Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling
Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling | |
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Thesis | De Marcione Paulinarum epistolarum emendatore (On Marcion as emendator of the Pauline letters) (1795) |
Doctoral advisors | Gottlob Christian Storr |
Main interests | Naturphilosophie, natural science, aesthetics, metaphysics, epistemology, Christian philosophy |
Notable ideas | List
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Signature | |
Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling (German:
Schelling's thought in the main has been neglected, especially in the English-speaking world. An important factor in this was the ascendancy of Hegel, whose mature works portray Schelling as a mere footnote in the development of idealism. Schelling's Naturphilosophie also has been attacked by scientists for its tendency to analogize and lack of empirical orientation.[12] However, some later philosophers have shown interest in re-examining Schelling's body of work.
Life
Early life
Schelling was born in the town of Leonberg in the Duchy of Württemberg (now Baden-Württemberg), the son of Joseph Friedrich Schelling and Gottliebin Marie Cleß.[13] From 1783 to 1784, Schelling attended the Latin school in Nürtingen and knew Friedrich Hölderlin, who was five years his senior. Subsequently Schelling attended the monastic school at Bebenhausen, near Tübingen, where his father was chaplain and an Orientalist professor.[14] On 18 October 1790,[15] at the age of 15, he was granted permission to enroll at the Tübinger Stift (seminary of the Evangelical-Lutheran Church in Württemberg), despite not having yet reached the normal enrollment age of 20. At the Stift, he shared a room with Hegel as well as Hölderlin, and the three became good friends.[16]
Schelling studied the
In 1797, while tutoring two youths of an aristocratic family, he visited
Jena period
This section needs additional citations for verification. (January 2021) |
After two years tutoring, in October 1798, at the age of 23, Schelling was called to
In Jena, Schelling was on good terms with Fichte at first, but their different conceptions, about nature in particular, led to increasing divergence. Fichte advised him to focus on transcendental philosophy: specifically, Fichte's own Wissenschaftlehre. But Schelling, who was becoming the acknowledged leader of the Romantic school, rejected Fichte's thought as cold and abstract.
Schelling was especially close to August Wilhelm Schlegel and his wife, Caroline. A marriage between Schelling and Caroline's young daughter, Auguste Böhmer, was contemplated by both. Auguste died of dysentery in 1800, prompting many to blame Schelling, who had overseen her treatment. Robert Richards, however, argues in his book The Romantic Conception of Life that Schelling's interventions were most likely irrelevant, as the doctors called to the scene assured everyone involved that Auguste's disease was inevitably fatal.[22] Auguste's death drew Schelling and Caroline closer. Schlegel had moved to Berlin, and a divorce was arranged with Goethe's help. Schelling's time at Jena came to an end, and on 2 June 1803 he and Caroline were married away from Jena. Their marriage ceremony was the last occasion Schelling met his school friend the poet Friedrich Hölderlin, who was already mentally ill at that time.
In his Jena period, Schelling had a closer relationship with Hegel again. With Schelling's help, Hegel became a private lecturer (Privatdozent) at
Move to Würzburg and personal conflicts
After Jena, Schelling went to Bamberg for a time, to study the Brunonian system of medicine (the theory of John Brown) with Adalbert Friedrich Marcus and Andreas Röschlaub.[23] From September 1803 until April 1806 Schelling was professor at the new University of Würzburg. This period was marked by considerable flux in his views and by a final breach with Fichte and Hegel.
In Würzburg, a conservative Catholic city, Schelling found many enemies among his colleagues and in the government. He moved then to
Munich period
Without resigning his official position in Munich, he lectured for a short time in
During the long stay in
Berlin period
Public attention was powerfully attracted by hints of a new system which promised something more positive, especially in its treatment of religion, than the apparent results of Hegel's teaching. The appearance of critical writings by
Works
In 1793, Schelling contributed to
Between 1796/97, there was written a seminal manuscript now known as the Das älteste Systemprogramm des deutschen Idealismus ("The Oldest Systematic Program of German Idealism"). It survives in Hegel's handwriting. First published in 1916 by Franz Rosenzweig, it was attributed to Schelling. It has also been claimed that Hegel or Hölderlin was the author.[33][34]
In 1797, Schelling published the essay Neue Deduction des Naturrechts ("New Deduction of Natural Law"), which anticipated Fichte's treatment of the topic in Grundlage des Naturrechts (Foundations of Natural Law). His studies of physical science bore fruit in Ideen zu einer Philosophie der Natur (Ideas Concerning a Philosophy of Nature, 1797), and the treatise Von der Weltseele (On the World-Soul, 1798). In Ideen Schelling referred to Leibniz and quoted from his Monadology. He held Leibniz in high regard because of his view of nature during his natural philosophy period.
In 1800, Schelling published System des transcendentalen Idealismus (System of Transcendental Idealism). In this book Schelling described transcendental philosophy and nature philosophy as complementary to one another. Fichte reacted by stating that Schelling's argument was unsound: in Fichte's theory nature as Not-Self (Nicht-Ich = object) could not be a subject of philosophy, whose essential content is the subjective activity of the human intellect. The breach became unrecoverable in 1801 after Schelling published Darstellung des Systems meiner Philosophie ("Presentation of My System of Philosophy"). Fichte thought this title absurd since, in his opinion, philosophy could not be personalized. Moreover, in this book Schelling publicly expressed his estimation of Spinoza, whose work Fichte had repudiated as dogmatism, and declared that nature and spirit differ only in their quantity, but are essentially identical. According to Schelling, the absolute was the indifference to identity, which he considered to be an essential philosophical subject.
The "Aphorismen über die Naturphilosophie" ("Aphorisms on Nature Philosophy"), published in the Jahrbücher der Medicin als Wissenschaft (1805–1808), are for the most part extracts from the Würzburg lectures, and the Denkmal der Schrift von den göttlichen Dingen des Herrn Jacobi ("Monument to the Scripture of the Divine Things of Mr. Jacobi")[25] was a response to an attack by Jacobi (the two accused each other of atheism[35]). A work of significance is the 1809 Philosophische Untersuchungen über das Wesen der menschlichen Freiheit und die damit zusammenhängenden Gegenstände (Philosophical Inquiries into the Essence of Human Freedom), which elaborates, with increasing mysticism, on ideas in the 1804 work Philosophie und Religion (Philosophy and Religion).[25] However, in a change from the Jena period, evil is not an appearance coming from quantitative differences between the real and the ideal, but is something substantial. This work clearly paraphrased Kant's distinction between intelligible and empirical character. Schelling himself called freedom "a capacity for good and evil".
The 1815 essay Ueber die Gottheiten zu Samothrake ("On the Divinities of Samothrace") was ostensibly a part of a larger work, Weltalter ("The Ages of the World"), frequently announced as ready for publication, but of which little was ever written. Schelling planned Weltalter as a book in three parts, describing the past, present, and future of the world; however, he began only the first part, rewriting it several times and at last keeping it unpublished. The other two parts were left only in planning. Christopher John Murray describes the work as follows:
Building on the premise that philosophy cannot ultimately explain existence, he merges the earlier philosophies of Nature and identity with his newfound belief in a fundamental conflict between a dark unconscious principle and a conscious principle in God. God makes the universe intelligible by relating to the ground of the real but, insofar as nature is not complete intelligence, the real exists as a lack within the ideal and not as reflective of the ideal itself. The three universal ages – distinct only to us but not in the eternal God – therefore comprise a beginning where the principle of God before God is divine will striving for being, the present age, which is still part of this growth and hence a mediated fulfillment, and a finality where God is consciously and consummately Himself to Himself.[36]
No authentic information on Schelling's new positive philosophy (positive Philosophie) was available until after his death at Bad Ragatz, on 20 August 1854. His sons then issued four volumes of his Berlin lectures: vol. i. Introduction to the Philosophy of Mythology (1856); ii. Philosophy of Mythology (1857); iii. and iv. Philosophy of Revelation (1858).[25]
Periodization
Schelling, at all stages of his thought, called to his aid outward forms of some other system. Fichte, Spinoza,
- Transition from Fichte's philosophy to a more objective conception of nature (an advance to Naturphilosophie)
- Formulation of the identical, indifferent, absolute substratum of both nature and spirit (Identitätsphilosophie).
- Opposition of negative and positive philosophy, which was the theme of his Berlin lectures, though the concepts can be traced back to 1804.
Naturphilosophie
The function of Schelling's Naturphilosophie is to exhibit the ideal as springing from the real. The change which experience brings before us leads to the conception of duality, the polar opposition through which nature expresses itself. The dynamic series of stages in nature are matter as the equilibrium of the fundamental expansive and contractive forces, light (with its subordinate processes of magnetism, electricity, and chemical action) and organism (with its component phases of reproduction, irritability and sensibility).[37]
Schelling initially adopted the concept of self-organization as Kant had developed it in his Critique of Judgment for the reproduction of organisms. However, Schelling extended this concept by the aspect of the original emergence of life as well as the emergence of new species and genera. He intended it to be a comprehensive theory of natural history that bears similarities to modern theories of self-organization.[38]
Reputation and influence
Some scholars characterize Schelling as a protean thinker who, although brilliant, jumped from one subject to another and lacked the synthesizing power needed to arrive at a complete philosophical system. Others challenge the notion that Schelling's thought is marked by profound breaks, instead arguing that his philosophy always focused on a few common themes, especially human freedom, the absolute, and the relationship between spirit and nature. Unlike Hegel, Schelling did not believe that the absolute could be known in its true character through rational inquiry alone.
Schelling is still studied, although his reputation has varied over time. His work impressed the English romantic poet and critic
The Catholic Tübingen school, a group of Roman Catholic theologians at the University of Tübingen in the nineteenth century, was greatly influenced by Schelling and attempted to reconcile his philosophy of revelation with Catholic theology.[41]
Up to 1950, Schelling was almost a forgotten philosopher even in Germany. In the 1910s and 1920s, philosophers of neo-Kantianism and neo-Hegelianism, like
In the 1950s, the situation began to change. In 1954, the centennial of his death, an international conference on Schelling was held. Several philosophers, including Karl Jaspers, gave presentations about the uniqueness and relevance of his thought, the interest shifting toward his later work on the origin of existence. Schelling was the subject of Jürgen Habermas's 1954 dissertation.[42]
In 1955, Jaspers published Schelling, representing him as a forerunner of the
In the 1970s, nature was again of interest to philosophers in relation to environmental issues. Schelling's philosophy of nature, particularly his intention to construct a program which covers both nature and the intellectual life in a single system and method, and restore nature as a central theme of philosophy, has been reevaluated in the contemporary context. His influence and relation to the German art scene, particularly to Romantic literature and visual art, has been an interest since the late 1960s, from Philipp Otto Runge to Gerhard Richter and Joseph Beuys. This interest has been revived in recent years through the work of the environmental philosopher Arran Gare who has identified a tradition of Schellingian science overcoming the opposition between science and the humanities, and offering the basis for an understanding of ecological science and ecological philosophy.[44]
In relation to psychology, Schelling was considered to have coined the term "unconsciousness". Slavoj Žižek has written two books attempting to integrate Schelling's philosophy, mainly his middle period works including Weltalter, with work of Jacques Lacan.[45][46] The opposition and division in God and the problem of evil in God examined by the later Schelling influenced Luigi Pareyson's thought.[47][48][49]
Quotations
- "Nature is visible spirit, spirit is invisible nature." ["Natur ist hiernach der sichtbare Geist, Geist die unsichtbare Natur"] (Ideen, "Introduction")
- "History as a whole is a progressive, gradually self-disclosing revelation of the Absolute." (System of Transcendental Idealism, 1800)
- "Now if the appearance of freedom is necessarily infinite, the total evolution of the Absolute is also an infinite process, and history itself a never wholly completed revelation of that Absolute which, for the sake of consciousness, and thus merely for the sake of appearance, separates itself into conscious and unconscious, the free and the intuitant; but which itself, however, in the inaccessible light wherein it dwells, is Eternal Identity and the everlasting ground of harmony between the two." (System of Transcendental Idealism, 1800)
- "Has creation a final goal? And if so, why was it not reached at once? Why was the consummation not realized from the beginning? To these questions there is but one answer: Because God is Life, and not merely Being." (Philosophical Inquiries into the Nature of Human Freedom, 1809)
- "Only he who has tasted freedom can feel the desire to make over everything in its image, to spread it throughout the whole universe." (Philosophical Inquiries into the Nature of Human Freedom, 1809)
- "As there is nothing before or outside of God he must contain within himself the ground of his existence. All philosophies say this, but they speak of this ground as a mere concept without making it something real and actual." (Philosophical Inquiries into the Nature of Human Freedom, 1809)
- "[The Godhead] is not divine nature or substance, but the devouring ferocity of purity that a person is able to approach only with an equal purity. Since all Being goes up in it as if in flames, it is necessarily unapproachable to anyone still embroiled in Being." (The Ages of the World, c. 1815)
- "God then has no beginning only insofar as there is no beginning of his beginning. The beginning in God is eternal beginning, that is, such a one as was beginning from all eternity, and still is, and also never ceases to be beginning." (Quoted in Hartshorne & Reese, Philosophers Speak of God, Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1953, p. 237.)
Bibliography
Selected works are listed below.[50]
- Ueber Mythen, historische Sagen und Philosopheme der ältesten Welt (On Myths, Historical Legends and Philosophical Themes of Earliest Antiquity, 1793)[14]
- Ueber die Möglichkeit einer Form der Philosophie überhaupt (On the Possibility of an Absolute Form of Philosophy, 1794),[32]
- Vom Ich als Prinzip der Philosophie oder über das Unbedingte im menschlichen Wissen (Of the I as the Principle of Philosophy or on the Unconditional in Human Knowledge, 1795), and
- Philosophische Briefe über Dogmatismus und Kriticismus (Philosophical Letters on Dogmatism and Criticism, 1795).[25]
- 1, 2, 3 in The Unconditional in Human Knowledge: Four Early Essays 1794–6, translation and commentary by F. Marti, Lewisburg: Bucknell University Press (1980).
- De Marcione Paulinarum epistolarum emendatore (1795).[51]
- Abhandlung zur Erläuterung des Idealismus der Wissenschaftslehre (1796).[52] Translated as Treatise Explicatory of the Idealism in the 'Science of Knowledge' in Thomas Pfau, Idealism and the Endgame of Theory, Albany: SUNY Press (1994).
- Ideen zu einer Philosophie der Natur als Einleitung in das Studium dieser Wissenschaft (1797) as Ideas for a Philosophy of Nature: as Introduction to the Study of this Science, translated by E. E. Harris and P. Heath, introduction R. Stern, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (1988).
- Von der Weltseele (1798).
- System des transcendentalen Idealismus (1800) as System of Transcendental Idealism, translated by P. Heath, introduction M. Vater, Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia (1978).
- Ueber den wahren Begriff der Naturphilosophie und die richtige Art ihre Probleme aufzulösen (1801).
- "Darstellung des Systems meiner Philosophie" (1801), also known as "Darstellung meines Systems der Philosophie", as "Presentation of My System of Philosophy," translated by M. Vater, The Philosophical Forum, 32(4), Winter 2001, pp. 339–371.
- Bruno oder über das göttliche und natürliche Prinzip der Dinge (1802) as Bruno, or on the Natural and the Divine Principle of Things, translated with an introduction by M. Vater, Albany: State University of New York Press (1984).
- On the Relationship of the Philosophy of Nature to Philosophy in General (1802). Translated by George di Giovanni and H.S. Harris in Between Kant and Hegel, Albany: SUNY Press (1985).
- Philosophie der Kunst (lecture) (delivered 1802–3; published 1859) as The Philosophy of Art (1989) Minnesota: Minnesota University Press.
- Vorlesungen über die Methode des akademischen Studiums (delivered 1802; published 1803) as On University Studies, translated E. S. Morgan, edited N. Guterman, Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press (1966).
- Ideas on a Philosophy of Nature as an Introduction to the Study of This Science (Second edition, 1803). Translated by Priscilla Hayden-Roy in Philosophy of German Idealism, New York: Continuum (1987).
- System der gesamten Philosophie und der Naturphilosophie insbesondere (Nachlass) (1804). Translated as System of Philosophy in General and of the Philosophy of Nature in Particular in Thomas Pfau, Idealism and the Endgame of Theory, Albany: SUNY Press (1994).
- Philosophische Untersuchungen über das Wesen der menschlichen Freiheit und die damit zusammenhängenden Gegenstände (1809) as Of Human Freedom, a translation with critical introduction and notes by J. Gutmann, Chicago: Open Court (1936); also as Philosophical Investigations into the Essence of Human Freedom, trans. Jeff Love and Johannes Schmidt, SUNY Press (2006).
- Clara. Oder über den Zusammenhang der Natur- mit der Geisterwelt (Nachlass) (1810) as Clara: or on Nature's Connection to the Spirit World trans. Fiona Steinkamp, Albany: State University of New York Press, 2002.
- Stuttgart Seminars (1810), translated by Thomas Pfau in Idealism and the Endgame of Theory, Albany: SUNY Press (1994).
- Weltalter (1811–15) as The Ages of the World, translated with introduction and notes by F. de W. Bolman, jr., New York: Columbia University Press (1967); also in The Abyss of Freedom/Ages of the World, trans. Judith Norman, with an essay by Slavoj Žižek, Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press (1997).
- "Ueber die Gottheiten von Samothrake" (1815) as Schelling's Treatise on 'The Deities of Samothrace', a translation and introduction by R. F. Brown, Missoula, Mont.: Scholars Press (1977).
- Darstellung des philosophischen Empirismus (Nachlass) (1830).
- Philosophie der Mythologie (lecture) (1842).
- Philosophie der Offenbarung (lecture) (1854).
- Zur Geschichte der neueren Philosophie (probably 1833–4) as On the History of Modern Philosophy, translation and introduction by A. Bowie, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (1994).
- Collected works in German
AA | Historisch-kritische Schelling-Ausgabe der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Edited by Hans Michael Baumgartner, Wilhelm G. Jacobs, Jörg Jantzen, Hermann Krings and Hermann Zeltner, Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt: Frommann-Holzboog, 1976 ff. |
SW | Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Schellings sämmtliche Werke. Edited by K. F. A. Schelling. 1st division (Abteilung): 10 vols. (= I–X); 2nd division: 4 vols. (= XI–XIV), Stuttgart/Augsburg 1856–1861. The original edition in new arrangement edited by M. Schröter, 6 main volumes (Hauptbände), 6 supplementary volumes (Ergänzungsbände), Munich, 1927 ff., 2nd edition 1958 ff. |
See also
- History of aesthetics before the 20th century
- Nondualism
- Perennial philosophy
Notes
- ^ Nectarios G. Limnatis, German Idealism and the Problem of Knowledge: Kant, Fichte, Schelling, and Hegel, Springer, 2008, pp. 166, 177.
- Frederick Beiser, German Idealism: The Struggle Against Subjectivism, 1781–1801, Harvard University Press, 2002, p. 470.
- Frederick Beiser, German Idealism: The Struggle Against Subjectivism, 1781–1801, Harvard University Press, 2002, p. 483.
- ^ Joel Harter, Coleridge's Philosophy of Faith: Symbol, Allegory, and Hermeneutics, Mohr Siebeck, 2011, p. 91.
- ^ The term absoluter Idealismus occurs for the first time in 1802. See Ueber das Verhältniß der Naturphilosophie zur Philosophie überhaupt or Vorlesungen über die Methode des academischen Studiums.
- ^ Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, Ideen zu einer Philosophie der Natur als Einleitung in das Studium dieser Wissenschaft (1797): Second Book, ch. 7: "Philosophie der Chemie überhaupt".
- ^ Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling by Saitya Brata Das in Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2011.
- ^ "Friedrich – Französisch-Übersetzung – Langenscheidt Deutsch-Französisch Wörterbuch" (in German and French). Langenscheidt. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
- ^ "Wilhelm – Französisch-Übersetzung – Langenscheidt Deutsch-Französisch Wörterbuch" (in German and French). Langenscheidt. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
- ^ "Joseph – Französisch-Übersetzung – Langenscheidt Deutsch-Französisch Wörterbuch" (in German and French). Langenscheidt. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
- ISBN 978-1-4058-8118-0.
- ^ Bowie, Andrew (19 July 2012). "Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
- ISBN 978-0-231-10129-5.
- ^ a b c Adamson & Mitchell 1911, p. 316.
- ^ John Morley (ed.), The Fortnightly Review, Voll. 10, 12, London: Chapman & Hall, 1870, p. 500.
- ISBN 978-1-139-82495-8.
- ^ History of Philosophy: From Thales to the Present Time, Volume 2, C. Scribner's Sons, 1874, p. 214.
- ^ The thesis is available online at the Munich Digitization Center.
- ^ Adamson & Mitchell 1911, p. 316–318.
- ^ Hüttner, Jörg; Walter, Martin (2021). "'What, at the End, is the Real in our Ideas?' A Discourse between Schelling and Obereit. (= 'Was ist am Ende das Reale in unsern Vorstellungen?' Ein Diskurs zwischen Schelling und Obereit.)". Schelling-Studien. 8: 3–25.
- ^ Robert J. Richards, The Romantic Conception of Life: Science and Philosophy in the Age of Goethe (2002), p. 149.
- ^ Richards, p. 171 note 141.
- ISBN 978-0-7546-3542-0.
- ^ Konzett, Matthias. Encyclopedia of German literature. Routledge, 2015. p. 852.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Adamson & Mitchell 1911, p. 317.
- ^ See On the Concept of Irony with Continual Reference to Socrates by Søren Kierkegaard, 1841.
- ^ Lara Ostaric, Interpreting Schelling: Critical Essays, Cambridge University Press, 2014, p. 218.
- ^ "Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling – Biography" at egs.edu.
- ^ Nicolaas A. Rupke, Alexander von Humboldt: A Metabiography, University of Chicago Press, p. 116.
- ^ “The Life of Philip Schaff, in Part Autobiographical” by David Schaff.
- ISBN 978-0-8050-8025-4), pp. 45–46.
- ^ a b Adamson & Mitchell 1911, p. 319.
- ISBN 978-0-271-04386-9.
- ^ Kai Hammermeister, The German Aesthetic Tradition, Cambridge University Press, 2002, p. 76.
- ISBN 978-0-7546-6118-4), p. 119.
- ISBN 978-1-57958-422-1), pp. 1001–02.
- ^ "The briefest and best account in Schelling himself of Naturphilosophie is that contained in the Einleitung zu dem Ersten Entwurf (S.W. iii.). A full and lucid statement of Naturphilosophie is that given by K. Fischer in his Gesch. d. n. Phil., vi. 433–692" (Adamson & Mitchell 1911, p. 318).
- ^ It was the philosopher Marie-Luise Heuser-Keßler who elaborated these parallels and later became assistant to one of the founders of physical self-organization theories, Hermann Haken, at the University of Stuttgart. Nobel laureate Manfred Eigen wrote that Heuser-Keßler had "penetrated to the core of the physical problem of self-organization" (Marie-Luise Heuser/ Wilhelm G. Jacobs (Ed.): Schelling und die Selbstorganisation. Neue Forschungsperspektiven. Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1994, p. 234, ISBN 3-428-08066-1.). Andrew Bowie wrote in his book "Schelling and Modern European Philosophy“ (London/New York 1993) p. 34-5: „In her account of Schelling’s Naturphilosophie Marie-Luise Heuser-Kessler makes an important distinction between ‚self-organization‘ and ‚self-reproduction‘ (…).“ Or on p. 38: „Heuser-Kessler has made the implications of these thoughts particularly clear in relation to Prigogine’s (…).“
- ISBN 978-0-719-04011-5.
- ^ "Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 10 May 2017.
- ISBN 9780268016104.
- ^ Habermas, Jurgen (1954). Das Absolute und die Geschichte. Von der Zwiespältigkeit in Schellings Denken (in German). Gummersbach.
- ^ Paul Tillich, A History of Christian Thought 438 Simon and Schuster, 1972.
- PMID 23562477.
- ISBN 978-1-859-84094-8.
- ISBN 978-0-262-51268-8.
- ISBN 978-1-317-54681-8.
- ISBN 978-1-402-02490-0.
- ISBN 978-0-791-47135-7.
- ^ For a more complete listing, see Stanford bibliography.
- ISBN 978-90-6203-202-0.
- ^ Adamson & Mitchell 1911, p. 317 fn. 1.
References
- public domain: Adamson, Robert; Mitchell, John Malcolm (1911). "Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). pp. 316–319. This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
Further reading
- Bowie, Andrew (1993). Schelling and Modern European Philosophy: an Introduction. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415756-35-8.
- Ffytche, Matt. The foundation of the unconscious: Schelling, Freud and the birth of the modern psyche (Cambridge University Press, 2011).
- Gare, Arran (2011). "From Kant to Schelling and Process Metaphysics". Cosmos and History: The Journal of Natural and Social Philosophy. 7 (2): 26–69.
- Fenichel, Teresa. Schelling, Freud, and the Philosophical Foundations of Psychoanalysis: Uncanny Belonging (Routledge, 2018).
- Gentile, Andrea (2018), Bewusstsein, Anschauung und das Unendliche bei Fichte, Schelling und Hegel. Über den unbedingten Grundsatz der Erkenntnis, Freiburg, München: Verlag Karl Alber, ISBN 978-3-495-48911-6
- Golan, Zev (2007), God, Man and Nietzsche, NY: iUniverse. (The second chapter, listed as "A dialogue between Schelling, Luria and Maimonides", examines the similarities between Schelling's texts and the Kabbalah; it also offers a religious interpretation of Schelling's identity philosophy.)
- Grant, Iain Hamilton (2008). Philosophies of Nature after Schelling. New York: Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1-847064-32-5.
- Hendrix, John Shannon (2005). Aesthetics & the Philosophy of Spirit: From Plotinus to Schelling and Hegel. New York: Peter Lang. ISBN 978-0-820476-32-2.
- Heuser-Keßler, Marie-Luise (1992), Schelling’s Concept of Selforganization. In: R. Friedrich, A. Wunderlin (Ed.): Evolution of dynamical structures in complex systems. Springer Proceedings in Physics, Berlin/Heidelberg/New York (Springer), 395–415, https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-84781-3_21.
- Heuser-Keßler, Marie-Luise (1986), Die Produktivität der Natur. Schellings Naturphilosophie und das neue Paradigma der Selbstorganisation in den Naturwissenschaften, Berlin: Duncker&Humblot, ISBN 3-428-06079-2.
- Le, Vincent. "Schelling and The Sixth Extinction: The Environmental Ethics Behind Schelling’s Anthropomorphization of Nature." Cosmos and History: The Journal of Natural and Social Philosophy 13.3 (2017): 107-129. online
- Pahman, Dylan. "FWJ Schelling: A philosophical influence on Kuyper’s social thought." Kuyper Center Review 5 (2015): 26-43. online[dead link]
- Stone, Alison. Nature, Ethics and Gender in German Romanticism and Idealism (Rowman & Littlefield, 2018).
- Tilliette, Xavier (1970), Schelling: une philosophie en devenir, two volumes, Paris: Vrin. (Encyclopedic historical account of the development of Schelling's work: stronger on general exposition and on theology than on Schelling's philosophical arguments.)
- Tilliette, Xavier (1999), Schelling, biographie, Calmann-Lévy, collection "La vie des philosophes".
- Yates, Christopher. The Poetic Imagination in Heidegger and Schelling (A&C Black, 2013).
- Wirth, Jason M. (2005). Schelling Now: Contemporary Readings. Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253217-00-4.
- Wirth, Jason (2015). Schelling's Practice of the Wild. New York: SUNY. ISBN 978-1-4384-5679-9.
- ISBN 978-1-859849-59-0.
External links
- Works by or about Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling at Internet Archive
- Works by Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
- Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling, 1807 On the Relation of the Plastic Arts to Nature. New York: German Publication Society. Retrieved 24 September 2010. (c. 1913–1914)
- Martin Arndt (1995). "Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm (von) Joseph". In Bautz, Traugott (ed.). Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL) (in German). Vol. 9. Herzberg: Bautz. cols. 104–138. ISBN 3-88309-058-1.
- Friedrich Jodl (1890). "Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von". Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (in German). Vol. 31. Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot. pp. 6–27.
- Watson, John, 1847–1939, 1882 Schelling's Transcendental Idealism. Chicago, S. C. Griggs and company. 1882. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
- Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling by Saitya Brata Das in Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2011
- Links to texts
- Copleston, Frederick Charles (2003). 18th and 19th Century German Philosophy. A&C Black. p. 138. ISBN 978-0-8264-6901-4.
- Böhme, Traugott (1920). Encyclopedia Americana. .
- Schelling's partial translations of Dante's Divine Comedy and two essays about it at academia.edu