Freikörperkultur
Freikörperkultur (FKK) is a social and health culture that originated in the German Empire; its beginnings were historically part of the Lebensreform social movement in the late 19th century.[1][2][3] Freikörperkultur, which translates as free body culture, includes both the health aspects of being naked in light, air and sun and an intention to reform life and society.[1] It is partly identified with the culture of nudity, naturism and nudism in the sense of communal nudity of people and families in leisure time, sport and everyday life.[1]
By the 20th century the culture of communal open air nudity in the "great outdoors" and its benefits to public health blossomed in Germany as an alternative to the stresses and anxieties of industrialised, urban life.
In general
Definition
Freikörperkultur-inspired naturism is defined as an attitude and way of life by the International Naturist Federation as follows:[4]
The practice of communal nudity is an essential characteristic of naturism, making, as it does, the maximum use of the natural agents of sun, air and water. It restores one's physical and mental balance through being able to relax in natural surroundings, by exercise and respect for the basic principles of hygiene and diet. It encourages many activities that develop one's creativity. Complete nudity is the most suitable clothing for getting back to nature, and is certainly the most visible aspect of naturism, even if it is not the only one. It exerts a steadying and balancing influence on human beings, freeing them from the stresses caused by the taboos and provocations of today's society and shows the way to a more simple, healthy and human way of life
— Definition of the International Naturist Federation (INF/FNI) from the Cap d'Agde World Congress, 1974
Content
Behind the Freikörperkultur movement is an attitude towards life, according to which the naked body is no reason for feelings of
In the context of the Freikörperkultur, mostly bathing, sunbathing on bathing lakes or beaches (the "nudist beaches"), sports and other leisure activities are practiced nude. In numerous designated holiday resorts, campsites, country parks and sports club facilities the praxis of the Freikörperkultur are also applied. Nudists and naturists are organized in national and international nudist or naturism associations.
Nudity in intimate situations, as well as purely practical nudity such as in the shower or in the sauna, do not involve the Freikörperkultur. This nudity does not require a special group consensus.
History
By far the most extensive collection on the historical and current situation of the Freikörperkultur (Naturism), the International Naturist Library (formerly the Damm - Baunatal Collection), is located in the Lower Saxony Institute for Sports History in Hanover, Germany.
Background
In public bathhouses, even in the Middle Ages, people bathed in the nude, although moral or (with regard to disease transmission) medical concerns were occasionally expressed. In many parts of central Europe up until the 18th century, people bathed naked in rivers and lakes, albeit often separated by gender. Beginning in the late 18th century, public nudity became increasingly taboo, which was never enforced in the sparsely populated Scandinavia. At the same time, the Scottish judge Lord Monboddo (1714–1779) practised and preached unclothed "air-baths" for health and as a revival of Ancient Greek attitudes toward nudity. It found literary mention in Georg Christoph Lichtenberg's (1742–1799) book Das Luftbad (the air-bath).[11]
As early as 1853 the Swiss
With the battle cry "Back to Nature" the advocates of the nude culture (Nacktkultur) declared war on the compulsory morality of a society that, in their eyes, had become neurotic and sick. "We don't want to deny it: for the people of our time, a naked person is tasteless and looks like a slap in the face - that's how unnatural we have become," wrote Heinrich Pudor in 1893, one of the early pioneers of the free body culture naturist movement in the German Empire.[3]
The painter and social reformer Karl Wilhelm Diefenbach (1851–1913), who practiced Freikörperkultur with his students in the Höllriegelskreuth hermitage near Munich and later on the Himmelhof near Vienna, is considered the real pioneer of naturism, namely outside of clinical-medical treatments.
"Nude culture" and the Life-reform (Lebensreform) movement – up to World War I
In 1898 the first official Freikörperkultur (FKK) association was founded in
The first official Freikörperkultur association in Germany was founded in 1898 in the Ruhr area, although the centre of nude bathing has always been on the coast and around the liberal, adventurous Berlin.[12]
With political liberalization, conservative circles challenged the nude bathing which had become popular among urban intellectuals, seeing them as a corruption of morality.
Naturism between World War I and World War II
After the
In 1933 after the Nazi Party came to power, nudist organizations were initially banned or integrated into Nazi organizations.[1]
One of the greatest dangers for German culture and morality is the so-called nudity movement. Greatly as it is to be welcomed in the interest of the public health, that ever wider circles, especially of the metropolitan population, are striving to make the healing power of sun and air and water serviceable to their body, as greatly must the so-called nudity movement be disapproved of as a cultural error. Among women the nudity kills natural modesty; it takes from men their respect for women, and thereby destroys the prerequisite for any genuine culture. It is therefore expected of all police authorities that, in support of the spiritual powers developed through the national movement, they take all police measures to destroy the so-called nude culture. Hermann Göring, 1933 Nazi edict
On 3 March 1933, the
From 1945 to present
In 1949, the Deutscher Verband für Freikörperkultur (DFK; German Association for Free Body Culture) was founded, which today is a member of the German Olympic Sports Confederation (DOSB) with special tasks for popular sports in nude recreation and the largest member of the International Naturist Federation (INF).
The first naturist holiday resorts were opened around 1950 in France (Centre-Hélio-Marin in Montalivet-les-Bains, Aquitaine, France).
The nude beach in
FKK-inspired naturism in Germany continued to be particularly popular in East Germany after the Second World War, possibly because of a more secular cultural development.[17] It had ties to the workers' movement and became a symbol for people and families to escape a repressive state.[1] Beach culture was often intermixed – nude and dressed people would swim together and nudity was widely tolerated and considered neither unusual nor sensational.[1] In the later decades of the 20th century, naturism became very popular outside Germany.
One popular form of Freikörperkultur recreation is Nacktwanderung, translated as "
-
Young East German women at a naturist beach in Rostock, 1988
-
At the Herzsprung naturist FKK lake park in Brandenburg state, Germany; one of the most popular FKK bathing parks in the Angermünde district. Here the workers in long and prolonged labour of the Angermünde district works for agricultural technology created a leisure and recreation centre for everyone (photo dated August 1983).
-
East German nude beach at the Bay of Wismar, 1984
Switzerland
In general, public nudity is not forbidden in Switzerland: there is no law that says you are not allowed to leave the house without clothes, as long as the nudity is not sexually motivated.[20] However, the jurisprudence in Switzerland varies from canton to canton.[20] In response to an influx of German FKK enthusiasts crossing the Alps, the Swiss canton of Appenzell Innerrhoden, which became a popular destination for its tourist hiking trails, passed a local act in 2009 explicitly prohibiting nude hiking in outdoor public spaces.[21] Local regulatory authorities imposed fines of 200 Swiss francs for "being naked in public", which some nude ramblers refused to pay.[18] While there are only few beaches where FKK is officially tolerated in Switzerland (e.g. Katzensee near Zurich), public saunas are generally visited nude.
Two avid nude ramblers from the neighbouring Swiss canton of Appenzell Ausserrhoden, where there is no strict ban on nude hiking, appealed the fines at the Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland, but the case was dismissed in 2011 with the verdict "The cantons can fine naked hikers. It is true that nude hiking is not covered by the penal code. But the cantons are authorized to ban and punish non-sexually motivated nudity."[22][23]
In a 2012 protest event covered by Swiss news reporters, a naked 28-year-old Austrian broke away from his paragliding tandem partner around 700 meters above the ground and landed with his parachute in Wasserauen (Appenzell Innerrhoden), the faces of the naturist flyer and his helper, the Swiss "nude alpine hiking professional" known by the pseudonym Puistola Grottenpösch (with a fig leaf) who is also considered the mouthpiece of Swiss nude hikers, were made unrecognizable in the press coverage; no complaint was filed, said the Appenzell Innerrhoden public prosecutor. The man would be fined if we found out who he was.[22][23] Since the Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland verdict, the Swiss canton of Appenzell Innerrhoden has seen no more trace of nude hikers.[23]
See also
- Lotte Herrlich (1883–1956) is regarded as the most important female photographer of German naturism
- Indiaca The FKK Indiaca/Peteca sport tournament in Germany
- Adolf Koch early pioneer of the German Freikörperkultur movement
- Bess Mensendieckearly pioneer of the German feminist Freikörperkultur movement
- Naturism in Germany
- Naturism
- Social nudity
- Richard Ungewitter early pioneer of the German Freikörperkultur movement
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Loxton, Richard (2019). "Why Germany's nudist culture remains refreshing". Bonn: Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 24 July 2021.
- ^ a b c Becker, Claudia (6 August 2013). "Geschichte, FKK in Deutschland: Nacktgymnastik ist die beste Triebsteuerung" [History, FKK in Germany: Nude gymnastics is the best drive control] (in German). Berlin: DIE WELT. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f Krell, Maria (21 April 2021). "Geschichte der Freikörperkultur: Die nackte Wahrheit" [History of the Free Body Culture: The Naked Truth] (in German). Heidelberg: Spektrum der Wissenschaft Verlagsgesellschaft mbH. Retrieved 8 May 2023.
- ^ ISBN 9781555990497.
- ^ Hile, Jennifer (21 July 2004). "The Skinny on Nudism in the U.S." National Geographic News. Archived from the original on 28 July 2017. Retrieved 17 July 2018.
- S2CID 9153791.
- S2CID 145127932. Retrieved 24 July 2021.
- PMID 18926761. Retrieved 24 July 2021.
- S2CID 219692942. Retrieved 24 July 2021.
- ^ Koch, Max. "Max Koch; German photographer, active after about 1895". Palisades, California: The J. Paul Getty Museum. Retrieved 3 December 2021.
- ^ Lichtenberg, Georg Christoph (1845). Georg Christoph Lichtenberg's vermischte Schriften, mit dem Portrait, Facsimile und einer Ansicht des Geburtshauses des Verfassers: Vernischte Schriften (in German). Gottingen: Dieterichschen Buchhandlung. p. 64.
- ^ Rusch, Claudia (25 January 2010). "Körperkult: FKK und die nackten Tatsachen an der Ostsee" [Body cult: nudism and the bare facts on the Baltic Sea]. Welt (in German). No. 2. Berlin. Retrieved 22 July 2021.
- ^ Leben und Sonne [Life and Sun] (in German). Berlin: Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Bünde deutscher Lichtkämpfer/Reichsverband für Freikörperkultur. Retrieved 30 December 2021.
- ^ ISBN 9780520918276.
- ^ "FKK-Online: Was ist Naturismus?". Fkk-online.de. 29 July 2000. Retrieved 14 February 2012.
- ^ O'Sullivan, Feargus (21 April 2017). "Naked Germany, Straining at the Seams". CityLab. Retrieved 17 July 2018.
- S2CID 144281349.
- ^ a b "Was stört die Appenzeller an Nacktwanderern?". Süddeutsche Zeitung (in German). 17 November 2011. Retrieved 17 July 2018.
- ^ Reisinger, Eva (5 August 2018). "Urlaub im FKK-Camp: Nackt und frei in Kärnten". ze.tt (in German). Retrieved 25 January 2020.
- ^ a b c "Der Badesee ruft: Wie nackt darf man in der Schweiz sein?" [The bathing lake is calling: How naked can you be in Switzerland?]. blue News, Swisscom (in German). 31 July 2018. Retrieved 18 July 2022.
- ^ "Naked ramblers face Swiss fines". BBC News. 30 January 2009. Retrieved 17 July 2018.
- ^ a b "Nackter Fallschirmspringer provoziert Innerrhoden" [Naked parachutist provokes Innerrhoden]. zeitung.dav.ch (in German). 31 July 2012. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 17 July 2018.
- ^ a b c "APPENZELLERLAND: Keine Spur mehr von den Nacktwanderern" [APPENZELLERLAND: No more trace of the nude hikers]. TAGBLATT (in German). 15 March 2017. Retrieved 18 July 2022.
External links
- www.DFK.org±Deutscher Verband für Freikörperkultur, earliest & largest German NGO for FKK
- www.inf-fni.org—INF-FNI, International Naturist Federation