French Cochinchina
Colony of Cochinchina | |||||||||||||||
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1862–1949 | |||||||||||||||
Motto: Liberté, égalité, fraternité "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity" | |||||||||||||||
Anthem: "La Marseillaise" "Chinh phụ ngâm khúc" (1946-1949) | |||||||||||||||
Localised version of the Autonomous Republic (1946–1949) | |||||||||||||||
Governor | |||||||||||||||
• 1858–1859 | Charles Rigault de Genouilly | ||||||||||||||
• 1947–1949 | Pierre Boyer De LaTour du Moulin | ||||||||||||||
President of Government | |||||||||||||||
• 1946 | Nguyen Van Thinh | ||||||||||||||
• 1947-1948 | Nguyễn Văn Xuân | ||||||||||||||
Historical era | Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam | 2 September 1945 | |||||||||||||
• "Autonomous Republic of Cochinchina" | 1 June 1946 | ||||||||||||||
• Merged to the Central Government | 4 June 1949 | ||||||||||||||
Population | |||||||||||||||
• 1920 | 3,800,000[2] | ||||||||||||||
Currency | Vietnamese văn (1862–1945) Cochinchina piastre (1878–1885) French Indochinese piastre (1885–1949) | ||||||||||||||
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Today part of | Vietnam |
French Cochinchina (sometimes spelled Cochin-China; French: Cochinchine française; Vietnamese: Xứ thuộc địa Nam Kỳ, chữ Hán: 處屬地南圻) was a colony of French Indochina, encompassing the whole region of Lower Cochinchina or Southern Vietnam from 1862 to 1946. The French operated a plantation economy whose primary strategic product was rubber.
After the end of Japanese occupation (1941–45) and the expulsion from Saigon of
Nam Kỳ originated from the reign of Minh Mạng of the Nguyễn dynasty, but became a name associated with the French colonial period and so Vietnamese, especially nationalists, prefer the term Nam Phần to refer to Southern Vietnam.
History
French conquest
In 1858, under the pretext of protecting the work of French Catholic missionaries, which the imperial Vietnamese Nguyễn dynasty increasingly regarded as a political threat, French Admiral Charles Rigault de Genouilly, with the assistance of Spanish forces from the Philippines, attacked Tourane (present day Da Nang) in Annam.[3] Early in 1859 he followed this up with an attack on Saigon, but as in Tourane was unable to seize territory outside of the defensive perimeter of the city. The Vietnamese Siege of Saigon was not lifted until 1861 when additional French forces were able to advance across the Mekong Delta.[4]
The Vietnamese conceded in 1862 and signed the
Consolidation of power
In 1871 all the territories ceded to the French in southern Vietnam were incorporated as colony of Cochinchina, with Admiral Dupré as its first governor.[6]
In 1887, the colony became a confederal member of the
Within Indochina, Cochinchina was the territory with the greatest European presence. At its height, in 1940, it was estimated at 16,550 people, the vast majority living in Saigon.[7]
Plantation economy
The French authorities dispossessed Vietnamese landowners and peasants to ensure European control of the expansion of rice and rubber production.[8] By 1930, the French controlled more than a quarter of Cochinchina's farmlands.[9] However, French-Vietnamese landlords remained intrinsic dominant in the Mekong Delta, which controlled most of the region's farm ownership and rice productions.[2] The French began rubber production in Cochinchina in 1907 seeking a share of the monopoly profits that the British were earning from their plantations in Malaya. Investment from metropolitan France was encouraged by large land grants allowing for rubber cultivation on an industrial scale.[10] Virgin rainforests in eastern Cochinchina, the highly fertile 'red lands', were cleared for the new export crop.[11]
These developments contributed to the 1916 Cochinchina uprising. Insurgents attempted to storm Saigon central prison, and maintained a prolonged resistance in the Mekong Delta. 51 were hanged.[12]
As they expanded in response to the increased rubber demand after the
In response to rural unrest and to growing labour militancy in Saigon, between 1930 and 1932 the French authorities detained more than 12,000 political prisoners, of whom 88 were guillotined, and almost 7000 sentenced to prison or to hard labour in penal colonies.[19]
Popular Front promise of reform
In 1936 the formation in France of the
Saigon witnessed further unrest culminating in the summer of 1937 in general dock and transport strikes.
War and the Insurrection of 1940
In April 1939 Cochinchina Council elections Tạ Thu Thâu led a "Workers' and Peasants' Slate" into victory over both the moderate Constitutionalists and the Communists' Democratic Front. Key to their success was popular opposition to the war taxes ("national defence levy") that the Communist Party, in the spirit of Franco-Soviet accord, had felt obliged to support.[25] Brévié set the election results aside and wrote to Colonial Minister Georges Mandel: "the Trotskyists under the leadership of Ta Thu Thau, want to take advantage of a possible war in order to win total liberation." The Stalinists, on the other hand, are "following the position of the Communist Party in France" and "will thus be loyal if war breaks out."[26]
With the Hitler-Stalin Pact of 23 August 1939, the local Communists were ordered by Moscow to return to direct confrontation with the French. Under the slogan "Land to the Tillers, Freedom for the workers and independence for Vietnam",[27] in November 1940 the Party in Cochinchina instigated a widespread insurrection. The revolt did not penetrate Saigon (an attempted uprising in the city was quelled in a day). In the Mekong Delta fighting continued until the end of the year.[28][29]
Japanese occupation
After a brief cross-border confrontation with French forces in September 1940, Japanese forces occupied Tonkin. On 9 December 1940, an agreement was reached with the Vichy government whereby French sovereignty over its army and administrative affairs was confirmed, while Japanese forces were free to fight the war against the Allies from Indochinese soil.[30] A large scale movement of troops did not occur until after the Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union in late June 1941. With the Soviets tied down, the high command concluded that a "strike south" would solve the problems posed for Japan by the American-led oil embargo. To prepare for an invasion of the oil-rich Dutch East Indies, some 140,000 Japanese troops occupied southern French Indochina on 28 July 1941.[31]
French troops and the civil administration were allowed to remain, albeit under Japanese supervision. While the Japanese government's policy of “maintaining peace” in Indochina limited interactions between the Japanese and Vietnamese, the contradiction of mutual coexistence between France, as the “missionary of civilisation,” and Japan, as the “liberator of Asia” from Western colonialism, could not be concealed. The tensions contributed to nationalist, anti-colonial feeling.[31] Drawing on the local Coadaist sect, the Japanese began to encourage nationalist groups in Cohinchina from 1943.[32]
Following the liberation of Paris in 1944, Japan increasingly suspected that the French authorities would assist Allied operations. In March 1945, a Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina took the Europeans into custody and imposed their direct authority. The coup had, in the words of diplomat Jean Sainteny, "wrecked a colonial enterprise that had been in existence for 80 years."[33] In August 1945, as they faced defeat, the Japanese belatedly created a puppet state, incorporating Cochinchina in the Empire of Vietnam under the nominal authority of the Bảo Đại.[34]
The August Revolution and the return of French rule
On 2 September 1945, in Hanoi,
In Saigon, the violence of a French restoration assisted by British and surrendered Japanese troops, triggered a general uprising on 23 September. In the course of what became known as the
Incorporation into the State of Vietnam
On 1 June 1946, while the
The next year, the Provisional Central Government of Vietnam was proclaimed with the merger of Annam and Tonkin: Xuân became its Prime minister and left office in Cochichina, where he was replaced by Trần Văn Hữu. Xuân and the French had agreed to reunite Vietnam, but Cochinchina posed a problem because of its ill-defined legal status. The reunification was opposed by the French colonists, who were still influential in the Cochinchinese council, and by Southern Vietnamese autonomists: they delayed the process of reunification by arguing that Cochinchina was still legally a colony – as its new status as a Republic had never been ratified by the French National Assembly – and that any territorial change therefore required the approval of the French parliament. Xuân issued a by-law reuniting Cochinchina with the rest of Vietnam, but it was overruled by the Cochinchinese council.[43]
Cochinchina remained separated from the rest of Vietnam for over a year, while former Emperor Bảo Đại – whom the French wanted to bring back to power as a political alternative to Ho Chi Minh – refused to return to Vietnam and take office as head of state until the country was fully reunited. On 14 March 1949, the French National Assembly voted a law permitting the creation of a Territorial Assembly of Cochinchina. This new Cochinchinese parliament was elected on 10 April 1949, with the Vietnamese representatives then becoming a majority. On 23 April, the Territorial Assembly approved the merger of the Provisional Government of Southern Vietnam with the Provisional Central Government of Vietnam. The decision was in turn approved by the French National Assembly on 20 May,[43] and the merger was effective on 4 June.[44] The State of Vietnam was then proclaimed, with Bảo Đại as head of state.[43]
Administration
Government
Following the French colonial invasion, Vietnamese mandarins withdrew from Cochinchina, forcing the French to adopt a policy of direct rule.[45]
The highest office in the government of French Cochinchina was the Governor of Cochinchina (統督南圻, Thống đốc Nam Kỳ), who after 1887 reported directly to the Governor-General of French Indochina.[46] As French Cochinchina was a directly ruled colony the French colonial apparatus operated at every level of government including at the provincial, district, and communal levels.[46]
Each Cochinchinese province was headed by French official with the title of "Chủ tỉnh" (主省) or "Tỉnh trưởng" (省長), these French officials had similar roles and responsibilities as the equivalent French "Công sứ" (公使) had in the provinces of the Nguyễn dynasty.
Laws
During the early periods of French rule in Cochinchina both French laws and Nguyễn dynasty laws applied and offenders of both faced trial in French courts.[47] Initially French people were tried using French laws and Vietnamese people (then known as "Annamese people") were tried using the Nguyễn dynasty's laws alongside a new set of provisions that the French had introduced for their colonial subjects.[47] The French courts applied their rulings based on the two different legal systems.[47] After their consolidation of power the Nguyễn's laws were completely abolished in French Cochinchina and only French laws applied to everyone in the colony.[47]
On 6 January 1903, the Governor-General of French Indochina Jean Baptiste Paul Beau issued a decree that stated that offences for both French and indigenous laws would go to French courts and that offenders would only be tried against French Cochinchina's penal code.[47] During this period the Governor-General of French Indochina also issued a decree that introduced new laws to fine people for a number of common offences outside of the French penal code.[47]
Gallery
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Cochinchina in 1829 under Nguyễn Dynasty
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Cochinchina in 1876
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Cochinchina in 1878
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Cochinchina in 1882
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Cochinchina in 1906
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Cochinchina in 1929
See also
- Cochinchina
- French Indochina
- List of administrators of the French colony of Cochinchina
- List of French possessions and colonies
- State of Vietnam
Notes
- Chợ Lớnon 27 April 1931 and was officially renamed to Saigon–Cholon, however the official name never entered everyday vernacular and the city continued to be referred to as ‘Saigon’.
References
- Principality of Monaco, 2013) Quote: "Les légendes sont bien sûr modifiées. A gauche, les attributs de l'agriculture et des beaux-arts sont remplacés par des épis de riz et à droite figure une ancre symbolisant le ministère de la Marine et des Colonies. Hélas, Albert-Désiré Barre décède le 29 décembre 1878 et c'est alors son frère aîné Auguste-Jean Barre qui lui succède et mène à terme le projet. Les premières frappes sortent en 1879." (in French)
- ^ ISBN 978-0-190-05379-6.
- ISBN 0-8131-0966-3 – via Internet Archive.
- S2CID 248394508.
- ^ Llewellyn, Jennifer; Jim Southey; Steve Thompson (2018). "Conquest and Colonisation of Vietnam". Alpha History. Retrieved 4 August 2019.
- ^ "Marie–Jules Dupré | French naval officer | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 6 December 2021.
- ISBN 978-2-7071-3412-7)
- .
- ISBN 978-0-190-05379-6.
- ^ Murray. 'White Gold' or 'White Blood'?. p. 46.
- ^ Murray. 'White Gold' or 'White Blood'?. p. 47.
- ISBN 0-520-01813-3. pp. 230-231
- ^ Murray. 'White Gold' or 'White Blood'?. p. 50.
- ^ Thomas. Violence and Colonial Order. p. 145.
- ISBN 9781849350136.
- ^ Marr. Vietnamese Tradition on Trial. p. 5.
- ^ Cima, R.J (1987). Vietnam: A Country Study. Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. p. 33.
- ^ Marr. The Red Earth. p. x.
- ISBN 9781849350136.
- ^ a b Lockhart & Duiker 2010, p. 48.
- ^ Gunn 2014, p. 119.
- ^ Daniel Hemery Revolutionnaires Vietnamiens et pouvoir colonial en Indochine. François Maspero, Paris. 1975, Appendix 24.
- ^ Frank N. Trager (ed.). Marxism in Southeast Asia; A Study of Four Countries. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press, 1959. p. 142
- ^ Daniel Hemery Revolutionnaires Vietnamiens et pouvoir colonial en Indochine. François Maspero, Paris. 1975, p. 388
- ^ Manfred McDowell, "Sky without Light: a Vietnamese Tragedy," New Politics, Vol XIII, No. 3, 2011, p. 1341 https://newpol.org/review/sky-without-light-vietnamese-tragedy/ (accessed 10 October 2019).
- ISBN 9781849350136.
- JSTOR 30171359.
- ^ Chonchirdsim, Sud (November 1997). "The Indochinese Communist Party and the Nam Ky Uprising in Cochin China November December 1940". South East Asia Research. 5 (3): 269–293. doi:10.1177/0967828X9700500304. JSTOR 23746947.
- ^ Paige, Jeffery M. (1970). "Inequality and Insurgency in Vietnam: A re-analysis" (PDF). cambridge.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 August 2004. Retrieved 9 November 2018.
- ^ Cooper, Nikki. "French Indochina". Academia. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
- ^ a b Namba, Chizuru. (2019). “The French Colonisation and Japanese Occupation of Indochina during the Second World War: Encounters of the French, Japanese, and Vietnamese.” Cross-Currents: East Asian History and Culture Review 32: 74–96.
- S2CID 162631136.
- ISBN 9789812304681.
- ^ Smith (1978), p. 286
- ^ "Declaration of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam". historymatters.gmu.edu. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
- ^ Ngo Van (2010), pp. 117–118.
- ISBN 9780520274150.
- ^ Concert to mark 66th anniversary of the Southern Resistance War Archived 19 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Van (2010), pp. 128-129.
- ^ "Phong Trào Truy Lùng Và Xử Án Việt Gian". Phật Giáo Hòa Hảo. 2005.
- ^ Frederick Logevall Embers of War Random House 2012 p. 137
- ^ Philippe Devillers, Histoire du viêt-nam de 1940 à 1952, Seuil, 1952, pp 418–419
- ^ a b c Philippe Franchini, Les Guerres d'Indochine, vol. I, Pygmalion – Gérard Watelet, Paris, 1988, pp. 399–406
- ^ Fac-similé JO du 5 juin 1949, French Cochinchina Legifrance.gouv.fr.
- JSTOR 20067743.
- ^ a b c d e Pham Diem (State and Law Research Institute) (24 February 2011). "The state structure in French-ruled Vietnam (1858–1945)". Vietnam Law and Legal Forum magazine, Vietnam News Agency – Your gateway to the law of Vietnam. Retrieved 10 August 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f Pham Diem (State and Law Research Institute) (24 February 2011). "Legislation in French-ruled Vietnam". Vietnam Law and Legal Forum magazine, Vietnam News Agency – Your gateway to the law of Vietnam. Retrieved 10 August 2021.
Works cited
- Gunn, Geoffrey C. (21 February 2014). Rice Wars in Colonial Vietnam: The Great Famine and the Viet Minh Road to Power. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 978-1-4422-2303-5. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
- Lockhart, Bruce McFarland; Duiker, William J. (2010). The A to Z of Vietnam. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-8108-7646-0. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
Further reading
- Encyclopedia of Asian History, Volume 4 (Vietnam) 1988. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York.
- Vietnam – A Long History by Nguyễn Khắc Viện (1999). Hanoi, Thế Giới Publishers
- ArtHanoi Vietnamese money in historical context
- WorldStatesmen- Vietnam