French North Africa
French North Africa (French: Afrique du Nord française, sometimes abbreviated to ANF) is a term often applied to the three territories that were controlled by France in the North African Maghreb during the colonial era, namely Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia. In contrast to French West Africa and French Equatorial Africa which existed as federations of French colonies and administrative entities in their own right, French North Africa was never more than a term of convenience to refer to the three separately governed territories under different forms of colonial regime.[1]
History
In the 19th century, the
Pieds-Noirs. Seeking to expand their influence beyond Algeria, the French established protectorates to the east and west of it. The French protectorate of Tunisia was established in 1881, following a swift military invasion,[3] and the French protectorate in Morocco in 1912, following a prolonged military campaign
. These lasted until 1956 when both protectorates gained full independence, Tunisia on 20 March and Morocco on 7 April.
French rule in North Africa was finally ended as a result of the
Algerian independence referendum of July 1962.[4]
Algeria formally became independent the same month.
See also
- Army of Africa (France)
- French Colonial Empire
- French conquest of Algeria
- Pacification of Algeria
- Nationalism and resistance in Algeria
- Declaration of 1 November 1954
- Tunisian National Movement
- Proclamation of Independence of Morocco
References
- .
- J. D. Fage, Roland Anthony Oliver, The Cambridge History of Africa, vol. 6 (1985), p. 159
- ^ William E. Watson, Tricolor and Crescent: France and the Islamic World (2003), p. 28
- ^ Serge Berstein, The Republic of de Gaulle 1958–1969 (1993), p. 54.
Further reading
- Edwards, Albert, Sketches of French North Africa (2009)
- Gottmann, Jean, Economic problems of French North Africa (1943)
- Liebesny, Herbert J., The Government of French North Africa (1943)
- Thomas, Martin, French Empire Between the Wars (2005)
- Wallerstein, Immanuel M., Africa: The Politics of Independence and Unity (1961)
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