Frits Zernike
Frits Zernike | |
---|---|
Born | Frederick Zernike 16 July 1888 |
Died | 10 March 1966 Amersfoort, Netherlands | (aged 77)
Nationality | Dutch |
Alma mater | University of Amsterdam |
Known for | Phase-contrast microscopy Zernike polynomials Ornstein–Zernike equation Van Cittert–Zernike theorem |
Spouse | Dora van Bommel van Vloten (1930-1945)
Lena Koperberg-Baanders (since 1954) Groningen University |
Frits Zernike (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈfrɪtˈsɛrnikə]; 16 July 1888 – 10 March 1966) was a Dutch physicist and winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1953 for his invention of the phase-contrast microscope.
Early life and education
Frederick "Frits" Zernike[3] was born on 16 July 1888 in Amsterdam, Netherlands to Carl Friedrich August Zernike and Antje Dieperink. Both parents were teachers of mathematics, and he especially shared his father's passion for physics. He studied chemistry (his major), mathematics and physics at the University of Amsterdam.
Academic career
In 1912, he was awarded a prize for his work on
In 1930, Zernike was conducting research into spectral lines when he discovered that the so-called ghost lines that occur to the left and right of each primary line in spectra created by means of a diffraction grating, have their phase shifted from that of the primary line by 90 degrees.[citation needed][5] It was at a Physical and Medical Congress in Wageningen in 1933, that Zernike first described his phase contrast technique in microscopy. He extended his method to test the figure of concave mirrors. His discovery lay at the base of the first phase contrast microscope, built during World War II.[citation needed]
He also made another contribution in the field of optics, relating to the efficient description of the imaging defects or
Zernike's work helped awaken interest in coherence theory, the study of partially coherent light sources. In 1938 he published a simpler derivation of Van Cittert's 1934 theorem on the coherence of radiation from distant sources, now known as the Van Cittert–Zernike theorem.[6][7]
Death
He died in hospital in Amersfoort in 1966 after suffering illness the last years of his life.[8] His granddaughter is journalist Kate Zernike.[9]
Honours and awards
In 1946, Zernike became member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.[10]
In 1953, Zernike won the
In 1954, Zernike became an Honorary Member of The Optical Society (OSA).[11] Zernike was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS).[1]
The university complex (Zernike Campus) to the north of the city of Groningen is named after him, as is the crater Zernike on the Moon and the minor planet 11779 Zernike.
Zernike's great-nephew Gerard 't Hooft won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1999.[12]
The Oz Enterprise, a Linux distribution, was named after Leonard Ornstein and Frederik Zernike.
See also
- Leonard Ornstein
- Coherence theory
- Fourier optics
- Live cell imaging
- Optical aberration
- Phase-contrast X-ray imaging
- Physical optics
References
- ^ S2CID 123209453.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1953".
- ISSN 0003-3804.
- ^ Frits Zernike 1888-1966
- ^ Zernicke, Frits (1935). "Das Phasenkontrastverfahren bei der mikroskopischen Beobachtung". Zeitschrift für technische Physik. 16: 454–457.
- .
- .
- ISBN 90-04-10006-7.
- ^ New York Times Weddings: Kate Zernike and Jonathan Schwartz" September 25, 2005
- ^ "Frederik (Frits) Zernike (1888–1966)". Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 17 July 2015.
- ^ "OSA Honorary Members".
- ^ Robert Goldwyn. "Gerardus 't Hooft Science Video Interview".
External links
- Media related to Frits Zernike at Wikimedia Commons
- Frits Zernike Photo
- Frits Zernike on Nobelprize.org including his Nobel Lecture, December 11, 1953 How I discovered phase contrast
- Extended Nijboer–Zernike theory
- Museum Boerhaave Negen Nederlandse Nobelprijswinnaars
- H. Brinkman, Zernike, Frits (1888–1966), in Biografisch Woordenboek van Nederland.
- Prominente Groningse hoogleraren Frits Zernike (1888–1966)
- Frits Zernike (1888–1966) biography at the National library of the Netherlands.
- The Ornstein-Zernike equation and integral equations
- Multilevel wavelet solver for the Ornstein-Zernike equation Abstract
- Analytical solution of the Ornstein-Zernike equation for a multicomponent fluid
- The Ornstein-Zernike equation in the canonical ensemble