French Argentines
Total population | |
---|---|
7 000 000 ' 17% of Argentina's population better source needed] | |
Regions with significant populations | |
Throughout Argentina, specially in Central Argentina. | |
Languages | |
Rioplatense Spanish. Minorities speak French Uruguayans |
Part of a series of articles on the |
French people |
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French Argentines (French: Franco-Argentins; Spanish: franco-argentinos) refers to Argentine citizens of full or partial French ancestry or persons born in France who reside in Argentina. French Argentines form one of the largest ancestry groups after Italian Argentines and Spanish Argentines. Between 1857 and 1946, 261,020 French people immigrated to Argentina.[2] Besides immigration from continental France, Argentina also received, as early as the 1840s, immigrants with French background from neighboring countries, notably Uruguay,[3] which expanded the French Argentine community. , it was estimated that around 7 million Argentines had some degree of French ancestry, up to 17% of the total population.[4]
Argentines of French descent make up a substantial proportion of the Argentine population, but they are less visible than other similarly-sized ethnic group because of the high degree of assimilation and the lack of substantial French colonies throughout the country.
French immigration to Argentina
During the first half of the 19th century, most of French immigrants to the New World settled in the
From the second half of the 19th century to the first half of the 20th century,
In 1810, Buenos Aires had a population of 28,528 inhabitants, including 13 French citizens.[5] At the beginning of the 19th century, French immigration to Argentina was not substantial. Mainly constituted of political exiles and former officers from the imperial army, it became more considerable from the year 1825, reaching up to 1,500-2,000 French immigrants some years.[6] In 1839, it was estimated that 4,000 Frenchmen were living in the province of Buenos Aires, this figure increased to 12,000 in 1842.[7] From the next decade, French people started to migrate to Argentina in large numbers.
During the first period (1852–1890), French immigration was similar, in numbers and in features, to that of
During the second stage (from 1890 to 1914), French immigration was more similar to those of
The flow decreased dramatically during WWI. After 1918, French immigrants to Argentina numbered 1,500 per year and had a slightly positive net migration rate. The flow of French immigrants then gradually dried up. In the 1960s, around 4,000
French immigration represented 5% of the flow of immigrants to Argentina until the 1870s, reached its maximum (around 12% of immigrants) in the 1870s-1880s, decreased to 4% at the end of the 20th century, and only represented 1% of immigrants in the 1920s. The year 1890, when it culminated (22% of immigrants), shows the decline of French immigration to Argentina, at the moment when the phenomenon of mass immigration to Argentina started. This is probably due to the financial crisis in 1890 and to an early demographic shift in France: population growth was slow between 1890 and 1913, limiting the need for emigration, contrary to neighboring European countries. Immigration to Argentina also showed a shift in the 1890s: while from 1860 to 1890, most of immigrants from the European countryside settled in the countryside, from 1890 to 1930 they started to settle in the cities.[14] This could explain why French immigrants, most of them from a rural background, were more drawn to settle in North America from 1890 onwards, where access to land property was easier.
Half of French immigrants until the second half of the 20th century came from Southwestern France, especially from the
Today it is estimated that up to 17% of Argentines have partial French ancestry. French Argentines formed a large portion of the elite of the country. In 1959 it was estimated that 7% of the upper-class of Buenos Aires was of French background, their ancestors having settled in the country between 1840 and 1880.[15]
While found throughout the country, they are most numerous in
As of 2010, almost 15,000 French citizens[16] are living in Argentina, the community may be higher though.
French colonies in Argentina
In 1857, an immigrant from Béarn, Alejo Peyret, founded the first farming colony in Entre Ríos, San José. In 1864, out of 380 families living in San José, 125 were from Savoy.[17]
The town of Pigüé, founded by 165 Occitan-speaking French immigrants from Rouergue in 1884, is considered a focal center of French culture in Argentina.[18] It is estimated that 30% to 40% of Pigüé's modern inhabitants can trace their roots to Aveyron and they still speak Occitan.
According to the 1869 census, a quarter of immigrants to the province of Mendoza were from France. In 1895, they made up 15% of immigrants of the province, right after Italians and Spaniards (26.1% and 17.3% respectively). Frenchmen were particularly numerous in the wine-producing departments of Maipú, Luján and in the French colony of San Rafael, founded by engineer Julio Gerónimo Balloffet.[19]
In 1904, the governor of Tucumán founded a town carrying his name, Villa Nougués, as a replica of Boutx in Haute-Garonne, a French village where his family traced their roots back to.
In most cases, however, the French immigrants were not numerous enough to remain distinct from other Argentines. There was no religious barrier for the most part, with the vast majority being Catholics. The language barrier to learning Castilian was also low, especially for the native French and Occitan speakers, and they picked up Castilian quickly.
Legacy
French immigration has left a significant mark on Argentina, with a notable influence on the
Important contributions to the arts include the works of
Four former
In 1851, Captain Louis Tardy de Montravel wrote that the city of Buenos Aires was stamped by French influence, French literature and language being there more widespread than anywhere else. According to him, this preference for France was not due to a capricious and brief craze, rather the result of a natural liking and a perfect similarity between French and Argentine characters, underlining the same lightness of being, the same quick-wittedness and liveliness, as well as the same kindness to foreigners and the similar ability for international influence.[27]
Lunfardo
Examples
- Beguén - Crush (from the French béguin -crush-)
- Bulín - Digs (from the French boulin -hole in the wall of a dolecote where the pigeons nest-)
- Buyón - Food (from the French bouillon -broth-)
- Calotear - To steal (from the French calotter -to steal-)
- Dragonear - To flirt (from the French draguer -to flirt-)
- Fané - Worn out (from the French fané -withered-)
- Franelear - To caress, to heavy pet (from the French faire flanelle -to go to a whorehouse without making use of any woman-)
- Macro - Pimp (from the French maquereau -pimp-)
- Marote - Head (from the French marotte -hatstand-)
- Ragú - Hunger (from the French ragoût -stew-)
- Toilette - Bathroom (from the French toilettes -bathroom-)
Argentine localities with names originating from France
Buenos Aires Province
- Ángel Etcheverry, named after a provincial Minister of Public Works of French-Basque ancestry.
- Bellocq, named after the Bellocq family who donated lands to build the village.
- Berdier, named after the Berdier family, former owner of the land.
- Bordenave
- Boulogne Sur Mer, named after the French city where San Martín died.
- Cadret, named after the Cadret family.
- Carlos Beguerie
- Daireaux, named after Emilio Daireaux, former owner of the land.
- D'Orbigny, named after French naturalist Alcide d'Orbigny.
- Dudignac, named after Ezequiel Dudignac, former owner of the land.
- Dufaur
- Gardey, named after Juan Gardey of Bearnese ancestry.
- Grand Bourg, named after the French village of Grand-Bourg, where the leader of the Argentine War of Independence, General José de San Martín, lived in exile - now a neighborhood of Évry.
- Gregorio de Laferrère
- Ingeniero Adolfo Sourdeaux, named after the founder of the city, Adolfo Sourdeaux.
- Juan Cousté
- Lanús, named after Anacarsis Lanús, former owner of the land.
- Laplacette, named after one of the founders of the village, Enrique Laplacette.
- Lartigau
- Longchamps, named after the Longchamp Racecoursein Paris.
- Manuel B. Gonnet, named after Manuel Bernardo Gonnet, first Minister of Public Works of the Province of Buenos Aires.
- Pasteur
- Pontaut
- Pueblo Gouin
- Ringuelet
- San Francisco de Bellocq
- Sevigné
- Solanet
- Sourigues
- Udaquiola
- Villa Alfredo Fortabat
- Villa Bordeu
- Villa Durcudoy (Diecisiete de Agosto)
- Villa Fournier
- Villa Francia
- Villa Saboya, colony founded by Manuel Cadret, an immigrant from Savoy.
- Villa Sauze
Córdoba Province
Corrientes Province
Entre Ríos Province
La Pampa Province
Misiones Province
- Bonpland
- Hipólito Yrigoyen
- Santiago de Liniers
Santa Cruz Province
Santa Fe Province
- Bigand
- Bouquet
- Chapuy
- Chovet
- Labordeboy
Tucumán Province
French immigration in Tucuman - family surnames
- Nougues
- Rougues
- Hileret
- Guerineau
- Fagalde
- Marteau
- Dupuy
- Dubois
- Etchecopar
- Durrels
- Delgare Etcheverry
- Chamboud
- Delacroix
- Apestey
- Merchot
- Deviller
- Haurigot
- Dubourg
- Ardois
- Moulins
- Revol
- Bascary
- Berho
- Bertrés
- Bugeau
- Cartier
- Jambeau
- Clesi
- Duport
- Heguy
- Delaport
- Lorentz
Figures
Yearly French immigration to Argentina from 1857 to 1897 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Year | French immigrants | Total immigrants | % French immigrants | |
1857 | 276 | 4,951 | 5.6% | |
1858 | 193 | 4,658 | 4.1% | |
1859 | 251 | 4,735 | 5.3% | |
1860 | 385 | 5,656 | 6.8% | |
1861 | 148 | 6,301 | 2.3% | |
1862 | 203 | 6,716 | 3% | |
1863 | 397 | 10,408 | 3.8% | |
1864 | 426 | 11,682 | 3.6% | |
1865 | 513 | 11,797 | 4.3% | |
1866 | 609 | 13,696 | 4.4% | |
1867 | 991 | 13,225 | 7.5% | |
1868 | 1,223 | 25,919 | 4.7% | |
1869 | 1,465 | 28,958 | 5% | |
1870 | 2,396 | 30,898 | 7.7% | |
1871 | 1,988 | 14,621 | 13.6% | |
1872 | 4,602 | 26,208 | 17.6% | |
1873 | 7,431 | 48,382 | 15.4% | |
1874 | 5,654 | 40,674 | 13.9% | |
1875 | 2,633 | 18,532 | 14.2% | |
1876 | 2,064 | 14,532 | 14.2% | |
1877 | 1,996 | 14,675 | 13.6% | |
1878 | 2,025 | 23,624 | 8.6% | |
1879 | 2,149 | 32,717 | 6.6% | |
1880 | 2,175 | 26,643 | 8.2% | |
1881 | 3,612 | 31,431 | 11.5% | |
1882 | 3,382 | 41,041 | 8.3% | |
1883 | 4,286 | 52,472 | 8.2% | |
1884 | 4,731 | 49,623 | 9.5% | |
1885 | 4,752 | 80,618 | 5.9% | |
1886 | 4,662 | 65,655 | 7.1% | |
1887 | 7,036 | 98,898 | 7.1% | |
1888 | 17,105 | 130,271 | 13.1% | |
1889 | 27,173 | 218,744 | 12.4% | |
1890 | 17,104 | 77,815 | 22% | |
1891 | 2,915 | 28,266 | 10.3% | |
1892 | 2,115 | 39,973 | 5.3% | |
1893 | 2,612 | 52,067 | 5% | |
1894 | 7,107 | 54,720 | 13% | |
1895 | 2,448 | 61,226 | 4% | |
1896 | 3,486 | 102,673 | 3.4% | |
1897 | 2,835 | 72,978 | 3.9% | |
Total | 154,554 | 1,698,654 | 9.1% |
French immigrants to Argentina from 1857 to 1909 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Year period | French immigrants | Total immigrants | % French immigrants | |
1857–1870 | 2,789 | 178,883 | 1.6% | |
1871–1890 | 126,560 | 1,107,201 | 11.4% | |
1891–1909 | 56,400 | 2,086,339 | 2.7% | |
Total | 185,749 | 3,372,423 | 5.5% |
French immigration to Argentina from 1857 to 1924 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Entrances | Departures | Balance | ||
226,894 | 120,258 | 106,623 |
French immigrants to Argentina from 1915 to 1953 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Year period | French immigrants | |||
1915–1920 | 9,800 | |||
1921–1930 | 13,000 | |||
1931–1935 | 5,200 | |||
1936–1939 | 7,800 | |||
1944–1948 | 2,700 | |||
1949–1953 | 3,300 |
French immigration to Argentina from 1857 to 1946 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Entrances | Departures | Balance | ||
239,503 | 133,966 | 105,537 |
French net migration to Argentina from 1857 to 1976 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Year period | French immigrants | |||
1857–1860 | 578 | |||
1861–1870 | 4,292 | |||
1871–1880 | 10,706 | |||
1881–1890 | 69,363 | |||
1891–1900 | 11,395 | |||
1901–1910 | 11,862 | |||
1911–1920 | -1,352 | |||
1921–1930 | 739 | |||
1931–1940 | 626 | |||
1941–1950 | 5,538 | |||
1951–1960 | 934 | |||
1961–1970 | 1,266 | |||
1971–1976 | 85 | |||
Total | 116,032 |
See also
References
- ^ [httphtml?var_recherche=argentin Les merveilleux francophiles argentins 1]
- .
Entre 1857 et 1946, 261 020 Français sont entrés dans le pays, dont 37% ont décidé de s'installer définitivement (page 158).
- ^ "Inmigración francesa al Río de la Plata".
En Argentina, muchos de los descendientes de franceses que viven en el país, tienen evidencia de que sus antepasados vivieron en un primer momento en el Uruguay. La guerra civil uruguaya acontecida entre 1843 y 1844 originó el éxodo de muchos inmigrantes hacia la Argentina.
- ^ "Canal Académie: Les merveilleux francophiles argentins–1".
Il faut savoir qu'en 2006, 17% d'Argentins ont un ancêtre venu de France. Près de 6 millions d'Argentins ont donc des origines françaises.
- ^ Le Conte, René (1922). "Les débuts de l'immigration allemande en Argentine". Journal de la Société des Américanistes. 14 (1): 236–239.
Au recensement municipal de 1810, comptait-on (...) 13 Français sur une population urbaine totale de 28.528 habitants.
- ^ Gilles Mathieu, in Une ambition sud-américaine. Politique culturelle de la France (1914-1940). L'Harmattan. 1991.,
Peu importante au tout début du XIXe siècle l'émigration française vers l'Argentine, constituée principalement d'exilés politiques et d'anciens officiers de l'armée impériale, prend, à partir de 1825, de l'ampleur et ce sont environ 1500 à 2000 Français, dans les meilleures années, qui se dirigent vers ce pays
- ISBN 9780874174441.
In 1839, four thousand Frenchmen (mostly Basques) lived in the province of Buenos Aires. By 1842, the number had increased to twelve thousand. (page 273).
- ^ "Franceses e ingleses: una inmigración influyente". Archived from the original on July 30, 2012. Retrieved February 20, 2010.
Los franceses representaban en 1854 el grupo mayoritario antes de la gran ola inmigratoria que tuvo lugar en 1857.
- ^ Dictionnaire universel théorique et pratique du commerce et de la navigation. 1859.
(p. 434) Comme immigrants proprement dits, on a compté dans ce nombre 1,484 Français.
- ^ Duval, Jules (1862). Histoire de l'émigration européenne, asiatique et africaine au XIXe siècle.
Dans la province de Buénos-Ayres (...) la population était arrivée, en 1859, au chiffre de 320,000 habitants. (...) Sur ce nombre les étrangers comptaient au moins pour un quart (80,000 environ) dont 25,000 Français. (page 247).
- ISBN 9782894481172.
La Statistique générale de la France fait état de 29 196 de nos ressortissants installés en Argentine en 1861 et de 94 098 Français en 1901. En 1869 et en 1895, les Français constituaient le troisième groupe national dans la capitale avec 7.5% de la population (14 180 personnes) et 4.9% (33 185 personnes) (page 273).
- ISBN 9789507862458.
(p. 48) Origen de los habitantes de Buenos Aires (1887) - Franceses: 20.031 (4.6%).
- ISBN 9782845862814.
p. 194. Argentine : 100 000 (67%).
- ISBN 9789507862267.
p. 43. Se distinguen dos fases dentro del movimiento migratorio: de 1860 a 1890 predomina el pasaje del campo europeo al argentino; de 1890 a 1930, se impone el éxodo del campo europeo hacia las ciudades argentinas y sobre todo hacia la Capital.
- ISBN 9788531404849.
A análise das famílias da elite portenha de origem francesa (7% da classe alta da cidade em 1959) confirma esta hipótese, ao provar que os imigrantes que deram lugar a essas famílias chegaram ao país entre 1840 e 1880 (page 144).
- ^ "Maisons des Français de l'étranger".
Au 31 décembre 2009, le nombre d'inscrits au registre des Français résidant hors de France était de 14 854.
- ^ La République Argentine by Charles Beck-Bernard, page 205. "Au 31 décembre 1863, la colonie de San-José comptait 2211 habitants, formant 380 familles, dont 190 sont suisses, 125 savoisiennes, 54 piémontaises et 11 allemandes."
- ^ "El mes de Francia en la ciudad de Pigüé". Archived from the original on April 12, 2009. Retrieved January 11, 2009.
- ^ "L'émigration française viticole à Mendoza, en Argentine à la fin du XIXème siècle". Archived from the original on October 24, 2007. Retrieved March 28, 2009.
Des foyers de peuplement français se dessinent correspondant à des départements viticoles, comme Maipú, Luján (la majorité de la présence française se trouve dans le sud de la province, à San Rafael, une colonie française de peuplement).
- ^ "Juan Martín Mariano Pueyrredón O'Doggan".
Son of Juan Martín Pedro Pueyrredón Labroucherie, born in France in 1738.
- ^ "José Casimiro Rondeau Pereyra".
Son of Juan Bautista Rondeau Bourgeois, born in France in 1735.
- ^ "Carlos "Gringo" Pellegrini Bevans, Presidente de Argentina".
Son of Carlos Enrique Pellegrini Berthet, born in France in 1800.
- ^ "Hipólito Yrigoyen Alem, Presidente de Argentina".
Son of Martín Yrigoyen Dolhagaray, born in France in 1821.
- ^ "Gral. Juan Domingo Perón Sosa, Presidente de Argentina".
Grandson of Dominga Dutey Bergougnan, born in Uruguay in 1844 to French parents
- ^ "General Alejandro Agustín Lanusse".
Great-grandson of Jean Philippe Lanusse Mouras, born in France in 1811.
- ^ "María Eva Duarte Ibarguren".
Granddaughter of Francisco Duarte (Huart) and María Etchegoyen, born in France in 1817 and 1823.
- ^ Le Correspondant, volume 48. 1859.
La ville de Buenos-Ayres, écrivait en 1851 M. Tardy de Montravel, est marquée au cachet de la France. Notre littérature et notre langue elle-même y sont plus répandues que nulle part ailleurs. (...) Et cette préférence ne vient pas d'un engouement capricieux et passager, il est le résultat d'une sympathie naturelle que rien n'a pu détruire chez l'Argentin, et d'une similitude parfaite entre son caractère et le nôtre. Même légèreté de caractère, même vivacité dans l'esprit et les mouvements, même bienveillance envers les étrangers, égale facilité à ce rayonnement d'expansion internationale. (p. 703)