French Somaliland in World War II
Background
In 1934–35,
In 1935,
In October 1938, in the aftermath of the
On 18 December 1938, there was a counter-demonstration in Djibouti in the course of which a huge crowd gathered in the centre of town waving the French flag and shouting pro-French slogans.
In January 1940, the Italian viceroy and commander-in-chief in East Africa,
On the eve of the world war, Fauque de Jonquières, a battalion commander, was in charge of the local intelligence outfit, itself an arm of the Section d'Études Militaires (SEM), the
War with Italy and armistice
Fighting during 10–25 June
Italy's declaration of war on France and Great Britain came on 10 June 1940, and the next day Legentilhomme was named supreme commander of all Allied forces in the Somaliland theatre.[12] In French Somaliland he had a garrison of seven battalions of Senegalese and Somali infantry, three batteries of field guns, four batteries of anti-aircraft guns, a company of light tanks, four companies of militia and irregulars, two platoons of the camel corps and an assortment of aircraft.[13]
Since the Allies were outnumbered by about 40,000 to 9,000 along the Somaliland frontier,
On 17 June some Italian
Armistice of Villa Incisa
General
Fighting after the armistice
Between 1 and 10 July several clashes with the Italians took place on the plain of Hanlé, at Ali-Sabieh and along the railroad.
On 2 August Legentilhomme and two officers, Captains Appert and des Essarts,
During the period of uncertainty in Djibouti, the Duke of Aosta urged an attack on British Somaliland in order to cut off the French colony from British support. Benito Mussolini approved the campaign on 19 July, but the situation in Djibouti changed rapidly in Italy's favour after that.[25] The 17th Colonial Brigade under Colonel Agosti occupied the French fort at Loyada on the border with British Somaliland in early August. When the Italian invasion of British Somaliland began on 3 August, the forces at Loyada moved on Zeila, which they had taken by 5 August.[27] The French territory was completely surrounded on land by Italian possessions. Vichy managed to continue supplying it by submarine from Madagascar, and maintained direct contact by air through flights from France via Greece (usually terminating in Madagascar).[28]
Rule of Nouailhetas
On 18 September 1940, the Royal Navy established a blockade of French Somaliland (and dividing the colony) with ships based out of Aden.[29] Pétain replaced Germain as governor with Pierre Nouailhetas, a naval officer, that same month. On 25 September the British bombed Djibouti from the air, prompting Nouailhetas to institute a brutal reign of terror.[24] Europeans suspected of contact with the enemy were interned at Obock, while 45 others were condemned to death or forced labour, mostly in absentia. In May 1941 six Africans were shot without trial to set an example to potential deserters.[30] The rule of Nouailhetas was too brutal for even the authoritarian leaders at Vichy to stand: in September 1942 he was recalled and forced to retire without a pension.[30]
In the last week of November 1940, De Gaulle and British Prime Minister
On 24 March 1941, in an attempt to prevent an Italian withdrawal from
In March 1941, with Free French forces facing the Vichyite garrison in Somaliland, the British changed their policy to "rally French Somaliland to the Allied cause without bloodshed". The Free French were to arrange a voluntary "rallying" (ralliement) by means of propaganda while the British were to blockade the colony. Wavell considered that if British pressure was applied, a rally would appear to have been coerced. Wavell preferred to let the propaganda continue and provide a small amount of supplies under strict control.[26] As part of this propaganda war, there were even competing newspapers: the Free French published Djibouti Libre ("Free Djibouti") and smuggled it into the colony, while the Vichy authorities published the official Djibouti Français ("French Djibouti").[31]
In April, after the fall of Addis Ababa, the British tried to negotiate with Nouailhetas for transporting Italian prisoners-of-war along the Djibouti–Addis Ababa railway and evacuating them through Djibouti's port. On 1 May Nouailhetas telegraphed Aden to inform the British that he had received permission from Vichy to negotiate. On 8 May General Alan Cunningham responded with his proposals, but no commitments.[31]
When the policy of stoking a "rally" had no immediate effect, Wavell suggested negotiations with Nouailhetas to obtain use of the port and railway. The suggestion was accepted by the British government but, because of the concessions granted to the Vichy regime in
After the war, De Gaulle alleged that Britain intended to bring French Somaliland into its sphere of influence, and that this explains Britain's reluctance to use force to liberate a territory that would of necessity been surrendered to their forces at the end of the war.
Following the failure of negotiations and the final defeat of the Italian forces in the field by July 1941—with the exception of General
For six months (June 1941–January 1942), Nouailhetas remained willing to grant concessions over the port and railway but would not tolerate Free French interference. In October the blockade was reviewed but no changes were implemented before the beginning of the war with Japan. On 2 January 1942, the Vichy government offered the use of the port and railway, subject to the lifting of the blockade, but Britain refused.[26] At the same time, on account of the increased ease of the dhow trade, even the land blockade of the colony was lifted on 15 January 1942.[28][29] The British ended the blockade unilaterally in March 1942.[26]
Rallying and liberation
A few defections from French Somaliland took place in 1941. Some air force pilots escaped to Aden to join the
Only following
The first governor appointed under the Free French was
List of governors during the war
- Hubert Jules Deschamps (2 May 1939 – 25 July 1940), previously acting governor
- Gaëtan Louis Élie Germain (25 July–7 August 1940)
- Pierre Marie Élie Louis Nouailhetas(7 August 1940 – 21 October 1942)
- Auguste Charles Jules Truffert (21 October–4 December 1942)
- Christian Raimond Dupont(4–26 December 1942)
- Ange Marie Charles André Bayardelle (30 December 1942 – 22 June 1943)
- Michel Raphaël Antoine Saller (13 January–1 May 1944), previously acting governor
- Jean Victor Louis Joseph Chalvet(1 May 1944 – 30 April 1946)
- Jean Beyries (14 May 1944–December 1945), acting governor
Notes
- ^ Hanlé is a wadi (French oued) in the south of the Danakil Desert, in northern Djibouti
- ^ Mockler puts the number at 5,000.[3]
- ^ Mockler puts the garrison of French Somaliland at about 10,000 men. He says that Legentilhomme planned to invade Ethiopia along the railway.
- ^ For further information, see Red Sea Flotilla.
- ^ Mockler reports that four crashed.[14]
- ^ This pilot's diary was captured and translated by the British. His identity is unknown.
- ^ Upon his return to Dire Dawa, the Italian diarist noted that at noon "three French planes attack us by surprise—one of our planes is destroyed on the ground."
Footnotes
- ^ a b Imbert-Vier 2008, pp. 226–29.
- ^ Thompson & Adloff 1968, p. 14.
- ^ a b Mockler 1984, p. 194.
- ^ Ebsworth 1953, p. 564.
- ^ Burgwyn 1997, pp. 182–83.
- ^ Clark 2005, p. 243.
- ^ Thompson & Adloff 1968, p. 15: Djibouti, terre française, droit rester française! ("Djibouti, French land, must remain French!")..
- ^ Imbert-Vier 2008, p. 171: map titled "Postes français et italiens fin 1939".
- ^ a b c d e f Imbert-Vier 2008, p. 172.
- ^ Mockler 1984, p. 198.
- ^ Thompson & Adloff 1968, p. 15.
- ^ a b c d e f Thompson & Adloff 1968, p. 16.
- ^ a b Raugh 1993, pp. 75–76.
- ^ a b c Mockler 1984, pp. 223–24.
- ^ Rovighi 1995, p. 107.
- ^ Rovighi 1995, p. 105.
- ^ Rovighi 1995, p. 109.
- ^ Shores 1996, p. 23.
- ^ Shores 1996, p. 26.
- ^ Shores 1996, p. 27.
- ^ Ferry 2005, p. 148.
- ^ Franco-Italian Armistice & 25 June 1940.
- ^ Shores 1996, p. 30.
- ^ a b c d e f Thompson & Adloff 1968, p. 17.
- ^ a b c d e Knox 1982, p. 152.
- ^ a b c d e Playfair et al. 2004, pp. 322–24.
- ^ Picone Chiodo 1990, p. 86.
- ^ a b Ebsworth 1953, p. 565.
- ^ a b c Alwan & Mibrathu 2000, p. 24.
- ^ a b Thompson & Adloff 1968, p. 18.
- ^ a b c d e Thompson & Adloff 1968, p. 19.
- ^ a b Mockler 1984, pp. 302–03.
- ^ Mockler 1984, p. 310.
- ^ Shores 1996, p. 131.
- ^ Alwan & Mibrathu 2000, p. 26.
- ^ Moyse-Bartlett 2012, pp. 452 and 569.
- ^ a b c d Thompson & Adloff 1968, p. 21.
- ^ a b c d Thompson & Adloff 1968, p. 20.
- ^ Shores 1996, pp. 158, 161.
- ^ Shores 1996, p. 162.
- ^ Alwan & Mibrathu 2000, p. 25.
- ^ a b c Ebsworth 1953, p. 568.
- ^ a b Thompson & Adloff 1968, p. 22.
Bibliography
- "The Franco-Italian Armistice". Bulletin of International News. 17 (14): 852–854. 13 July 1940.
- Alwan, Daoud Aboubaker; Mibrathu, Yohanis (2000). Historical Dictionary of Djibouti. Scarecrow Press. OCLC 45899363.
- ISBN 978-0-275-94877-1.
- Clark, Martin (2005). Mussolini (1st ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-0-582-06595-6.
- Ebsworth, W. A. (1953). "Jibouti and Madagascar in the 1939–45 War". Journal of the Royal United Service Institution. 98 (592): 564–68. .
- Ferry, Vital (2005). Croix de Lorraine et Croix du Sud, 1940–1942: aviateurs belges et de la France Libre en Afrique. Éditions du Gerfaut. ISBN 2-914622-92-9.
- Imbert-Vier, Simon (2008). Frontières et limites à Djibouti durant la période coloniale (1884–1977) (PhD thesis). Université de Provence–Aix-Marseille I.
- Knox, MacGregor (1982). Mussolini Unleashed, 1939–1941: Politics and Strategy in Fascist Italy's Last War. Cambridge University Press.
- Mockler, Anthony (1984). Haile Selassie's War: The Italian−Ethiopian Campaign, 1935–1941. New York: Random House. ISBN 0-394-54222-3.
- Moyse-Bartlett, H. (2012). The King's African Rifles, Volume 2. Andrews UK Limited. ISBN 978-1781506639. Retrieved 21 November 2014.
- Picone Chiodo, Marco (1990). In nome della resa: l'Italia nella guerra 1940–1945. Mursia.
- ISBN 1-84574-066-1.
- Raugh, H. E. (1993). Wavell in the Middle East, 1939–1941: A Study in Generalship. London: Brassey's. ISBN 0-08-040983-0.
- Rovighi (1995). Le operazioni in Africa orientale (giugno 1940 – novembre 1941). Volume II: Documenti. Rome: Stato Maggiore dell'Esercito.
- Shores, Christopher (1996). Dust Clouds in the Middle East: Air War for East Africa, Iraq, Syria, Iran and Madagascar, 1940–42. London: Grub Street.
- Thompson, Virginia McLean; Adloff, Richard (1968). Djibouti and the Horn of Africa. Stanford University Press.
Further reading
- Cornil-Frerrot, Sylvain (2012). "Le ralliement de la Côte française des Somalis à la France combattante" (PDF). Revue de la Fondation de la France libre. 46: 6–7.
- Costagliola, Jacques (2005). La guerre anglo-française, 3 juillet 1940 – 11 novembre 1942: un conflit parallèle et tangent à la Seconde guerre mondiale. Coulommiers: Dualpha.
- Koburger, Charles W. (1992). Naval Strategy East of Suez: The Role of Djibouti. New York: Praeger.
- Pankhurst, Richard (1971). "Italian Fascist Claims to the Port of Jibuti, 1935–1941: An Historical Note". Ethiopia Observer. 14 (1): 26–30.
- Prijac, Lukian (2015). Le blocus de Djibouti: Chronique d'une guerre décalée (1935–1943). L'Hamattan.