Finch
Finch | |
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Eurasian bullfinch (female above, male below) | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Aves |
Order: | Passeriformes |
Superfamily: | Passeroidea |
Family: | Fringillidae Leach, 1819 |
Type genus | |
Fringilla Linnaeus, 1758
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Subfamilies | |
The true finches are small to medium-sized
.Many birds in other families are also commonly called "finches". These groups include the
Finches and canaries were used in the UK, US and Canada in the coal mining industry to detect carbon monoxide from the eighteenth to twentieth century. This practice ceased in the UK in 1986.[2]
Systematics and taxonomy
The name Fringillidae for the finch
Limits of the genera and relationships among the species are less understood – and subject to more controversy – in the carduelines than in any other species of passerines, with the possible exception of the estrildines [waxbills].[6]
Beginning around 1990 a series of phylogenetic studies based on
Although
Finch phylogeny | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Cladogram based on the analysis by Zuccon and colleagues published in 2012, International Ornithological Committee.[8]
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Fossil record
Description
The smallest "classical" true finches are the
Distribution and habitat
The finches have a near-global distribution, being found across the Americas, Eurasia and Africa, as well as some island groups such as the Hawaiian islands. They are absent from Australasia, Antarctica, the Southern Pacific and the islands of the Indian Ocean, although some European species have been widely introduced in Australia and New Zealand.
Finches are typically inhabitants of well-wooded areas, but some can be found on mountains or even in deserts.
Behaviour
The finches are primarily
List of genera
The family Fringillidae contains 235 species divided into 50 genera and three subfamilies. The subfamily
Subfamily Fringillinae
Subfamily Carduelinae
- Mycerobas – 4 Palearctic grosbeaks
- Coccothraustes– 3 species
- Eophona – 2 oriental grosbeaks, the Chinese and the Japanese grosbeak
- Pinicola – pine grosbeak
- Pyrrhula – 8 bullfinch species
- Rhodopechys – 2 species, the Asian crimson-winged finch and the African crimson-winged finch
- Bucanetes – trumpeter and the Mongolian finch
- Agraphospiza – Blanford's rosefinch
- Callacanthis – spectacled finch
- Pyrrhoplectes – golden-naped finch
- Procarduelis – dark-breasted rosefinch
- Leucosticte– 6 species of mountain and rosy finches
- Palearcticrosefinch species
- Hawaiian honeycreeper group (tribe Drepanidini)
- Melamprosops – contains a single extinct species, the po'ouli
- kakawahie
- Oreomystis – akikiki
- Telespiza – 4 species, the Laysan finch, the Nihoa finch, and 2 prehistoric species
- Loxioides – 2 species, the palila and a prehistoric species
- Rhodacanthis – 2 recently extinct species, the lesser and the greater koa finch, and 2 prehistoric species
- Chloridops – extinct species, the Kona grosbeak
- Psittirostra – ou
- Dysmorodrepanis – extinct species, the Lanai hookbill
- iiwi
- Ula-ai-hawane, and 3 prehistoric species
- akohekohe
- apapane and the extinct Laysan honeycreeper
- Viridonia – single extinct species, the greater amakihi
- Akialoa – 4 recently extinct species, and 2 prehistoric species
- Hemignathus – 4 species, only one of which is extant
- Pseudonestor – Maui parrotbill
- Magumma– anianiau
- Loxops – 5 species, of which one is extinct
- Kauai amakihi
- Melamprosops – contains a single extinct species, the
- Haemorhous– 3 North America rosefinches
- Chloris– 6 greenfinches
- Rhodospiza – desert finch
- Rhynchostruthus– 3 golden-winged grosbeaks
- Linurgus – oriole finch
- Crithagra – 37 species of canaries, serins and siskins from Africa and the Arabian Peninsula
- Linaria – 4 species including the twite and three linnets
- Acanthis – 3 redpolls
- Loxia– 6 crossbills
- Chrysocorythus – 2 species
- Carduelis – 3 species including the European goldfinch
- Serinus – 8 species including the European serin
- Spinus – 20 species including the North American goldfinches and the Eurasian siskin
Subfamily Euphoniinae
- Euphonia – 27 species all with euphonia in their English name
- Chlorophonia – 5 species all with chlorophonia in their English name
Gallery
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Holarctic grosbeaks
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Cassin's finch (Haemorhous cassinii), an American rosefinch
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Pallas' rosefinch(Carpodacus roseus), a true rosefinch
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Hooded siskin (Spinus magellanicus)
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ʻIʻiwi (Drepanis coccinea), a Hawaiian honeycreeper
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Male violaceous euphonia (Euphonia violacea)
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European goldfinch (Carduelis carduelis)
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European greenfinch (Chloris chloris)
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Gran Canaria blue chaffinch (Fringilla polatzeki)
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Tenerife blue chaffinch (Fringilla teydea)
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Elegant euphonia (Chlorophonia elegantissima)
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Desert finch (Rhodospiza obsoleta)
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Pine grosbeak (Pinicola enucleator)
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Evening grosbeak (Hesperiphona vespertina)
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Yellow-breasted greenfinch (Chloris spinoides)
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Yellow canary (Crithagra flaviventris)
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Streaky seedeater (Crithagra striolata)
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Azores chaffinch (Fringilla coelebs moreletti)
See also
References
- ^ a b c Newton (1973), Clement et al. (1993)
- ^ Eschener, Kat (30 December 2016). "The Story of the Real Canary in the Coal Mine". Smithsonian. Retrieved 11 June 2018.
- ^ Leach, William Elford (1819). "Eleventh Room". Synopsis of the Contents of the British Museum (15th ed.). London: British Museum. pp. 63–68 [65]. Although the name of the author is not specified in the document, Leach was the Keeper of Zoology at the time.
- hdl:2246/830.
- ^ (PDF) from the original on 2015-06-10.
- ^ Paynter, Raymond A. Jnr., ed. (1968). Check-list of birds of the world, Volume 14. Vol. 14. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 207. Archived from the original on 2015-07-15.
- S2CID 86031929.
- ^ a b c d e Gill, Frank; Donsker, David (eds.). "Finches, euphonias". World Bird List Version 5.3. International Ornithologists' Union. Archived from the original on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
- S2CID 6241573.
- PMID 19027082.
- from the original on 2014-02-25.
- PMID 22018543.
- ^ "A consensus taxonomy for the Hawaiian honeycreepers » Malama Mauna Kea Library Catalog" (PDF). lsu.edu. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-09-19. Retrieved 2022-06-28.
- .
- ^ Hír et al. (2001), Mlíkovský (2002)
- S2CID 8771417. Archived from the originalon 2013-07-03. Retrieved 2013-03-07.
- ISBN 978-1-60741-844-3. Archived from the originalon 2012-09-02.
- ISBN 978-0691048789.
- ISBN 978-0-8493-4258-5.
Sources
- Clement, Peter; Harris, Alan & Davis, John (1993): Finches and Sparrows: an identification guide. ISBN 0-7136-8017-2
- Hír, János; Kókay, József; Venczel, Márton; Gál, Erika; Kessler, Eugén (2001). "Elõzetes beszámoló a felsõtárkányi "Güdör-kert" n. õslénytani lelõhelykomplex újravizsgálatáról [A preliminary report on the revised investigation of the paleontological locality-complex "Güdör-kert" at Felsõtárkány, Northern Hungary]". Folia Historico Naturalia Musei Matraensis (in Hungarian). 25: 41–64.
- Jønsson, Knud A.; Fjeldså, Jon (2006). "A phylogenetic supertree of oscine passerine birds (Aves: Passeri)". S2CID 85317440.
- Marten, Jill A.; Johnson, Ned K. (1986). "Genetic relationships of North American cardueline finches" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on 2014-02-22.
- Newton, Ian (1973): Finches (New Naturalist series). Taplinger Publishing. ISBN 0-8008-2720-1
External links
- Internet Bird Collection.com: Finch videos, photos, and sounds
- National Finch and Softbill Society website — organization promoting finch breeding.
- . . 1914.