FreeBSD
Developer | The FreeBSD Project |
---|---|
OS family | Unix-like (BSD) |
Working state | Current |
Source model | Open source |
Initial release | 1 November 1993 |
Latest release | 14.0 (20 November 2023[±][1] 13.3 (5 March 2024 ) [±][2] | )
Repository | |
Marketing target | FreeBSD License, FreeBSD Documentation License |
Official website | www |
FreeBSD is a
FreeBSD maintains a complete system, delivering a
The FreeBSD project includes a security team overseeing all software shipped in the base distribution. A wide range of additional third-party applications may be installed from binary packages using the pkg package management system or from source via FreeBSD Ports,[5] or by manually compiling source code.
As of 2005, FreeBSD was the most popular open-source BSD operating system, accounting for more than three-quarters of all installed and permissively licensed BSD systems.[6] Much of FreeBSD's codebase has become an integral part of other operating systems such as Darwin (the basis for macOS, iOS, iPadOS, watchOS, and tvOS), TrueNAS (an open-source NAS/SAN operating system), and the system software for the PlayStation 3[7][8] and PlayStation 4[9] game consoles. The other BSD systems (OpenBSD, NetBSD, and DragonFly BSD) also contain a large amount of FreeBSD code, and vice-versa[citation needed].
History
Background
In 1974, Professor
In June 1989, "Networking Release 1" or simply Net-1 – the first public version of BSD – was released. After releasing Net-1,
Birth of FreeBSD
In 1992, several months after the release of Net-2,
In the early days of the project's inception, a company named Walnut Creek CDROM, upon the suggestion of the two FreeBSD developers, agreed to release the operating system on CD-ROM. In addition to that, the company employed Jordan Hubbard and David Greenman, ran FreeBSD on its servers, sponsored FreeBSD conferences and published FreeBSD-related books, including The Complete FreeBSD by Greg Lehey. By 1997, FreeBSD was Walnut Creek's "most successful product". The company later renamed itself to The FreeBSD Mall and later iXsystems.[14][15][16]
Today, FreeBSD is used by many IT companies such as
Lawsuit
386BSD and FreeBSD were both derived from BSD releases.
Features
Use cases
FreeBSD contains a significant collection of server-related software in the base system and the ports collection, allowing FreeBSD to be configured and used as a
FreeBSD can be installed on a regular desktop or a laptop. The X Window System is not installed by default, but is available in the FreeBSD ports collection. Wayland is also available for FreeBSD[26] (unofficially supported). A number of desktop environments such as Lumina, GNOME, KDE, and Xfce, as well as lightweight window managers such as Openbox, Fluxbox, dwm, and bspwm, are also available for FreeBSD. As of FreeBSD 12, support for a modern graphics stack is available via drm-kmod. A large number of wireless adapters are supported.
FreeBSD releases installation images for supported platforms. Since FreeBSD 13 the focus has been on
Networking
FreeBSD's TCP/IP stack is based on the
As of FreeBSD 5.4, support for the Common Address Redundancy Protocol (CARP) was imported from the OpenBSD project. CARP allows multiple nodes to share a set of IP addresses, so if one of the nodes goes down, other nodes can still serve the requests.[36]
Storage
FreeBSD has several unique features related to storage.
From 7.0 onward, FreeBSD supports the ZFS filesystem. ZFS was previously an open-source filesystem that was first developed by Sun Microsystems, but when Oracle acquired Sun, ZFS became a proprietary product. However, the FreeBSD project is still developing and improving its ZFS implementation via the OpenZFS project.[42] The currently supported version of OpenZFS is 2.2.2 which contains an important fix for a data corruption bug. This version is compatible with releases starting from 12.2-RELEASE. [43]
Security
FreeBSD provides several security-related features including
The project has also ported the
Most components of the TrustedBSD project are eventually folded into the main sources for FreeBSD. In addition, many features, once fully matured, find their way into other operating systems. For example, OpenPAM has been adopted by NetBSD.[49] Moreover, the TrustedBSD MAC Framework has been adopted by Apple for macOS.[50]
FreeBSD ships with three different firewall packages:
Taken from OpenBSD, the OpenSSH program was included in the default install. OpenSSH is a free implementation of the SSH protocol and is a replacement for telnet. Unlike telnet, OpenSSH encrypts all information (including usernames and passwords).[52]
In November 2012, The FreeBSD Security Team announced that hackers gained unauthorized access on two of the project's servers. These servers were turned off immediately. More research demonstrated that the first unauthorized access by hackers occurred on 19 September. Apparently hackers gained access to these servers by stealing SSH keys from one of the developers, not by exploiting a bug in the operating system itself. These two hacked servers were part of the infrastructure used to build third-party software packages. The FreeBSD Security Team checked the integrity of the binary packages and announced that no unauthorized changes were made to the binary packages, but stated that they could not guarantee the integrity of packages that were downloaded between 19 September and 11 November.[53][54][55]
Portability
FreeBSD has been ported to a variety of instruction set architectures. The FreeBSD project organizes architectures into tiers that characterize the level of support provided. Tier 1 architectures are mature and fully supported, e.g. it is the only tier "supported by the security officer". Tier 2 architectures are under active development but are not fully supported. Tier 3 architectures are experimental or are no longer under active development.[56]
As of December 2023[update], FreeBSD has been ported to the following architectures:[27]
Architecture | Support level in 14.x[57] | Notes |
---|---|---|
x86-64 | Tier 1 | referred to as "amd64" |
x86 (IA-32) | Tier 2 | referred to as "i386", unsupported in 15.x |
64-bit ARMv8 | Tier 1 | referred to as "aarch64" |
32-bit ARMv7
|
Tier 2 | referred to as "armv7" |
32-bit ARMv6
|
Tier 3 | referred to as "armv6", unsupported in 15.x |
MIPS | unsupported | referred to as "mips", "mipsel", "mipshf", "mipselhf", "mipsn32", "mips64", "mips64el", "mips64hf", "mips64elhf", tier 2 until 12.x |
32-bit and 64-bit PowerPC | Tier 2 | referred to as "powerpc", "powerpcspe", "powerpc64", "powerpc64le". 32 bit will not be supported from 15.x |
64-bit RISC-V | Tier 2 | referred to as "riscv64" |
The 32-bit ARM (including OTG) and MIPS support is mostly aimed at embedded systems (
Hardware compatibility
Supported devices are listed in the FreeBSD 12.1-RELEASE Hardware Notes.[62] The document describes the devices currently known to be supported by FreeBSD. Other configurations may also work, but simply have not been tested yet. Rough automatically extracted lists of supported device ids are available in a third party repository.[63]
In 2020, a new project was introduced to automatically collect information about tested hardware configurations.[64]
Third-party software
FreeBSD has a software repository of over 30,000 [65] applications that are developed by third parties. Examples include windowing systems, web browsers, email clients, office suites and so forth. In general, the project itself does not develop this software, only the framework to allow these programs to be installed, which is known as the Ports collection. Applications may either be compiled from source ("ports"), provided their licensing terms allow this, or downloaded as precompiled binaries ("packages").[66] The Ports collection supports the current and stable branches of FreeBSD. Older releases are not supported and may or may not work correctly with an up-to-date Ports collection.[67]
Ports use Makefiles to automatically fetch the desired application's source code, either from a local or remote repository, unpack it on the system, apply patches to it and compile it.[4][68] Depending on the size of the source code, compiling can take a long time, but it gives the user more control over the process and its result. Most ports also have package counterparts (i.e. precompiled binaries), giving the user a choice. Although this method is faster, the user has fewer customization options.[66]
FreeBSD version 10.0 introduced the
Jails
First introduced in FreeBSD version 4,
Virtualization
amazon-ssm-agent
Since FreeBSD 11.0, there has been support for running as the Dom0 privileged domain for the Xen type 1 hypervisor.[76] Support for running as DomU (guest) has been available since FreeBSD 8.0.
VirtualBox (without the closed-source Extension Pack) and QEMU are available on FreeBSD.
OS compatibility layers
Most software that runs on
No noticeable performance penalty over native FreeBSD programs has been noted when running Linux binaries, and, in some cases, these may even perform more smoothly than on Linux.[79][80] However, the layer is not altogether seamless, and some Linux binaries are unusable or only partially usable on FreeBSD. There is support for system calls up to version 4.4.0,[81] available since FreeBSD 14.0. As of release 10.3, FreeBSD can run 64-bit Linux binaries.[82]
FreeBSD has implemented a number of Microsoft Windows native NDIS kernel interfaces to allow FreeBSD to run (otherwise) Windows-only network drivers.[83][84]
The Wine compatibility layer, which allows the running of many Windows applications, especially games, without a (licensed) copy of Microsoft Windows, is available for FreeBSD.
Kernel
FreeBSD's kernel provides support for some essential tasks such as managing processes, communication, booting and filesystems. FreeBSD has a
Documentation and support
FreeBSD's documentation consists of its handbooks, manual pages, mailing list archives, FAQs and a variety of articles, mainly maintained by The FreeBSD Documentation Project. FreeBSD's documentation is translated into several languages.[91] All official documentation is released under the FreeBSD Documentation License, "a permissive non-copyleft free documentation license that is compatible with the GNU FDL".[92] FreeBSD's documentation is described as "high-quality".[93][94]
The FreeBSD project maintains a variety of mailing lists.[95] Among the most popular mailing lists are FreeBSD-questions (general questions) and FreeBSD-hackers (a place for asking more technical questions).[96]
Since 2004, the New York City BSD Users Group database provides dmesg information from a collection of computers (laptops, workstations, single-board computers, embedded systems, virtual machines, etc.) running FreeBSD.[97]
Installers
From version 2.0 to 8.4, FreeBSD used the sysinstall program as its main installer. It was written in
The sysinstall utility is now considered deprecated in favor of bsdinstall, a new installer which was introduced in FreeBSD 9.0. bsdinstall is "a lightweight replacement for sysinstall" that was written in sh. According to OSNews, "It has lost some features while gaining others, but it is a much more flexible design, and will ultimately be significant improvement".[71][99]
Shell
Prior to 14.0, the default shell was tcsh for root[100] and the Almquist shell (sh) for regular users.[101] Starting with 14.0, the default shell is sh for both root and regulars.[102] The default scripting shell is the Almquist shell.[103]
Development
FreeBSD is developed by a volunteer team located around the world. The developers use the Internet for all communication and many have not met each other in person. In addition to local user groups sponsored and attended by users, an annual conference, called BSDcon, is held by USENIX. BSDcon is not FreeBSD-specific so it deals with the technical aspects of all BSD-derived operating systems, including OpenBSD and NetBSD.[104] In addition to BSDcon, three other annual conferences, EuroBSDCon, AsiaBSDCon and BSDCan take place in Europe, Japan and Canada respectively.[105][106][107]
Governance structure
The FreeBSD Project is run by around 500 committers or developers who have commit access to the master source code repositories and can develop, debug or enhance any part of the system. Most of the developers are volunteers and few developers are paid by some companies.[17] There are several kinds of committers, including source committers (base operating system), doc committers (documentation and website authors) and ports (third-party application porting and infrastructure). Every two years the FreeBSD committers select a 9-member FreeBSD Core Team, which is responsible for overall project direction, setting and enforcing project rules and approving new committers, or the granting of commit access to the source code repositories. A number of responsibilities are officially assigned to other development teams by the FreeBSD Core Team, for example, responsibility for managing the ports collection is delegated to the Ports Management Team.[108]
In addition to developers, FreeBSD has thousands of "contributors". Contributors are also volunteers outside of the FreeBSD project who submit patches for consideration by committers, as they do not have commit access to FreeBSD's source code repository. Committers then evaluate contributors' submissions and decide what to accept and what to reject. A contributor who submits high-quality patches is often asked to become a committer.[108]
Branches
FreeBSD
Foundation
FreeBSD development is supported in part by the FreeBSD Foundation. The foundation is a non-profit organization that accepts donations to fund FreeBSD development. Such funding has been used to sponsor developers for specific activities, purchase hardware and network infrastructure, provide travel grants to developer summits, and provide legal support to the FreeBSD project.[110]
In November 2014, the FreeBSD Foundation received US$1 million donation from Jan Koum, co-founder and CEO of WhatsApp – the largest single donation to the Foundation since its inception. In December 2016, Jan Koum donated another $500,000.[111] Jan Koum himself is a FreeBSD user since the late 1990s and WhatsApp uses FreeBSD on its servers.[112]
License
FreeBSD is released under a variety of open-source licenses. The kernel code and most newly created code are released under the two-clause
Logo
For many years FreeBSD's logo was the generic BSD Daemon, also called Beastie, a distorted pronunciation of BSD. However, Beastie was not unique to FreeBSD. Beastie first appeared in 1976 on Unix T-shirts of comic artist Phil Foglio art,[119] for Mike O'Brien,[120][121][122][123] with some purchased by Bell Labs.[124]
More popular versions of the BSD daemon were drawn by animation director
Because of these worries, a competition was held and a new logo designed by Anton K. Gural, still echoing the BSD daemon, was released on 8 October 2005.[128][129][130] However, it was announced by Robert Watson that the FreeBSD project is "seeking a new logo, but not a new mascot" and that the FreeBSD project would continue to use Beastie as its mascot.[128]
The name "FreeBSD" was coined by David Greenman on 19 June 1993, other suggested names were "BSDFree86" and "Free86BSD".[131] FreeBSD's slogan, "The Power to Serve", is a trademark of The FreeBSD Foundation.[132]
Derivatives
There are a number of software distributions based on FreeBSD. Notable derivatives include:
- DesktopBSD (desktop-oriented operating system, originally based on KDE)
- TrueNAS (for network-attached storage devices)
- FreeSBIE (live CD)
- MATE-based distribution, which also offers other desktop environments)
- MidnightBSD
- NanoBSD
- PicoBSD
- IntelliStar(satellite system that runs TV programs such as Weatherscan and Local On The 8s)
- m0n0wall (firewall)
- OpenServer 10(server)
- OPNsense (firewall)
- pfSense (firewall)
- ARM32-bit embedded devices)
- TrustedBSD
- XigmaNAS (for network-attached storage devices)
- Orbis OS (PlayStation 4 system software)
All these distributions have no or only minor changes when compared with the original FreeBSD base system. The main difference to the original FreeBSD is that they come with pre-installed and pre-configured software for specific use cases. This can be compared with Linux distributions, which are all binary compatible because they use the same kernel and also use the same basic tools, compilers, and libraries while coming with different applications, configurations, and branding.
Besides these distributions, there are some independent operating systems based on FreeBSD.
Some subscription services that are directly based on FreeBSD are:
Embedded devices and embedded device operating systems based on FreeBSD include:
- JUNOSrouter operating system.
- EMC Isilon's OneFSoperating system.
- NetApp's Data ONTAP 8.x and the now-superseded ONTAP GX (only as a loader for proprietary kernel-space module).
- Netflix's Open Connect Appliance[136][21] to handle content delivery.
- The PlayStation 4 ("Orbis OS")[20][137][138]
- Panasas' PanFS parallel file system[139]
- pfSense, an open-source firewall, router and security appliance operating system.
Version history
Version | Release date | Supported until | Significant changes |
---|---|---|---|
1.x | November 1993 | ? | |
2.x | 22 November 1994 | ? |
|
3.x | 16 October 1998 | ? |
|
4.x | 14 March 2000[70] | 31 January 2007[140] |
|
5.x | 14 January 2003 | 31 May 2008 |
|
6.x | 1 November 2005 | 30 November 2010 |
|
7.x | 27 February 2008 | 28 February 2013 | |
8.x | 26 November 2009 | 1 August 2015 | |
9.x | 12 January 2012 | 31 December 2016 |
|
10.x | 20 January 2014 | 31 October 2018[143] |
|
11.x | 10 October 2016[145] | 30 September 2021[146] |
|
12.x | 11 December 2018[148][149] | 31 December 2023 |
|
13.x | 13 April 2021[150][151] | 31 January 2026 |
|
14.x | 20 November 2023[152][153] | 30 November 2028 |
|
15.x | TBA | ? |
|
Version | Release date | Supported until | Significant changes |
Legend: Old version Older version, still maintained Latest version Future release |
See also
- BAPP, a set of commonly used software with FreeBSD
- Comparison of BSD operating systems
- Comparison of operating system kernels
- Comparison of operating systems
- Comparison of router software projects
- Computer Systems Research Group
- List of router and firewall distributions
- List of router firmware projects
- Marshall Kirk McKusick
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