Free-culture movement
The free-culture movement is a social movement that promotes the freedom to distribute and modify the creative works of others in the form of free content[1][2] or open content[3][4][5] without compensation to, or the consent of, the work's original creators, by using the Internet and other forms of media.
The movement
The free-culture movement, with its ethos of free exchange of ideas, is aligned with the
History
Precursors
In the late 1960s, Stewart Brand founded the Whole Earth Catalog and argued that technology could be liberating rather than oppressing.[8] He coined the slogan "Information wants to be free" in 1984[9] to against limiting access to information by governmental control, preventing a public domain of information.[10]
Background of the formation of the free-culture movement
In 1998, the
In 1999, Lessig challenged the Bono Act, taking the case to the
Foundation of the Creative Commons
In 2001, Lessig initiated Creative Commons, an alternative "some rights reserved" licensing system to the default "all rights reserved" copyright system. Lessig focuses on a fair balance between the interest of the public to use and participate into released creative works and the need of protection for a creator's work, which still enables a "read-write" remix culture.[6]
The term "free culture" was originally used since 2003 during the
In August 2003 the Open Content Project, a 1998 Creative Commons precursor by David A. Wiley, announced the Creative Commons as successor project and Wiley joined as director.[14][15]
"Definition of Free Cultural Works"
In 2005/2006 within the free-culture movement, Creative Commons was criticized by
In October 2014 the
Organizations
The organization commonly associated with free culture is Creative Commons (CC), founded by Lawrence Lessig. CC promotes sharing creative works and diffusing ideas to produce cultural vibrance, scientific progress and business innovation.
QuestionCopyright.org is another organization whose stated mission is "to highlight the economic, artistic, and social harm caused by distribution monopolies, and to demonstrate how freedom-based distribution is better for artists and audiences."[24]
QuestionCopyright may be best known for its association with artist
The student organization Students for Free Culture is sometimes confusingly called "the Free Culture Movement", but that is not its official name. The organization is a subset of the greater movement. The first chapter was founded in 1998 at Swarthmore College, and by 2008, the organization had 26 chapters.[27]
The free-culture movement takes the ideals of the
The
Reception
Skepticism from Richard Stallman
Initially,
Later, Stallman changed his position slightly and advocated for free sharing of information in 2009.
Copyright proponents
Vocal criticism against the free-culture movement comes from copyright proponents.
Prominent technologist and musician
The decline of the news media industry's market share is blamed on free culture but scholars like Clay Shirky claim that the market itself, not free culture, is what is killing the journalism industry.[13]
The free art movement is distinct from the free culture movement as the artist retains full copyright for the work. The free art movement is the practice of artists leaving art in public places for the public to remove and keep. The artwork is usually tagged with a notice stating it is free art, and either with the artist's name or left anonymously. The movement was reinvigorated by British
See also
- 2600: The Hacker Quarterly
- Access to knowledge movement
- Anti-copyright notice
- Commodification
- Commons-based peer production
- Copyleft
- Copyright abolition
- Criticism of copyright
- Criticism of intellectual property
- Culture vs. Copyright
- Cypherpunk
- Free content
- Free education
- Freedom of information
- Free software
- Information wants to be free
- Internet freedom
- Open content
- Open-design movement
- Open educational resources
- Open-source architecture
- Open-source model
- Open-source movement
- Patentleft
- Pirate Party
- Remix culture
- Science 2.0
- Sharing economy
- The Virtual Revolution
References
- ^ "What does a free culture look like?". Students of Free culture. Archived from the original on 2021-04-27. Retrieved 2009-10-24.
- ^ "What is free culture?". Students of Free culture. Archived from the original on 2021-04-27. Retrieved 2009-10-24.
- ^ The Alternative Media Handbook by Kate Coyer, Tony Dowmunt, Alan Fountain
- ^ Open Access: What You Need to Know Now by Walt Crawford
- ^ Open Content - A Practical Guide to Using Creative Commons Licences by Wikimedia Deutschland by Till Kreutzer (2014)
- ^ Larry Lessig (2007-03-01). "Larry Lessig says the law is strangling creativity". ted.com. Retrieved 2016-02-26.
- ^ Robert S. Boynton: The Tyranny of Copyright? Archived 2009-02-28 at the Wayback Machine The New York Times, January 25, 2004
- ISBN 9780470198810.
- ^ "Edge 338", Edge, no. 338, archived from the original on 2019-07-02, retrieved 2011-04-23.
- ^ Wagner, R Polk, Information wants to be free: intellectual property and the mythologies of control (PDF), University of Pennsylvania, archived from the original (PDF essay) on 2017-09-22, retrieved 2016-05-07.
- ISBN 9781101200841. Retrieved March 15, 2014.
- ^ WSIS (2001). "PCT WORKING GROUP EVENT" Archived 2013-07-29 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b Quart, Alissa (2009). "Expensive Gifts", Columbia Journalism Review, 48(2).
- ^ David A. Wiley (30 June 2003). "OpenContent is officially closed. And that's just fine". opencontent.org. Archived from the original on 2003-08-02. Retrieved 2016-02-21.
I'm closing OpenContent because I think Creative Commons is doing a better job of providing licensing options which will stand up in court.
- ^ Creative Commons Welcomes David Wiley as Educational Use License Project Lead by matt on creativecommons.org (June 23rd, 2003)
- ^ Erik Moeller (2006). "The Case for Free Use: Reasons Not to Use a Creative Commons -NC License" (PDF). Open Source Jahrbuch.
- ^ Benjamin Mako Hill (June 29, 2005). "Towards a Standard of Freedom: Creative Commons and the Free Software Movement". Mako.cc. Retrieved 2011-12-03.
- ^ Definition of Free Cultural Works. Freedomdefined.org (2008-12-01). Retrieved on 2011-12-03.
- ^ "Approved for Free Cultural Works". 2008-02-20.
- ^ Open Definition 2.1 on opendefinition.org
- ^ licenses on opendefinition.com
- ^ Creative Commons 4.0 BY and BY-SA licenses approved conformant with the Open Definition by Timothy Vollmer on creativecommons.org (December 27th, 2013)
- ^ Open Definition 2.0 released by Timothy Vollmer on creativecommons.org (October 7th, 2014)
- ^ A Clearinghouse For New Ideas About Copyright. QuestionCopyright.org. Retrieved on 2011-12-03.
- ^ Nina Paley at HOPE 2010. YouTube. Retrieved on 2011-12-03.
- ^ The Sita Sings the Blues Distribution Project Archived 2015-10-22 at the Wayback Machine. QuestionCopyright.org (2009-09-15). Retrieved on 2011-12-03.
- ^ Hayes, Christopher (2009). "Mr. Lessig Goes to Washington" Archived 2015-10-17 at the Wayback Machine, The Nation, June 16, 2008
- ^ "Retiring standalone DevNations and one Sampling license". Creative Commons. 2007-06-04. Retrieved 2020-10-26.
- ^ interview for LinuxP2P (6 February 2006)
- ^ Samudrala, Ram (1994). "The Free Music Philosophy". Retrieved 2008-10-26.
- )
- ^ Penenberg A. Habias copyrightus. "Forbes", July 11 1997. Forbes.com. Retrieved on 2011-12-03.
- ^ Durbach D. "Short fall to freedom: The free music insurgency". Levi's Original Music Magazine, November 19, 2008. Retrieved on 2011-12-03.
- ^ Ballin M. Unfair Use. "The Free Radical" 47, 2001. Freeradical.co.nz. Retrieved on 2011-12-03.
- ^ Oakes C. Recording industry goes to war against web sites. Wired, June 10 1997. Wired.com. Retrieved on 2011-12-03.
- ^ Stutz M. They (used to) write the songs. Wired, June 12 1998. Freerockload.ucoz.com. Retrieved on 2011-12-03.
- ^ Napoli L. Fans of MP3 forced the issue. "The New York Times", December 16 1998. Nytimes.com. Retrieved on 2011-12-03.
- ^ Alternate Kinds of Freedom by Troels Just. Troelsjust.dk. Archived on 2014-09-03.
- ^ Schulman BM. The song heard 'round the world: The copyright implications of MP3s and the future of digital music. "Harvard Journal of Law and Technology" 12: 3, 1999. Archived 2012-04-09 at the Wayback Machine. (PDF) . Retrieved on 2011-12-03.
- ^ Samudrala R. The future of music. 1997. Ram.org. Retrieved on 2011-12-03.
- ^ Story of a Revolution: Napster & the Music Industry. "MusicDish", 2000. (PDF) . Retrieved on 2011-12-03.
- ^ Brett Watson (1999-02-10). "Philosophies of Free Software and Intellectual Property". Retrieved 2016-02-24.
Is Software special? [...] So restricting modification is not necessarily evil when it comes to "articles and books"? Or does he just mean that we aren't obliged to let others misrepresent us? Alas, no mention of restricting verbatim duplication. Even Stallman's story on "The Right to Read" does not address the issue directly, despite being about IPR issues other than software. It extrapolates a dystopian future from our current position and acts as a warning about current trends, but offers no comment on the status quo. [...] There is a striking lack of discussion from the usual leaders with regards to the application of copyright in areas other than software. Raymond is mute, and Stallman mumbles. They both seem to view software as a special case: Raymond tacitly, and Stallman explicitly.
- ^ Richard Stallman -- On "Free Hardware" on linuxtoday.com "I see no social imperative for free hardware designs like the imperative for free software." (Jun 22, 1999)
- .
- ^ Stallman, Richard (2009). "Ending the War on Sharing".
- ^ Boot up: Google and Facebook work on antiphishing tool, Richard Stallman on MegaUpload arrests, and more on The Guardian (January 30, 2012)
- ^ Correcting The Guardian's paraphrase by Richard Stallman (Jan 22, 2012)
- ^ Nonfree DRM'd Games on GNU/Linux: Good or Bad? on fsf.org by Richard Stallman "Nonfree game programs (like other nonfree programs) are unethical because they deny freedom to their users. (Game art is a different issue, because it isn't software." (May 31, 2012)
- wired.com(03.18.2015)
- ^ Keen, Andrew (May 16, 2006). Web 2.0; The second generation of the Internet has arrived. It's worse than you think. The Weekly Standard
- ^ "Free Art Friday: A Global Art Movement Everyone Can Appreciate". Mic. 21 March 2013. Retrieved 2022-03-20.
- ^ Roberts @donnovan_jade, Holly (7 April 2016). "Month-long art scavenger hunt, Free Art Movement, comes to Classic City". The Red and Black. Retrieved 2022-03-20.
External links
- Resources
- Berry, David M. and Giles Moss. 2006. The Politics of the Libre Commons. First Monday. Volume 11 (September)
- Pasquinelli, Matteo. "The Ideology of Free Culture and the Grammar of Sabotage"[permanent dead link]; now in Animal Spirits: A Bestiary of the Commons, Rotterdam: NAi Publishers, 2008.
- Videoblog: Free Culture, Free Software, Free Infrastructures! Openness and Freedom in every Layer of the Network (Interviews with Kloschi (Freifunk), Kurt Jansson (Wikimedia), Jürgen Neumann (Freifunk), Rishab Aiyer Ghosh (United Nations University), Lawrence Lessig (Creative Commons) and Allison and Benoit (Montréal Wireless))