Free Belgian forces
The Free Belgian forces (French: Forces belges libres,
In 1940, Belgian pre-war émigrés and former soldiers who had escaped occupied Belgium were formed into units within the British military which later fought in the
Background
Belgian involvement in
Creation of the Free Belgian forces
In a broadcast on French Radio shortly after the Belgian surrender, the Prime Minister Hubert Pierlot called for the creation of an army-in-exile, originally intended to continue fighting alongside the French:
With the same youthful courage that responded to the government's call, reunited with the elements of the Belgian military in France and Great Britain, a new army will be levied and organized. It will go into the line alongside those of our allies ... all the forces we have will be put at the service of the cause which has become ours ... It is important to assure immediately and in a tangible way, the solidarity which continues to unite the powers which have given us their support ...
— Pierlot's speech on French Radio, 28 May 1940[4]
In Britain, the concept of foreign enlistment into the British army, or the creation of foreign armed forces on British soil, had been approved in the
Belgian volunteers continued to join the Free Belgian forces throughout the war, most crossing through
Despite the formation of all-Belgian ground units from late 1940, many Belgian volunteers – especially those in the Royal Air Force – served in majority British units, particularly in the early years after the formation of the Free Belgian forces.[11]
Belgian Army in the United Kingdom
Brigade Piron
In 1940, the Belgian government-in-exile decided to raise a military unit from pre-war Belgian émigrés and soldiers rescued from
In 1942, the various Belgian ground forces units in the United Kingdom were amalgamated into the
The brigade arrived in Normandy on 8 August 1944 and was involved in the fighting in Northern France alongside British and Canadian units.[14] The brigade was one of the first Allied units to enter Belgium, crossing the border on 3 September.[15] The following day, the brigade was the second Allied unit to enter Brussels (after the Welsh Guards). After the liberation of Belgium, the brigade was involved in fighting in the Netherlands until November 1944 when it returned to Belgium and reorganized, expanding on account of the new manpower. The reorganized brigade had three infantry battalions, an artillery regiment of six batteries, and an armored car regiment. Returning to combat in the Netherlands in April 1945, the brigade's units fought at Nijmegen and Walcheren.[16]
No. 10 (Inter-Allied) Commando
The British No. 10 Commando was made up of soldiers from across occupied Europe, organized by nationality in eight troops. No. 4 Troop, created in August 1942, was Belgian and was commanded by Captain Georges Danloy.[17] The original volunteers spent nearly a year in training, before leaving for Italy to fight alongside the British Eighth Army during the battles around Sangro river in the winter of 1943.[18]
In 1944, the troop was sent to
5th Special Air Service
In 1942, 120 volunteers from the 2nd Fusilier Battalion were given parachute training and formed into a new unit, the Belgian Independent Parachute Company.[20] The new unit was commanded by Commander Jean Thise, later replaced by Captain Edouard Blondeel.
In February 1944, the company joined the élite British
In August 1944, it was the first Allied unit to enter Belgium[21] when it was deployed to the Ardennes and Limburg.[20] The small team, mounted in armed Jeeps, managed to kill more than 300 German soldiers and destroy over 100 vehicles during the mission.[21] Later, the unit fought in the Netherlands and also served as a reconnaissance unit in the Ardennes during the Battle of the Bulge in the winter of 1944.[21] After the war it was sent to Germany to arrest leading Nazis,
Belgians in the Royal Air Force
During the
In November 1941, the all-Belgian
In 1943, a Belgian pilot from 609 Squadron, Jean de Selys Longchamps, strafed the Gestapo headquarters in Brussels, after flying through the streets at low-altitude.[27] Operation Carthage an air raid on the Gestapo headquarters in Copenhagen, Denmark in March 1945, was led by a Belgian, Wing-Commander Michel Donnet,[28] who had escaped from occupied Belgium in a home-made aircraft.[29]
During the course of the war, 1,900 Belgians served in the RAF, Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) and the South African Air Force (SAAF).[25] 225 were killed in action.[25]
On the initiative of Lieutenant Victor Billet, a Belgian sailor, the Royal Navy Section Belge (RNSB)[note 2] was created in October 1940.[30][31] By 1941, the RNSB numbered 350 men with several hundred more Belgians serving on other British naval and merchant ships.[32] Unlike the neighbouring Netherlands, which had possessed a sizeable navy, the Belgian Corps de Marine had had only few ships before the war. With the surrender in May 1940, many vessels, including A4 which had evacuated Belgian gold to Britain during the campaign, travelled to neutral Spain and interned themselves rather than return to occupied Belgium. Consequently, most of the volunteers of the RNSB had been civilian fishermen or members of the Merchant Navy rather than career soldiers.[33]
Around 1,400 men of the Belgian fishing fleet had left for Britain after the Belgian surrender. Three Belgian trawlers even took part in
The unit was placed under command of Lieutenant-Commander Georges Timmermans.
The RNSB also operated the 118th Minesweeper Flotilla, composed of MMS-class minesweepers, from Harwich from 1943.[32][36] The 118th served in the English Channel and North Sea clearing paths through German minefields.[32] In November 1944, the flotilla was involved in clearing the Scheldt Estuary to the Belgian port of Antwerp to enable it to be used by the Allies.[32]
After liberation, the Belgian government decided to increase the size of the RNSB to 1,200 men which would later form the backbone of the fledgling Belgian Navy.[37]
Force Publique
The Force Publique (or "Public Force") was a combined police and military force of the Belgian Congo. It had a peacetime strength of 18,000, making it one of the largest standing colonial armies in Africa at the time.[38] During World War II, it was reinforced, numbering 40,000,[39] and constituted the bulk of the Free Belgian forces.[38] Like other colonial armies of the time, the Force Publique was racially segregated;[40] it was commanded by 280 white officers and NCOs but other ranks were exclusively native Congolese.[41] The Force Publique had never been allowed the more modern equipment given to the Belgian army before the war, and consequently had to use outdated equipment and weapons, like the Stokes mortar and the Saint Chamond 70 mm howitzer.[42]
In June 1940, three
After the Allied victory in Abyssinia, the Force Publique was redesignated the 1st Belgian Colonial Motorised Brigade and served as a garrison in
Despite its military success during the conflict, the Force Publique was vulnerable to internal agitation. In 1944, a Force Publique garrison in the town of Luluabourg mutinied against their white officers.[46]
A medical unit from the Congo, the 10th (Belgian Congo) Casualty Clearing Station, was created in 1943 and served alongside British forces in the Far East during the Burma campaign.[47] The unit included 350 African and 20 European personnel and continued to serve with the British until 1945.[48]
Special Operations Executive
Numerous Belgians served as secret agents for the Allies within "T Section" of the Special Operations Executive (SOE). Agents were parachuted into occupied Belgium to liaise with the resistance from October 1940.[49] Many were civilians from professional backgrounds rather than soldiers.[49] It was exceptionally risky and of around 300 agents parachuted into Belgium, 75% were captured by the German Gestapo. Those captured were liable for torture or execution and 150 agents were killed.[49]
Uniforms and equipment
Unlike the
The Belgian army had traditionally used French-style uniforms, along with the characteristic Adrian helmet, meaning that from the First World War both armies had a very similar appearance.[51] After the war, influenced by the Free Belgians and by British military advisors, the Belgian military instead adopted British-style uniforms and British-produced equipment.[51]
Legacy
The Free Belgian forces formed the core of the post-war Belgian army. The Brigade Piron, expanded and renamed
The history of the Free Belgian forces continues to be celebrated within Belgium. The Belgian Marine Component, for example, still operates
See also
- Belgian Fusilier Battalions
- Belgian Resistance
- Belgian prisoners of war in World War II
- Free French Forces
- Belgian government in exile
- Belgium in World War II
Notes
- ^ The two Fusilier Battalions formed in Britain and Canada between 1940–41 should not be confused with the 57 later Fusilier Battalions formed in Belgium after the liberation from October 1944.
- ^ The French name Section Belge (and the accompanying acronym RNSB) was adopted in order to avoid any confusion with the Royal Navy Patrol Service (RNPS).
References
- ^ Bailly, Michel (2 February 1990). "Forces et faiblesses de l'armée belge en 1940 à la veille de la guerre". Le Soir. Retrieved 17 January 2013.
- ^ a b Various authors (1941). Belgium: The Official Account of What Happened, 1939–40. London: Belgian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. p. 99.
- ^ a b Yapou, Elizer (1998). "4: Belgium: Disintegration and Resurrection". Governments in Exile, 1939–1945. Jerusalem.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ISBN 978-90-334-8039-3.)
{{cite book}}
:|last=
has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - ^ a b
Conway, Martin; Gotovitch, José (2001). Europe in exile: European exile communities in Britain, 1940–1945. Berghahn Books. pp. 81–5. ISBN 1-57181-503-1.
- ^ OCLC 004156520.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-85532-136-6.
- ISBN 978-0-09-954874-4.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - ISBN 978-0-09-954874-4.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - ^ Various (1988). Geschiedenis van het Belgisch Leger. Vol. II: van 1920 tot heden. Centrum voor historische dokumentatie van de Krijgsmacht. p. 153.
- ISBN 1-57181-503-1.
- ^ a b Baete, Hubert, ed. (1994). Belgian Forces in United Kingdom. Ostend: Defence. p. 24.
- ^ a b "Les luxembourgeois de la Brigade Piron". Armee.lu. Archived from the original on 29 June 2014. Retrieved 29 June 2013.
- ISBN 1-57181-503-1.
- ^ Baete, Hubert, ed. (1994). Belgian Forces in United Kingdom. Ostend: Defence. p. 29.
- ^ Baete, Hubert, ed. (1994). Belgian Forces in United Kingdom. Ostend: Defence. pp. 31–7.
- ^ "Historique – Centre d'Entraînement de Commandos". Belgian Land Component. Retrieved 30 June 2013.
- ^ a b c Baete, Hubert, ed. (1994). Belgian Forces in United Kingdom. Ostend: Defence. p. 87.
- ^ Various (1988). Geschiedenis van het Belgisch Leger. Vol. II: van 1920 tot heden. Centrum voor historische dokumentatie van de Krijgsmacht. p. 167.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-85532-136-6.
- ^ a b c d Baete, Hubert, ed. (1994). Belgian Forces in United Kingdom. Ostend: Defence. pp. 147–51.
- ^ Baete, Hubert, ed. (1994). Belgian Forces in United Kingdom. Ostend: Defence. p. 157.
- ^ a b c d Baete, Hubert, ed. (1994). Belgian Forces in United Kingdom. Ostend: Defence. pp. 165–7.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-85532-136-6.
- ^ a b c d e f Baete, Hubert, ed. (1994). Belgian Forces in United Kingdom. Ostend: Defence. pp. 165–169.
- ISBN 0-7864-7168-9.
- ^ "Baron Jean de Selys Longchamps". Inventaire du patrimoine architectural. Irismonument.be. Retrieved 2 July 2013.
- ISBN 0-7864-7168-9.
- ISBN 1-873454-07-4.
- ^ Various (1988). Geschiedenis van het Belgisch Leger. Vol. II: van 1920 tot heden. Centrum voor historische dokumentatie van de Krijgsmacht. pp. 178–9.
- ^ a b "Victor Billet (1902–1942)". Les Amis de la section Marine. Marine section of KLM-MRA. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
- ^ ISBN 1-57181-503-1.
- ^ Baete, Hubert, ed. (1994). Belgian Forces in United Kingdom. Ostend: Defence. p. 190.
- ^ a b c "Royal Navy Section Belge". Les Amis de la section Marine. Marine section of KLM-MRA. Retrieved 5 July 2013.
- ^ "Commodore Timmermans, DSC (1899–1969)". Les Amis de la section Marine. Marine section of KLM-MRA. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
- ^ a b Various (1988). Geschiedenis van het Belgisch Leger. Vol. II: van 1920 tot heden. Centrum voor historische dokumentatie van de Krijgsmacht. p. 180.
- ^ Baete, Hubert, ed. (1994). Belgian Forces in United Kingdom. Ostend: Defence. p. 199.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-84701-015-5.
- ISBN 1-85109-575-6.
- ISBN 0-8047-0793-6.
- ^ Buzin, Jean. "The "Belgian Congo Air Force." The Air Force that Never Was ..." (PDF). Société Royale des Pionniers et Anciens de l'Aviation Belge.
- ISBN 0-9529693-0-0.
- ^ "The Belgian Campaign in Ethiopia". New York Post and the Chicago Daily News. October 1941. Retrieved 5 December 2018.
- ISBN 0-7864-7168-9.
- ^ Weller, George (1941). The Belgian Campaign in Ethiopia: A Trek of 2,500 Miles through Jungle Swamps and Desert Wastes. New York: Belgian Information Centre. p. 3.
- ^ Mwamba Mputu, Baudouin (2011). "IV: Mutinerie de Luluabourg de 1944". Le Congo-Kasaï (1865–1950): De l'exploration allemande à la consécration de Luluabourg. Paris: L'Harmattan.
- ^ "Epilogue Oriental". VOX. 16 June 2006. Retrieved 2 July 2013.
- ^ "Burma: The 10th Belgian Congo Casualty Clearing Station, 1945". Imperial War Museum. Retrieved 2 July 2013.
- ^ a b c Baete, Hubert, ed. (1994). Belgian Forces in United Kingdom. Ostend: Defence. pp. 207–9.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-85532-136-6.
- ^ ISBN 1-85605-603-1.
- ^ "Quartier général de la Brigade Medium – Historique". Belgian Land Component. Retrieved 5 July 2013.
- ISBN 1-57181-503-1.
- ^ "2 Bataillon de Commandos – Historique". Belgian Land Component. Retrieved 5 July 2013.
- ^ "Le 1er Bataillon de Parachutistes en opérations". Belgian Land Component. Retrieved 5 July 2013.
- ^ "A960 Godetia – Généralités". Belgian Naval Component. Retrieved 5 July 2013.
- ^ "La Brigade Piron – Monuments, musées". Brigade-piron.be. Retrieved 5 July 2013.
- ^ a b "Lisolo Na Bisu". KLM-MRA. Archived from the original on 14 June 2013. Retrieved 15 December 2012.
- ^ "De Force Publique van Belgisch Kongo in de periode 1940–1945". VOX. Defence. Retrieved 15 December 2012.
Further reading
- Overview
- (in French and Dutch) Baete, Hubert; Tabary, Robert, eds. (1994). Belgian Forces in United Kingdom. Ostend: Defence. OCLC 221827734.
- Decat, Frank (2007). De Belgen in Engeland 40/45: de Belgische strijdkrachten in Groot-Brittannië tijdens WOII (in Dutch). Tielt: Lannoo. ISBN 978-90-209-6981-8.
- ISBN 9782873864729.
- Thomas, Nigel (1991). Foreign Volunteers of the Allied Forces, 1939–45. London: Osprey. ISBN 1-85532-136-X.
- De Vos, Luc (2001). "The Reconstruction of Belgian Military Forces in Britain, 1940-1945". In Conway, Martin; Gotovitch, José (eds.). Europe in exile : European exile communities in Britain 1940-45 (1st ed.). New York: Berghahn. pp. 81–99. ISBN 1-57181-503-1.
- Ready, J. Lee (1985). Forgotten Allies: the Military Contribution of the Colonies, Exiled Governments, and Lesser Powers to the Allied Victory in World War II. Vol. I. Jefferson: Mcfarland. ISBN 0-7864-7168-9.
- Primary sources
- Wanty, Jacques (1985). Combattre avec la Brigade Piron (in French). Brussels: J.-M. Collet. OCLC 165584218.
- Temmerman, Jean (1987). Les Paras Belges dans l'Action (in French). Brussels: J.-M. Collet. OCLC 22115363.
- Various authors (1942). The Belgian Congo at War. New York: Belgian Information Center. OCLC 1433932.
- Weller, George (1941). The Belgian Campaign in Ethiopia: A Trek of 2,500 Miles through Jungle Swamps and Desert Wastes. New York: Belgian Information Center. OCLC 1452395.