Freund's adjuvant
This article may be too technical for most readers to understand.(May 2021) |
Freund's adjuvant is a solution of
immunopotentiator (booster). The complete form, Freund's Complete Adjuvant (FCA or CFA) is composed of inactivated and dried mycobacteria (usually M. tuberculosis), whereas the incomplete form (FIA or IFA) lacks the mycobacterial components (hence just the water in oil emulsion). It is named after Jules T. Freund
.
Regulation
Freund's complete adjuvant is effective in stimulating
skin ulceration and necrosis; intramuscular injections may lead to temporary or permanent muscle lesion, and intravenous injections may produce pulmonary lipid embolism.[citation needed
]
Effects
When administered to diabetes prone non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice, Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) prevented
juvenile-onset diabetes.[1][2] When combined with spleen cells, FCA was said to have reversed diabetes.[3] In 2006, these claims were confirmed that even without spleen cells FCA can restore insulin producing beta cells in pancreas of NOD mice.[4] Although newspapers have described the 2006 findings as confirming the earlier experiments,[5] a report from NIH was released on November 23, 2006, in Science confirming the participation of spleen cells in reversing end-stage diabetes.[6][7]
It has also been investigated in an animal model of Parkinson's disease,[8] or as well used in emulsion with Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), a peptide inducing Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in animal studies for efficacy testing of multiple sclerosis treatments.[9]
Mechanism
FCA is known to stimulate production of
Interleukin-22 (IL-22). Pancreatic islets express high levels of IL-22 receptor and IL-22 has been shown to induce islet beta cell regeneration.[12]
See also
References
- PMID 2139617
- S2CID 9779509
- S2CID 897696
- S2CID 10334900
- ^ Kolata, G. (March 24, 2006), "A Controversial Therapy for Diabetes Is Verified", The New York Times, retrieved May 3, 2010
- ^ New data from NIH lab confirms protocol to reverse type 1 diabetes in mice, BiologyNewsNet, November 2006
- ^ Philip E. Ross, Putting Up with Self, Scientific American, November 12, 2006
- S2CID 7076941.
- PMID 24797125.
- S2CID 42150301
- PMID 20876350.
- PMID 25408874.