Friesland (province)
Friesland
Fryslân ( Dutch Low Saxon) Frisia | |
---|---|
Roman Catholic 6.6% Other 6.5%[4] | |
HDI (2018) | 0.905[5] very high · 10th |
Website | www |
Friesland (/ˈfriːzlənd/, Dutch: [ˈfrislɑnt] ⓘ; official West Frisian: Fryslân [ˈfrislɔ̃ːn] ⓘ), historically and traditionally known as Frisia, named after the Frisians, is a province of the Netherlands located in the country's northern part. It is situated west of Groningen, northwest of Drenthe and Overijssel, north of Flevoland, northeast of North Holland, and south of the Wadden Sea. As of January 2023, the province had a population of about 660,000,[6] and a total area of 5,753 km2 (2,221 sq mi).
The province is divided into 18 municipalities. The
Toponymy
In 1996, the
The province of Friesland is occasionally referred to as "Frisia" by, amongst others, Hanno Brand, head of the history and literature department at the Fryske Akademy since 2009.[10] However, the English-language webpage of the Friesland Provincial Council refers to the province as "Fryslân".[11]
History
Prehistory
The Frisii were among the migrating Germanic tribes that, following the breakup of Celtic Europe in the 4th century BC, settled along the North Sea. They came to control the area from roughly present-day Bremen to Bruges, and conquered many of the smaller offshore islands. What little is known of the Frisii is provided by a few Roman accounts, most of them military. Pliny the Elder said their lands were forest-covered with tall trees growing up to the edge of the lakes.[12] They lived by agriculture[13] and raising cattle.[14]
In his Germania, Tacitus described all the Germanic peoples of the region as having elected kings with limited powers and influential military leaders who led by example rather than by authority. The people lived in spread-out settlements.[15] He specifically noted the weakness of Germanic political hierarchies in reference to the Frisii, when he mentioned the names of two kings of the 1st century Frisii and added that they were kings "as far as the Germans are under kings".[16]
In the 1st century BC, the Frisii halted a Roman advance and thus managed to maintain their independence.
Early Middle Ages
The area lay empty for one or two centuries, when changing environmental and political conditions made the region habitable again. At that time, during the Migration Period, "new"
Under the rule of King
Frisian freedom
When, around 800, the
After significant territories were lost to Holland in the Friso-Hollandic Wars, Frisia saw an economic downturn in the mid-14th century. Accompanied by a decline in monasteries and other communal institutions, social discord led to the emergence of untitled nobles called haadlingen ("headmen"), wealthy landowners possessing large tracts of land and fortified homes[27] who took over the role of the judiciary as well as offering protection to their local inhabitants. Internal struggles between regional leaders resulted in bloody conflicts and the alignment of regions along two opposing parties: the Fetkeapers and Skieringers. On 21 March 1498,[28] a small group of Skieringers from Westergo secretly met with Albert III, Duke of Saxony, the Governor of the Habsburg Netherlands, in Medemblik requesting his help.[29] Albrecht, who had gained a reputation as a formidable military commander, accepted and soon conquered all Friesland. Emperor Maximilian of Habsburg appointed Albrecht hereditary potestate and gubernator of Friesland in 1499.[30]
In 1515, an army of haadlingen and peasants, with the help of mercenaries known as the
Modern times
In 1577, George de Lalaing, Count of Rennenberg was appointed Stadtholder of Frisia and other provinces. A moderate, trusted by both sides, he tried to reconcile the rebels with the Crown. But in 1580, Rennenburg declared for Spain. The States of Frisia raised troops and took his strongholds of Leeuwarden, Harlingen and Stavoren. Rennenburg was deposed and Frisia became the fifth Lordship to join the rebels' Union of Utrecht. From 1580 onward, all stadtholders were members of the House of Orange-Nassau. With the Peace of Münster in 1648, Frisia became a full member of the independent Dutch Republic, a federation of provincies. In economic and therefore also political importance, Friesland was next in rank to the provinces of Holland and Zeeland.
In 1798, three years after the Batavian Revolution, the provincial lordship of Frisia was abolished and its territory was divided between the Eems and Oude IJssel departments. This was short-lived, however, as Frisia was revived as a department in 1802. When the Netherlands were annexed by the First French Empire in 1810, the department was in French renamed Frise. After Napoleon was defeated in 1813 and a new constitution was introduced in 1814, Friesland became a province of the Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands, then of the unitary Kingdom of the Netherlands a year later.
Geography
Friesland is situated at 53°8′N 5°49′E / 53.133°N 5.817°E in the northwest of the Netherlands, west of the province of Groningen, northwest of Drenthe and Overijssel, north of Flevoland, northeast of the IJsselmeer and North Holland, and south of the North Sea. It is the largest province of the Netherlands if one includes areas of water; in terms of land area only, it is the third-largest province.
Most of Friesland is on the mainland, but it also includes a number of West Frisian Islands, including Vlieland, Terschelling, Ameland and Schiermonnikoog, which are connected to the mainland by ferry. The province's highest point is a dune at 45 metres (148 ft) above sea level, on the island of Vlieland.
There are four national parks of the Netherlands located in Friesland: Schiermonnikoog, De Alde Feanen, Lauwersmeer (partially in Groningen), and Drents-Friese Wold (also partially situated in Drenthe).
Urban areas
The ten urban areas in Friesland with the largest population are:[33]
Dutch name | Frisian name | Population |
---|---|---|
Leeuwarden | Ljouwert | 92,235 |
Drachten | Drachten | 45,080 |
Sneek | Snits | 33,960 |
Heerenveen | It Hearrenfean | 30,567 |
Harlingen
|
Harns | 14,660 |
Joure | De Jouwer | 13,070 |
Wolvega | Wolvegea | 12,830 |
Franeker | Frjentsjer | 12,810 |
Dokkum | Dokkum | 12,575 |
Lemmer | De Lemmer | 10,315 |
Municipalities
The province is divided into 18
Municipality | Population[34] | Total area[35] | Population density[34][35] | COROP | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
km2 | sq mi | /km2 | /sq mi | |||
Achtkarspelen | 27,900 | 103.98 | 40.15 | 273 | 710 | North Friesland |
Ameland | 3,746 | 268.50 | 103.67 | 63 | 160 | North Friesland |
Dantumadiel | 18,943 | 87.53 | 33.80 | 224 | 580 | North Friesland |
De Fryske Marren | 51,778 | 559.93 | 216.19 | 147 | 380 | South West Friesland |
Harlingen
|
15,807 | 387.67 | 149.68 | 633 | 1,640 | North Friesland |
Heerenveen | 50,650 | 198.17 | 76.51 | 266 | 690 | South East Friesland |
Leeuwarden | 124,481 | 255.62 | 98.70 | 522 | 1,350 | North Friesland |
Noardeast-Fryslân | 45,481 | 516.45 | 199.40 | 120 | 310 | North Friesland |
Ooststellingwerf | 25,464 | 226.11 | 87.30 | 114 | 300 | South East Friesland |
Opsterland | 29,812 | 227.64 | 87.89 | 133 | 340 | South East Friesland |
Schiermonnikoog | 931 | 199.07 | 76.86 | 23 | 60 | North Friesland |
Smallingerland | 56,040 | 126.17 | 48.71 | 478 | 1,240 | South East Friesland |
Súdwest-Fryslân | 89,999 | 907.87 | 350.53 | 172 | 450 | South West Friesland |
Terschelling | 4,870 | 673.99 | 260.23 | 57 | 150 | North Friesland |
Tytsjerksteradiel | 32,060 | 161.41 | 62.32 | 215 | 560 | North Friesland |
Vlieland | 1,194 | 315.80 | 121.93 | 30 | 78 | North Friesland |
Waadhoeke | 46,149 | 315.26 | 121.72 | 162 | 420 | North Friesland |
Weststellingwerf | 26,130 | 228.45 | 88.21 | 119 | 310 | South East Friesland |
Climate
The province of Friesland, like the rest of the Netherlands, has an oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb).
Climate data for Leeuwarden | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 12.6 (54.7) |
14.4 (57.9) |
20.4 (68.7) |
26.0 (78.8) |
28.7 (83.7) |
32.5 (90.5) |
31.4 (88.5) |
32.8 (91.0) |
29.1 (84.4) |
23.8 (74.8) |
16.4 (61.5) |
14.2 (57.6) |
32.8 (91.0) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 4.9 (40.8) |
5.4 (41.7) |
8.6 (47.5) |
12.4 (54.3) |
16.2 (61.2) |
18.5 (65.3) |
21.0 (69.8) |
21.1 (70.0) |
18.0 (64.4) |
13.7 (56.7) |
9.0 (48.2) |
5.6 (42.1) |
12.9 (55.2) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 2.7 (36.9) |
2.7 (36.9) |
5.3 (41.5) |
8.2 (46.8) |
12.0 (53.6) |
14.6 (58.3) |
17.0 (62.6) |
16.9 (62.4) |
14.2 (57.6) |
10.5 (50.9) |
6.5 (43.7) |
3.3 (37.9) |
9.5 (49.1) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 0.1 (32.2) |
−0.2 (31.6) |
1.9 (35.4) |
3.8 (38.8) |
7.4 (45.3) |
10.2 (50.4) |
12.6 (54.7) |
12.5 (54.5) |
10.2 (50.4) |
7.1 (44.8) |
3.6 (38.5) |
0.6 (33.1) |
5.8 (42.4) |
Record low °C (°F) | −19.9 (−3.8) |
−16.3 (2.7) |
−16.3 (2.7) |
−5.9 (21.4) |
−1.7 (28.9) |
1.3 (34.3) |
5.7 (42.3) |
5.4 (41.7) |
2.0 (35.6) |
−6.0 (21.2) |
−14.2 (6.4) |
−19.2 (−2.6) |
−19.9 (−3.8) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 68.9 (2.71) |
51.1 (2.01) |
58.1 (2.29) |
38.2 (1.50) |
57.3 (2.26) |
68.2 (2.69) |
74.5 (2.93) |
82.7 (3.26) |
84.3 (3.32) |
81.4 (3.20) |
82.1 (3.23) |
73.0 (2.87) |
819.8 (32.28) |
Source: Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute[36][37] |
Demography
In 2023, Friesland had a population of 659,551 and a population density of 197/km2 (510/sq mi).
The years 1880–1900 show slower population growth due to a farm crisis during which some 20,000 Frisians emigrated to the United States.[38]
|
|
Anthropometry
Since the late Middle Ages, Friesland has been renowned for the exceptional height of its inhabitants.[41] Even early Renaissance poet Dante Alighieri refers to the height of Frisians in his Divine Comedy when, in the canticle about Hell, he talks about the magnitude of an infernal demon by stating that "not even three tall Frieslanders, were they set one upon the other, would have matched his height".[42]
Religion
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Economy
Friesland is mainly an agricultural province. The black and white
The Gross domestic product (GDP) of the region was 19.8 billion € in 2018, accounting for 2.6% of the Netherlands economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 26,700 € or 89% of the EU27 average in the same year.[44]
Culture
Languages
Friesland is one of the twelve provinces of the Netherlands to have its national language that is recognized as such,
The
West Frisian is also spoken in a small adjacent part of the province of
In
In the former municipality of
The language policy in Friesland is preservation. West Frisian is a mandatory subject in Friesland in primary and secondary schools of the Frisian speaking districts. Bilingual (Dutch–Frisian) and trilingual (Dutch–English–Frisian) schools in the province of Friesland use West Frisian as a language of instruction in some lessons, besides Dutch in most other lessons and alongside them English. Literacy in Frisian however, is not often a core aim and that makes the number of Frisians speakers able to write in Frisian only 12%.[48]
The provincial government takes various initiatives to preserve the West Frisian language. All parents in Friesland receive, at their children's birth, information about language and multilingualism (e.g. 'taaltaske'[clarification needed]). To support the use of Frisian in public and at public events, the province also invests in the development of speech pathology materials and strives to create information technology devices for the West Frisian language. The Frisian government subsidizes the Afûk organization, which offers language courses and actively promotes Frisian in all sectors of society as well as the corporate domain which as a rule is dominated by Dutch and English.[49] The province also promotes a wide range of art and entertainment in Frisian.[50]
Sports
The province is famous for its
There are currently two professional football clubs playing in Friesland: SC Cambuur from Leeuwarden (home stadium Cambuur Stadion) active in de keuken kampioen divisie(2nd div.) and SC Heerenveen (home stadium Abe Lenstra Stadion) active in de Eredivisie(1st div.).
Politics
The
Party | Votes | Seats | |
---|---|---|---|
Christian Democratic Appeal | 49.704 | 8 | |
Forum for Democracy | 40.055 | 6 | |
Labour Party | 39.976 | 6 | |
People's Party for Freedom and Democracy | 28.073 | 4 | |
Frisian National Party | 23.662 | 4 | |
GreenLeft
|
22.935 | 3 | |
ChristianUnion
|
19.673 | 3 | |
Party for Freedom | 17.287 | 3 | |
Socialist Party | 15.426 | 2 | |
Democrats 66 | 12.284 | 2 | |
Party for the Animals | 9.618 | 1 | |
50PLUS | 7.595 | 1 | |
Total | 298.241 | 43 |
Transport
The four motorways in the province are A6, A7 (E22), A31, and A32.[54]
The main railway station of Friesland is Leeuwarden, which connects the railways Arnhem–Leeuwarden, Harlingen–Nieuweschans, and Leeuwarden–Stavoren which are all (partially) located in the province.
Route | Railway stations in Friesland |
---|---|
Arnhem–Leeuwarden | Overijssel – Wolvega – Heerenveen IJsstadion – Heerenveen – Akkrum – Grou-Jirnsum – Leeuwarden |
Harlingen–Nieuweschans | Harlingen Haven – Harlingen – Franeker – Dronryp – Deinum – Leeuwarden – Leeuwarden Camminghaburen – Hurdegaryp – Feanwâlden – De Westereen – Buitenpost – Groningen |
Leeuwarden–Stavoren | Leeuwarden – Mantgum – Sneek Noord – Sneek – IJlst – Workum – Hindeloopen – Koudum-Molkwerum – Stavoren |
Ameland Airport near Ballum[55] and Drachten Airfield near Drachten[56] are the two small general aviation airports in the province. The Royal Netherlands Air Force uses Vlieland Heliport and the Leeuwarden Air Base.
See also
- Frisian Lakes – consists of 24 lakes in central and southwest Friesland
Literature
- Helma Erkelens, Taal fen it hert. Language of the Heart. About Frisian Language and Culture, Province of Fryslân, Leeuwarden 2004
- John Hines & Nelleke IJssennagger (eds.), Frisians and their North Sea Neighbours: From the Fifth Century to the Viking Age, Boydell & Brewer, Woodbridge/Rochester 2017
- Goffe Jensma, 'Minorities and Kinships. The Case of Ethnolinguistic Nationalism in Friesland’, in: P. Broomans et al. (eds.), The Beloved Mothertongue. Ethnolinguistic Nationalism in Small Nations: Inventories and Reflections, Peeters, Louvain-Paris-Dudley 2008, p. 63-78
- Horst Haider Munske (ed.), Handbuch des Friesischen / Handbook of Frisian Studies, Max Niemeyer, Tübingen 2001
- Oebele Vries, 'Frisonica libertas: Frisian Freedom as an Instance of Medieval Liberty', in: Journal of Medieval History 41 (2015), nr. 2, p. 229-248
Media
Friesch Dagblad[57] and Leeuwarder Courant[58] are daily newspapers mainly written in Dutch. Omrop Fryslân is the public broadcaster with radio and TV programs mainly in Frisian.[59]
Notes
References
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- ^ "CBS Statline". Archived from the original on 3 August 2017. Retrieved 10 January 2020.
- ^ "Beslut fan Provinsjale Staeten van Friesland" [Resolution of the Provincial Council of Friesland]. Provinciaal Blad van Friesland (in Western Frisian) (7). 28 March 1996.
- ^ "Ook voor rijk heet Friesland Fryslân" [Friesland to be called Fryslân across the realm]. Leeuwarder Courant (in Dutch). 10 November 2004. Archived from the original on 22 September 2023. Retrieved 11 August 2012.
- ISBN 978-1-59884-302-6.
- ^ "provinsje Fryslan, provincie fryslan English". provinsje Fryslan/provincie fryslan. Retrieved 11 August 2012.[dead link]
- ^ Pliny the Elder & 79_3:340–341, Natural History, Bk XVI Ch 2: Wonders connected with trees in the northern regions.
- ^ Tacitus 117:253, The Annals, Bk XIII, Ch 54. Events of AD 54–58. This was confirmed by Tacitus when he said that in an incident where the Frisii had taken over land, they then settled into houses, sowed the fields, and cultivated the soil.
- ^ Tacitus 117:147–148, The Annals, Bk IV, Ch 72–74. Events of AD 15–16. Tacitus specifically refers to the herds of the Frisii.
- ^ Tacitus & 98:18–19, 23–24, 36–37, The Germany, Ch V, VII, XVI.
- ^ Tacitus 117:253, The Annals, Bk XIII, Ch 54. Events of AD 54–58.
- ISBN 9780313309847.
- ^ Grane, Thomas (2007), "From Gallienuso Probus - Three decades of turmoil and recovery", The Roman Empire and Southern Scandinavia–a Northern Connection! (PhD thesis), Copenhagen: University of Copenhagen, p. 109
- ISBN 90-6781-014-2, archived from the original(PDF) on 2 May 2005, retrieved 22 June 2017. Looijenga cites Gerrets' The Anglo-Frisian Relationship Seen from an Archaeological Point of View (1995) for this contention.
- ^ Bazelmans 2009:321–337, The case of the Frisians.
- ^ OCLC 746889526. Archived from the original(PDF) on 1 October 2013. Retrieved 22 June 2017.
- ^ JSTOR 2590857.
- from the original on 22 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2014.
- ^ "Geschiedenis van het volk der Friezen". boudicca.de (in Dutch). 2003. Archived from the original on 8 June 2009. Retrieved 22 January 2009.
- ISBN 9780595373918. Archivedfrom the original on 22 September 2023. Retrieved 17 October 2020.
- ^ Heinrich Schmidt: Politische Geschichte Ostfrieslands. 1975, p. 22 ff.
- ^ Medieval Germany: An Encyclopedia, John M. Deep, Pub. 2001, Germany.
- ^ Markus Meumann, Jörg Rogge (Hg.). Die besetzte "res publica". Zum Verhältnis von ziviler Obrigkeit und militärischer Herrschaft in besetzten Gebieten vom Spätmittelalter bis zum 18. Jahrhundert, Pg. 137. Papers from a conference held 20–21 Sept. 2001, at the Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg. By Markus Meumann, Jörg Rogge. Published 2006 LIT Verlag Berlin -Hamburg-Münster.
- ^ The New Encyclopædia Britannica, Published by Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 1993, p. 214.
- ^ The Dutch Republic in the Seventeenth Century: The Golden Age by Maarten Prak, Pub 2005
- ^ a b "Greate Pier fan Wûnseradiel" (in Western Frisian). Gemeente Wûnseradiel. Archived from the original on 7 September 2012. Retrieved 4 January 2008.
- ISBN 90-70010-13-5.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link - ^ CBS Statline 2018.
- ^ a b "Bevolkingsontwikkeling; regio per maand" [Population growth; regions per month]. CBS Statline (in Dutch). CBS. 1 January 2021. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
- ^ a b "Kerncijfers wijken en buurten 2020" [Key figures for neighbourhoods 2020]. StatLine (in Dutch). CBS. 24 July 2020. Retrieved 19 September 2020.
- ^ (in Dutch) Leeuwarden extremen tijdvak 1971 t/m 2000, Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute. Retrieved on 26 April 2014.
- ^ (in Dutch) Leeuwarden, langjarige gemiddelden, tijdvak 1981–2010 Archived 26 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine, Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute. Retrieved on 26 April 2014.
- ^ (in Dutch) Emigration to the United States Archived 12 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ (in Dutch) Overzicht aantal inwoners Provincie Friesland 1714–2000, Tresoar.
- ^ (in Dutch) Bevolking; geslacht, leeftijd, burgerlijke staat en regio, 1 januari Archived 12 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Statistics Netherlands, 2014.
- )
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- ^ Helft Nederlanders is kerkelijk of religieus Archived 15 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine, CBS, 22 December 2016
- ^ "Regional GDP per capita ranged from 30% to 263% of the EU average in 2018". Eurostat. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020.
- ^ Bezooijen, Renée van; Gooskens, Charlotte (2005). "How easy is it for speakers of Dutch to understand Frisian and Afrikaans, and why?" (PDF). Linguistics in the Netherlands. 22: 18, 21, 22. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 October 2022. Retrieved 11 December 2022.
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- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Stellingwerfs". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ^ (Hilton, 2013)
- ^ (Afûk 2011)
- ^ Hilton, N. H., & Gooskens, C. (2013). Language policies and attitudes towards Frisian in the Netherlands. Phonetics in Europe: Perceptions and production, 139-157.
- ^ "De heer Arno Brok Archived 2017-03-07 at the Wayback Machine" (in Dutch), Province of Friesland. Retrieved 7 March 2017.
- ^ (in Dutch) Provinciale Staten 20 maart Fryslân Archived 2 May 2019 at the Wayback Machine, Retrieved on 9 Augustus 2019.
- ^ (in Dutch) Station Leeuwarden in Leeuwarden Archived 26 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine, Rijksmonumenten.nl. Retrieved on 26 April 2014.
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- ^ (in Dutch) Aanwijzingsbesluit Luchthaven Drachten Archived 28 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine, 2007. Retrieved on 27 April 2014.
- ^ (in Dutch) Missie Friesch Dagblad Archived 19 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine, Friesch Dagblad. Retrieved on 27 April 2014.
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Sources
- Bazelmans, Jos (2009), "The early-medieval use of ethnic names from classical antiquity: The case of the Frisians", in Derks, Ton; Roymans, Nico (eds.), Ethnic Constructs in Antiquity: The Role of Power and Tradition, Amsterdam: Amsterdam University, pp. 321, 337, ISBN 978-90-8964-078-9
- Pliny the Elder (1892) [79], Bostock, John; Riley, H. T. (eds.), The Natural History of Pliny, vol. III, George Bell and Sons
- Tacitus, Publius Cornelius (1897) [98], The Germany and the Agricola of Tacitus (revised translation, with notes), C. M. Barnes Company
- Tacitus, Publius Cornelius (117), Church, Alfred John; Brodribb, William Jackson (eds.), Annals of Tacitus (translated into English), London: MacMillan and Co. (published 1895)
External links
- Province of Fryslân, official government website
- Provincial Tourist Board
- Frisian Film Archive
- Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911. .