty lived at Kenmore, a plantation house then outside the city. Several citizens played active roles during the American Revolution (1763–1781). For example, a number of locals signed the Leedstown Resolves, which formed an association to protest the Stamp Act in the 1760s.[14] In the 1770s, Fielding Lewis, owner of Kenmore Plantation and brother-in-law to George Washington, also operated an arms factory for the Continental Army. Other significant early residents include the Revolutionary War generals Hugh Mercer and George Weedon, naval war hero John Paul Jones, and future U.S. president James Monroe. Thomas Jefferson wrote the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom in Fredericksburg.[citation needed]
19th century
During the 19th century, mills continued to be developed along the Rappahannock River, which provided water power. There were mills for grinding flour, processing and weaving cotton, and other manufacturing. Fredericksburg sought to maintain its sphere of trade, but with limited success. It promoted the development of a canal on the Rappahannock and construction of a turnpike and plank road to bind the interior country to the market town. By 1837, a north–south railroad, which became the Richmond, Fredericksburg and Potomac Railroad, linked the town to Richmond, the state capital. A much-needed railroad joining the town to the West's arming region was not finished until after the Civil War.
During the Civil War, Fredericksburg was strategically important because of its port location midway between Washington and Richmond, the opposing capitals of the Union and the Confederacy. During the Battle of Fredericksburg from December 11–15, 1862, the town sustained significant damage from bombardment and looting by the Union forces.
During that engagement, nearly 10,000 enslaved people left area plantations and city households to gain freedom by crossing the Rappahannock River to Stafford County and join the Union lines, part of a movement by enslaved people throughout the South in wartime.[15] John Washington, a literate enslaved person who shortly crossed to freedom, wrote later about people watching the approach of Union troops across the river from Fredericksburg: "No one could be seen on the street but the colored people. and every one of them seemed to be in the best of humors."[16]
The Second Battle of Fredericksburg was fought in and around the town on May 3, 1863, in connection with the Chancellorsville campaign (April 27, 1863 – May 6, 1863). The battles of the Wilderness and Spotsylvania Court House were fought nearby in May 1864. The Washington Woolen Mill, a large three-story building, was converted to use as a hospital during the war.
After the war, Fredericksburg recovered its former position as a center of local trade and slowly grew beyond its prewar boundaries. Neither the city of Fredericksburg nor the surrounding counties reached the 1860 level of population again until well into the 20th century. After the war, many freedmen moved to Richmond and Petersburg, where there had been established free black communities before the war, and there was more work.
20th century to present
In the early 20th century, as the
War-related buildup at defense facilities for
The University of Mary Washington was founded in Fredericksburg in 1908 as the State Normal and Industrial School for Women, to train white women for teaching K-12 and industrial skills. Adopting the name of Mary Washington College in 1938, the college was for many years associated with the University of Virginia (then limited to white men) as a women's liberal arts college. The college officially desegregated in 1964. The college became independent of the University of Virginia and began to accept men in 1970. In 2004, the college changed its name from Mary Washington College to the University of Mary Washington. Two additional campuses for graduate and professional studies and education and research are located in Stafford County and in King George County, respectively.
Musician Link Wray invented the power chord of modern rock guitar in Fredericksburg in 1958 during an improvisation of the instrumental piece "Rumble", a single subsequently released by Wray & His Ray Men.[17] This innovation became widely used by rock guitarists. In the early 21st century, the local music scene includes a wide variety of genres.
A commuter rail line – the Virginia Railway Express – was established in the 1980s, providing passage to Washington, D.C. and other cities north of Fredericksburg.
The city has become the regional healthcare center for the area. Retail, real estate, and other commercial growth exploded in the early 21st century, eventually slowing during the Great Recession beginning in 2007. Hispanic growth skyrocketed from 2011 to 2020, with Chancellor Green in nearby Spotsylvania County becoming a local enclave.[citation needed]
Geography and climate
According to the
The city is bounded on the north and east by the Rappahannock River; across the river is Stafford County. The city is bounded on the south and west by Spotsylvania County.
Fredericksburg has a four-season humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa), with cool winters and hot, humid summers. Daytime temperatures for much of the year average slightly higher than in Washington, D.C. due to the southerly aspect, although the inland location and distance from the urban heat island present in the nation's capital make for significantly cooler low temperatures.
Climate data for Fredericksburg, Virginia (downtown, 1991−2020 normals, extremes 1995–present) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °F (°C) | 82 (28) |
80 (27) |
90 (32) |
95 (35) |
96 (36) |
102 (39) |
102 (39) |
103 (39) |
98 (37) |
96 (36) |
83 (28) |
80 (27) |
103 (39) |
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 45.9 (7.7) |
49.3 (9.6) |
57.0 (13.9) |
68.5 (20.3) |
76.1 (24.5) |
84.3 (29.1) |
88.5 (31.4) |
86.6 (30.3) |
80.3 (26.8) |
70.0 (21.1) |
58.9 (14.9) |
50.0 (10.0) |
67.9 (19.9) |
Daily mean °F (°C) | 35.5 (1.9) |
38.1 (3.4) |
45.3 (7.4) |
56.1 (13.4) |
64.6 (18.1) |
73.6 (23.1) |
78.1 (25.6) |
76.3 (24.6) |
69.6 (20.9) |
58.1 (14.5) |
47.1 (8.4) |
39.2 (4.0) |
56.8 (13.8) |
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 25.1 (−3.8) |
26.9 (−2.8) |
33.5 (0.8) |
43.6 (6.4) |
53.2 (11.8) |
62.9 (17.2) |
67.6 (19.8) |
65.9 (18.8) |
58.9 (14.9) |
46.2 (7.9) |
35.2 (1.8) |
28.3 (−2.1) |
45.6 (7.6) |
Record low °F (°C) | −4 (−20) |
−8 (−22) |
5 (−15) |
20 (−7) |
32 (0) |
45 (7) |
53 (12) |
51 (11) |
42 (6) |
28 (−2) |
17 (−8) |
7 (−14) |
−8 (−22) |
Average precipitation inches (mm) | 2.72 (69) |
2.50 (64) |
3.96 (101) |
3.37 (86) |
4.19 (106) |
3.88 (99) |
4.82 (122) |
2.99 (76) |
4.54 (115) |
3.72 (94) |
3.52 (89) |
3.19 (81) |
43.40 (1,102) |
Average snowfall inches (cm) | 3.7 (9.4) |
5.2 (13) |
0.1 (0.25) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
2.3 (5.8) |
11.3 (29) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 9.2 | 7.2 | 9.4 | 9.7 | 12.8 | 10.5 | 9.8 | 9.7 | 8.3 | 8.9 | 8.5 | 9.0 | 113.0 |
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 1.4 | 1.1 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 3.3 |
Source: |
Demographics
Census | Pop. | Note | %± |
---|---|---|---|
1830 | 3,308 | — | |
1840 | 3,974 | 20.1% | |
1850 | 4,061 | 2.2% | |
1860 | 5,022 | 23.7% | |
1870 | 4,046 | −19.4% | |
1880 | 5,010 | 23.8% | |
1890 | 4,528 | −9.6% | |
1900 | 5,068 | 11.9% | |
1910 | 5,874 | 15.9% | |
1920 | 5,882 | 0.1% | |
1930 | 6,819 | 15.9% | |
1940 | 10,066 | 47.6% | |
1950 | 12,158 | 20.8% | |
1960 | 13,639 | 12.2% | |
1970 | 14,450 | 5.9% | |
1980 | 15,322 | 6.0% | |
1990 | 19,027 | 24.2% | |
2000 | 19,279 | 1.3% | |
2010 | 24,286 | 26.0% | |
2020 | 27,982 | 15.2% | |
U.S. Decennial Census[21] 1790–1960[22] 1900–1990[23] 1990–2000[24] 2010–2020[25] |
2020 census
Race / Ethnicity | Pop 2010[26] | Pop 2020[27] | % 2010 | % 2020 |
---|---|---|---|---|
White alone (NH)
|
14,760 | 15,201 | 60.78% | 54.32% |
Black or African American alone (NH)
|
5,367 | 5,956 | 22.10% | 21.29% |
Alaska Native alone (NH)
|
58 | 86 | 0.24% | 0.31% |
Asian alone (NH) | 670 | 1,325 | 2.76% | 4.74% |
Pacific Islander alone (NH) | 16 | 24 | 0.07% | 0.09% |
Some Other Race alone (NH) | 64 | 280 | 0.26% | 1.00% |
Mixed Race/Multi-Racial (NH) | 744 | 1,638 | 3.06% | 5.85% |
Hispanic or Latino (any race) | 2,607 | 3,472 | 10.73% | 12.41% |
Total | 24,286 | 27,982 | 100.00% | 100.00% |
Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race.
As of the
There were 8,102 households, out of which 21.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 31.8% were married couples living together, 13.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 51.6% were non-families. 39.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.09 and the average family size was 2.81.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 17.8% under the age of 18, 23.8% from 18 to 24, 27.2% from 25 to 44, 18.4% from 45 to 64, and 12.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 30 years. For every 100 females, there were 81.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 78.4 males.
According to data from the US Census, the median household income in the city is $83,445 and the median income for a family is $121,781.
Crime
The Fredericksburg Police Department[31] tracks crime information under the state-level system of the Uniform Crime Reporting program.[note 1] Per state code, the central repository for crime statistics rests with the Department of State Police, which compiles data from all of the participating agencies into an annual publication Archived November 25, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.[32]
Politics
By long-standing tradition (dating back to the Federal
Year | Republican | Democratic | Third party | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. | % | No. | % | No. | % | |
2020 | 4,037 | 31.39% | 8,517 | 66.22% | 308 | 2.39% |
2016 | 3,744 | 33.26% | 6,707 | 59.58% | 806 | 7.16% |
2012 | 4,060 | 35.50% | 7,131 | 62.35% | 246 | 2.15% |
2008 | 3,413 | 35.27% | 6,155 | 63.60% | 109 | 1.13% |
2004 | 3,390 | 44.95% | 4,085 | 54.16% | 67 | 0.89% |
2000 | 2,935 | 43.93% | 3,360 | 50.29% | 386 | 5.78% |
1996 | 2,579 | 41.84% | 3,215 | 52.16% | 370 | 6.00% |
1992 | 2,819 | 40.98% | 3,266 | 47.48% | 794 | 11.54% |
1988 | 3,401 | 55.26% | 2,683 | 43.60% | 70 | 1.14% |
1984 | 3,500 | 58.60% | 2,439 | 40.83% | 34 | 0.57% |
1980 | 2,502 | 50.36% | 2,174 | 43.76% | 292 | 5.88% |
1976 | 2,527 | 49.07% | 2,550 | 49.51% | 73 | 1.42% |
1972 | 3,211 | 64.53% | 1,702 | 34.20% | 63 | 1.27% |
1968 | 2,142 | 42.27% | 2,036 | 40.17% | 890 | 17.56% |
1964 | 1,511 | 38.47% | 2,410 | 61.35% | 7 | 0.18% |
1960 | 1,566 | 53.72% | 1,326 | 45.49% | 23 | 0.79% |
1956 | 1,672 | 60.25% | 934 | 33.66% | 169 | 6.09% |
1952 | 1,536 | 61.20% | 970 | 38.65% | 4 | 0.16% |
1948 | 810 | 41.95% | 816 | 42.26% | 305 | 15.79% |
1944 | 698 | 38.93% | 1,092 | 60.90% | 3 | 0.17% |
1940 | 522 | 33.35% | 1,037 | 66.26% | 6 | 0.38% |
1936 | 411 | 30.29% | 944 | 69.57% | 2 | 0.15% |
1932 | 366 | 30.73% | 812 | 68.18% | 13 | 1.09% |
1928 | 697 | 53.99% | 594 | 46.01% | 0 | 0.00% |
1924 | 223 | 27.56% | 558 | 68.97% | 28 | 3.46% |
1920 | 299 | 33.48% | 581 | 65.06% | 13 | 1.46% |
1916 | 173 | 31.23% | 380 | 68.59% | 1 | 0.18% |
1912 | 51 | 9.01% | 414 | 73.14% | 101 | 17.84% |
1908 | 252 | 46.75% | 285 | 52.88% | 2 | 0.37% |
1904 | 124 | 25.83% | 352 | 73.33% | 4 | 0.83% |
1900 | 353 | 37.39% | 587 | 62.18% | 4 | 0.42% |
1896 | 388 | 41.41% | 533 | 56.88% | 16 | 1.71% |
1892 | 311 | 31.90% | 655 | 67.18% | 9 | 0.92% |
1888 | 409 | 40.74% | 595 | 59.26% | 0 | 0.00% |
1884 | 402 | 41.57% | 562 | 58.12% | 3 | 0.31% |
1880 | 272 | 34.21% | 523 | 65.79% | 0 | 0.00% |
Like the rest of
Fredericksburg operates with a
The following is the current makeup of City Council.[36]
Position | Name | Affiliation | District | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mayor | Kerry Devine | Independent
|
At-Large | |
Vice Mayor | Charlie Frye Jr. | Independent
|
Ward 4 | |
Member | Jason Graham | Independent
|
Ward 1 | |
Member | Jon Gerlach | Independent
|
Ward 2 | |
Member | Timothy Duffy | Independent
|
Ward 3 | |
Member | Jannan Holmes | Independent
|
At-Large | |
Member | Will Mackintosh | Independent
|
At-Large |
Culture and recreation
Architecture and historic sites
Fredericksburg Historic District | |
Location | Roughly bounded by Rappahannock River, Hazel Run, Prince Edward and Canal Sts., Fredericksburg, Virginia |
---|---|
Area | 200 acres (81 ha) |
NRHP reference No. | 71001053[37] |
VLR No. | 111-0132 |
Significant dates | |
Added to NRHP | September 22, 1971 |
Designated VLR | March 2, 1971[38] |
Despite recent decades of suburban growth, reminders of the area's past abound. The 40-block Fredericksburg Historic District, listed on the National Register of Historic Places, embraces the city's downtown area and contains more than 350 buildings and locations dating to the 18th and 19th centuries, including the Fredericksburg Town Hall and Market Square, Lewis Store, and former site of the Slave Auction Block.
Within the historic district, four 18th-century historic sites have been managed by the "Washington Heritage Museums": the
Near the historic district is the Lewis Plantation, later named Kenmore, the plantation home of George Washington's sister Betty and her husband, Fielding Lewis.
Civil War battles are commemorated in
Among the 10,000 slaves crossing the Rappahannock for freedom with the Union in 1862 was John Washington. A literate slave from Fredericksburg, he settled in New York and wrote an account of the wartime events several years later. His manuscript was discovered in the 1990s. It was published as the basis of two books, David W. Blight's A Slave No More (2007), and John Washington's Civil War: A Slave Narrative (2008), edited by Crandall Shifflett.[39] In 2010, the National Park Service, which manages the battlefield, Stafford County, and the City of Fredericksburg worked collaboratively to post new historical markers on either side of the Rappahannock River as part of a "Freedom Trail" to mark this exodus.[15]
Notable 20th-century sites and structures include the campus of the University of Mary Washington (begun in 1908), and Carl's Ice Cream, an Art Moderne roadside ice cream stand, listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Nearby points of interest include Ferry Farm historic site across the Rapahannock in Stafford County where Washington spent his boyhood, and the George Washington Birthplace National Monument, located 38 miles (61 km) to the east in Westmoreland County on the Northern Neck. The historic community of Falmouth lies across the Rappahannock to the north and includes the historic house Belmont, home of American Impressionist artist Gari Melchers.
Parks
Public parks run by the city include:[40]
- Old Mill Park
- Alum Spring Park[41]
- Hurkamp Park
- Dixon Park
Public Library
Central Rappahannock Regional Library
Education
Primary and secondary schools
The Fredericksburg City Public Schools are run independently of the surrounding counties. The public primary and secondary schools include:[42]
- James Monroe High School
- Walker-Grant Middle School
- Hugh Mercer Elementary School
- Lafayette Elementary School
Private schools include:
- Fredericksburg Academy
- Fredericksburg Christian School
- Saint Michael the Archangel High School
- Lighthouse Academy
Higher education
The University of Mary Washington, established in 1908 and opened in 1911, is a four-year public university within the city.
Germanna Community College, established in 1970, is a public two-year program with a campus in Fredericksburg.
Media
Fredericksburg's daily newspaper is The Free Lance–Star. The Free Lance was first published in 1885, and competed with two twice-weekly papers in the city during the late 19th century, the Fredericksburg News and The Virginia Star. While the News folded in 1884, the Star moved to daily publication in 1893. In 1900, the two companies merged, with both newspapers continuing publication until 1926, when they merged as a single daily newspaper under the current title. Until June 19, 2014, the Free Lance–Star was owned and operated by members of the Rowe family of Fredericksburg. At that time, Sandton Capital Partners purchased the paper. On December 31, 2015, the newspaper and associated website were purchased by Berkshire Hathaway′s BH Media Group.[43] Fredericksburg Today, an online hyperlocal news site began operation following the 2014 bankruptcy of The Free Lance–Star.[44] In 2024, Fredericksburg Today was replaced by The Fredericksburg Free Press, a 501(c)(3) nonprofit dedicated to providing impartial and nonpartisan digital news to the Fredericksburg region.[45][46]
Fredericksburg and the nearby region have several radio stations, including (on the
In 2001, the
In television, Fredericksburg is part of the Washington market. One local television station,
Studio Ironcat, A small publishing company based in Fredericksburg, Virginia, dedicated to publication of manga and later, Amerimanga.[47][48]
Sports
The Fredericksburg Nationals minor league baseball team began play at Virginia Credit Union Stadium in 2021.[49]
Sports at the secondary education level are run through the
Transportation
Fredericksburg is traversed by a series of rural and suburban four-lane highways and a multitude of small, two-lane roads. The primary highway serving Fredericksburg is
Most of Fredericksburg's traffic flow is to or from the north (
As an alternative to I-95, some commuters use the Virginia Railway Express rail service to Washington. Long-distance rail service to the north is available on Amtrak's Northeast Regional trains.[50] Long-distance rail service to the south is provided by Amtrak's Silver Meteor, Carolinian, Palmetto and Piedmont trains[51]
Fredericksburg Regional Transit (FRED) is a bus service that started in 1996 in Fredericksburg and serves most area communities, retail shopping centers, two VRE stations, and downtown Fredericksburg.[52]
Four major airports serve Fredericksburg and the surrounding area.
Notable people
19th century and earlier
- Lewis Craig (brother of Baptist preacher imprisoned for religious freedom issues before the American Revolution, leader of The Travelling Church that migrated to Kentucky (see History of Baptists in Kentucky)[53]
- Henry Crist, former Congressman from Kentucky[54]
- Maria I. Johnston, author and editor[55]
- John Paul Jones, American naval commander[56]
- Fielding Lewis, brother-in-law of George Washington[57]
- Elizabeth "Betty" Washington, sister of George Washington[58]
- Hugh Mercer, soldier and physician[59]
- James Monroe, fifth President of the United States[60]
- Margaret Prior (1773–1842), American humanitarian, missionary, moral reform worker, writer
- Augustine Washington, father of George Washington[61]
- George Washington, first President of the United States, leader of the American Revolutionary War[62]
- Mary Ball Washington, mother of George Washington[63]
- George Weedon, brigadier general in the Continental Army[64]
20th century to present
- Oliver Ackermann, guitarist and vocalist for A Place to Bury Strangers[65]
- Gaye Adegbalola, blues musician and activist[66]
- Shakira Austin (born 2000), center for the Israeli Elitzur Ramla[67]
- Daniel Bachman, American primitive guitarist[68]
- Urbane F. Bass, doctor and Army officer during WWI[69]
- Julien Binford, artist[70]
- Al Bumbry, baseball player[71]
- Jermon Bushrod, NFL player drafted by the New Orleans Saints (125th pick) in 2007 draft[72]
- Caressa Cameron, Miss America 2010[73]
- George Coghill, retired defensive back for the Denver Broncos[74]
- James Farmer, civil rights leader[75]
- Bessie Alexander Ficklen (1861–1945), writer, poet, artist
- Yetur Gross-Matos, NFL player for the Carolina Panthers
- Derek Hartley, radio show host[76]
- Kelvin Jones, professional soccer player[78]
- Mark Lenzi, Olympic diver and gold medalist[79]
- John Maine, New York Mets starting pitcher[80]
- Jason Masi, folk/rock singer-songwriter and musician[81]
- Danny McBride, actor[82]
- Ryan McBroom, American professional baseball player for the Kansas City Royals[83]
- Erin McKeown, musician[84]
- Caelynn Miller-Keyes, television personality, model, and beauty pageant titleholder[85]
- George C. Rawlings, Virginia House of Delegates[86]
- Judge Reinhold, actor[87]
- Jack Rose, musician[88]
- Jeff Rouse, Olympic swimmer, gold medalist and former world record holder[89]
- Dave Smalley, musician, member of All, Dag Nasty, Down by Law, The Sharpshooters[90]
- Torrey Smith, NFL football player[91]
- Laura Sumner, numismatist
- William P. Taylor, congressman[92]
- Keller Williams, musician[93]
- Monty Williams, basketball player[94]
Sister cities
Footnotes
- ^ The Uniform Crime Reporting program was developed and is administered by the Federal Bureau of Investigation. It provides a nationwide view of crime based on the submission of statistical data from law enforcement agencies across the country. The crime information is collected under the National Incident Based Reporting System format
References
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- ^ "Distance between Washington, DC and Fredericksburg, VA". distance-cities.com. Retrieved July 8, 2021.
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- ^ "Fredericksburg, VA – Official Website". fredericksburgva.gov.
- ^ Owen, Karen (May 11, 2008). "Are we Northern Virginia?". The Free Lance–Star. Archived from the original on May 27, 2012. Retrieved October 24, 2008.
- ^ Kelly, Matthew (May 11, 2008). "We can avoid the circle of Hell". The Free Lance–Star. Archived from the original on May 27, 2012. Retrieved October 24, 2008.
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- ^ Farley, Catherine A. (May 11, 2008). "Robert E. Lee might not recognize the place". The Free Lance–Star. Archived from the original on May 27, 2012. Retrieved October 24, 2008.
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- ^ Gannett, Henry (1905). The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States. Govt. Print. Off. pp. 131.
- ^ "The Leedstown Resolves (also known as the Westmoreland Resolves)" (PDF). Part of a lesson plan. Road to Revolution: Northern Neck Roads and Waterways. The Menokin Foundation. February 27, 1766. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 25, 2019. Retrieved January 24, 2019 – via American University EdSpace.
- ^ a b "Trail of Freedom", Rappahannock River Heritage Trail, University of Mary Washington blog
- ^ "Freedom Just Ahead: The War Within the Civil War", New York Times, December 5, 2007; accessed November 2, 2017
- ^ Harrington, Richard (November 22, 2005). "Prophet of the Rock Guitar". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 24, 2008.
- ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
- ^ "NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved July 3, 2021.
- ^ "Station: Fredericksburg Sweage, VA". U.S. Climate Normals 2020: U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991–2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved July 3, 2021.
- US Census Bureau. Retrieved January 24, 2022.
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In 1738, a 150-acre property just across the Rappahannock River from the fledgling town of Fredericksburg ... was sold ... to Augustine who moved the family there
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A delegation from Este, Italy is here. They are the city's newest sister city.
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