Frederik Ruysch
Frederik Ruysch | |
---|---|
University of Leiden | |
Spouse | Maria Post (1643–1720) |
Children | Rachel Ruysch (*1664, painter) Anna Ruysch (*1666, painter) |
Scientific career | |
Fields | botany, anatomy |
Frederik Ruysch (Dutch: [ˈfreːdərɪk ˈrœys]; March 28, 1638 – February 22, 1731) was a Dutch botanist and anatomist. He is known for developing techniques for preserving anatomical specimens, which he used to create dioramas or scenes incorporating human parts.[1] His anatomical preparations included over 2,000 anatomical, pathological, zoological, and botanical specimens, which were preserved by either drying or embalming.[2] Ruysch is also known for his proof of valves in the lymphatic system, the vomeronasal organ in snakes, and arteria centralis oculi (the central artery of the eye). He was the first to describe the disease that is today known as Hirschsprung's disease,[3] as well as several pathological conditions, including intracranial teratoma, enchondromatosis, and Majewski syndrome.[4]
Life
Frederik Ruysch was born in
Ruysch became praelector of the
Embalming technique
Ruysch researched many areas of human anatomy, and physiology, using spirits to preserve organs, and assembled one of Europe's most famous anatomical collections.[6] His chief skill was the preparation and preservation of specimens in a secret liquor balsamicum, and he is believed to be one of the first to use arterial embalming to this effect. He developed an injection from mercuric sulfide, which originated from cinnabar, a naturally occurring red-colored mineral. The injection gave many specimens a reddish, almost lively expression. Thanks to this technique, observers could visualize and dissect even the smallest blood vessels, which was a groundbreaking technique in the 17th century. Ruysch's revolutionary embalming techniques also allowed for the corpses to be preserved for a greater period of time. This not only extended the time allowed for each dissection presentation but also made it possible for these presentations to take place during the warmer months.[7]
Ruysch's cabinet
Frederik Ruysch was both the founder and creator of a museum of anatomy, which was located within his own private residence. The museum was a popular tourist attraction for Amsterdam and was known throughout the educated world. It was a private collection, but Ruysch opened it to the public. An admission was charged, and a guide headed tours throughout the five rooms.[8] The collection was separated into three different categories. Dry preparations included skeletons and dried organs, wet injection preparations included preservations in bottles with easily removable lids, and the last category was wet preparations in jugs with elaborate decorations. The last category could not be handled easily without risking damage to the preparation itself.[9]
Unique to his collections were the inclusion of infant and fetal bodies, which composed approximately one-third of his entire collection. He purchased the majority of these specimens from midwives that worked under him, after the child died or when a pregnancy resulted in a miscarriage. His still lifes and displays that contained the bodies of infants, or parts thereof, were typically displayed with clothing, bonnets, or even glass eyes. By adding these elements, Ruysch was able to cover the marks and stitches from the embalming process and give his displays a more lifelike appearance.[7] While some of his displays had abnormalities and defects, the main goal of his collections was to create works of art that he believed showed the perfection of the human body.[10] In her early years, his daughter Rachel Ruysch, a painter of still lifes, had helped him to decorate the collection with flowers, fishes, seashells and the delicate body parts with lace.[11]
By the time Ruysch was 24, his cabinet had become extremely popular and attracted the attention of many foreign dignitaries.
Ruysch immediately began anew in his house on
He was elected a
In 1760 (30 years after his death), botanist
Works
- Disputatio medica inauguralis de pleuritide. Dissertation, Leiden, 1664.
- Dilucidatio valvularum in vasis lymphaticis et lacteis. Hagae-Comitiae, ex officina H. Gael, 1665; Leiden, 1667; Amsterdam, 1720. 2. Aufl. 1742.
- Museum anatomicum Ruyschianum, sive catalogus rariorum quae in Authoris aedibus asservantur. Amsterdam, 1691. 2. Aufl. 1721; 3. Aufl. 1737.
- Catalogus Musaei Ruyschiani. Praeparatorum Anatomicorum, variorum Animalium, Plantarum, aliarumque Rerum Naturalium. Amsterdam: Janssonio-Waesbergios, 1731.
- Observationum anatomico-chirurgicarum centuria. Amsterdam 1691; 2. Aufl. 1721: 3. Aufl. 1737.
- Epistolae anatomicae problematicae. 14 Bände. Amsterdam, 1696–1701.
- Het eerste Anatomisch Cabinet. Amsterdam, Johan Wolters, 1701
- Thesaurus anatomicus. 10 Delen. Amsterdam, Johan Wolters, 1701–1716.
- Adversarium anatomico-medico-chirurgicorum decas prima. Amsterdam 1717.
- Curae posteriores seu thesaurus anatomicus omnium precedentium maximus. Amsterdam, 1724.
- Thesaurus animalium primus. Amsterdam, 1728. 18: Amsterdam, 1710, 1725.
- Curae renovatae seu thesaurus anatomicus post curas posteriores novus. Amsterdam, 1728.
- Samen met Herman Boerhaave: Opusculum anatomicum de fabrica glandularum in corpore humano. Leiden, 1722; Amsterdam, 1733.
- Tractatio anatomica de musculo in fundo uteri. Amsterdam, 1723.
- Opera omnia. 4 Bände. Amsterdam, 1721.
- Opera omnia anatomico-medico-chirurgica huc usque edita. 5 Bände. Amsterdam, 1737.
- Herbarivm Rvyschianvm, in Mvsei Imperialis Petropolitani, vol. 1, pars secvnda. Petropolitanae, 1745.
Modern Day
Ruysch's collection can be seen at Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography in Saint Petersburg. The collection contains more than 900 species from Ruysch's original collection.[18]
Sources
- ^ Frederik Ruysch's Anatomical Dioramas.
- ^ Kooijmans, L. (2004). De doodskunstenaar, de anatomische lessen van Frederik Ruysch. Amsterdam: Bert Bakker.
- ^ "Hirschsprung Disease: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology". 2017-01-08.
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(help) - PMID 27126916.
- ^ Dohmen, J. (1982) Wetenschappelijke erediensten voor publiek. De anatomische lessen van Frederik Ruysch. In: 1632- 1982. 350 Jaar wetenschap in Amsterdam. Folia Civitatis, 9 januari 1982, nr. 19. p. 19.
- ^ Israel, J.I (1995) The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness and Fall, 1477-1806, p. 907.
- ^ JSTOR 3046214.
- PMID 23845171.
- PMID 25543883.
- S2CID 4417719.
- ^ Jay, Mike (December 8, 2022). "The Melancholy of Anatomy". The New York Review of Books 69 (19): 38–40.
- ^ Driessen, J. (1996) Tsaar Peter de Grote en zijn Amsterdamse vrienden, p. 8.
- ^ Driessen-Van het Reve, J.J. (2006) De Kunstkamera van Peter de Grote. De Hollandse inbreng, gereconstrueerd uit brieven van Albert Seba en Johann Daniel Schumacher uit de jaren 1711-1752. English summary, p. 338.
- ^ Kapitel 6 Archived 2007-06-11 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ "Fellows Details". Royal Society. Retrieved 10 May 2014.
- ^ "Ruyschia Jacq. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
- ^ International Plant Names Index. Ruysch.
- PMID 27126916.
External links
- Wim Mulder, (2009) How to prepare an anatomical specimen?
- Otto P. Bleker, (2009) Frederik Ruysch as a teacher of midwives
- Short biography, with a good bibliography
- On his collection, in German
- The monstrosities of Ruysch
- Ebenstein, Joanna (ed.), Frederik Ruysch and His Thesaurus Anatomicus: A Morbid Guide (The MIT Press, 2022). Translated by Richard Faulk.This is an illustrated guide to the Ruysch's magnum opus.
- Jozien J. Driessen-Van het Reve,(2006) De Kunstkamera van Peter de Grote. De Hollandse inbreng, gereconstrueerd uit brieven van Albert Seba en Johann Daniel Schumacher uit de jaren 1711-1752. English summary p. 338
- Selected images from Thesaurus Anatomicus From The College of Physicians of Philadelphia Digital Library
- Selected images from Thesaurus Animalium Primus From The College of Physicians of Philadelphia Digital Library
- Anatomia 1522–1867: Digitized Books and Anatomical Plates from the Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library
Olga Tokarczuk author of Flights, story of Fredrick Ruysch