Fritz Hollings
Fritz Hollings | |
---|---|
United States Senator from South Carolina | |
In office November 9, 1966 – January 3, 2005 | |
Preceded by | Donald Russell |
Succeeded by | Jim DeMint |
106th Governor of South Carolina | |
In office January 20, 1959 – January 15, 1963 | |
Lieutenant | Burnet R. Maybank Jr. |
Preceded by | George Timmerman |
Succeeded by | Donald Russell |
77th Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina | |
In office January 18, 1955 – January 20, 1959 | |
Governor | George Timmerman |
Preceded by | George Timmerman |
Succeeded by | Burnet Maybank |
Member of the South Carolina House of Representatives from Charleston County | |
In office 1949–1954 | |
Personal details | |
Born | Ernest Frederick Hollings January 1, 1922 Charleston, South Carolina, U.S. |
Died | April 6, 2019 Isle of Palms, South Carolina, U.S. | (aged 97)
Political party | Democratic |
Spouses |
|
Children | 4 |
Education | |
Awards | European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal |
Signature | |
Military service | |
Allegiance | United States |
Branch/service | United States Army |
Years of service | 1942–1945 |
Rank | Captain[1] |
Battles/wars | World War II |
Ernest Frederick "Fritz" Hollings (January 1, 1922 – April 6, 2019) was an American politician who served as a
Born in
Johnston died in 1965, and the following year Hollings won a special election to serve the remainder of Johnston's term. Hollings remained popular and continually won re-election, becoming
Early life
Hollings was born in Charleston, South Carolina, the son of Wilhelmine Dorothea Meyer (1888–1982) and Adolph Gevert Hollings, Sr. (1882–1940).[2][3] He was of German descent.[4] Hollings was raised at 338 President St. in the Hampton Park Terrace neighborhood from age 10 until he enrolled in college.[citation needed]
Education and personal life
Hollings graduated from
Hollings was married to Rita Liddy "Peatsy" Hollings from August 21, 1971, until her death in October 2012.
Hollings served as an officer in the
Political career
Hollings served three terms in the South Carolina House of Representatives from 1949 to 1954. In 1950, following the notorious lynching of Willie Earle, Hollings authored a law that mandated the death penalty for lynching. No lynchings occurred in South Carolina after that law was enacted. After only one term, Hollings's colleagues elected him Speaker Pro Tempore in 1951 and 1953.[16] He was subsequently elected Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina in 1954, and Governor in 1958 at the age of 36.[17]
Governor of South Carolina
As governor of South Carolina from January 20, 1959, to January 15, 1963, Hollings worked to improve the state's educational system, helping to bring more industry and employment opportunities to the state. His term in office saw the establishment of the state's technical education system and its educational television network. He also called for and achieved significant increases in teachers' salaries, bringing them closer to the regional average. At the 1961 Governor's Conference on Business, Industry, Education and Agriculture in Columbia, South Carolina, he declared, "Today, in our complex society, education is the cornerstone upon which economic development must be built – and prosperity assured."[18]
During Hollings's term as governor, the
Hollings did little to either support or oppose the civil right movement as governor, and instead took pride in the lack of civil rights violence that occurred in the state. In his last address to the General Assembly on January 9, 1963, ahead of the peaceful admission to Clemson University of its first black student, Harvey Gantt, Hollings declared: "As we meet, South Carolina is running out of courts ... this General Assembly must make clear South Carolina's choice, a government of laws rather than a government of men ... This should be done with dignity. It should be done with law and order."[23]
Hollings oversaw the last executions in South Carolina before the
He sought the Democratic nomination for a seat in the
United States Senator
Early Senate career
Johnston died on April 18, 1965. Hollings's successor as governor, Donald S. Russell, resigned in order to accept appointment to the Senate seat. In the summer of 1966, Hollings defeated Russell in the Democratic primary for the remaining two years of the term. He then narrowly won the special election on November 8, 1966, against the Democrat-turned-Republican Marshall Parker, and was sworn in shortly thereafter. He gained seniority on other newly elected U.S. senators who would have to wait until January 1967 to take the oath of office. In 1967, he was one of eleven senators who voted against the nomination of Thurgood Marshall to become the first black justice on the U.S. Supreme Court. The following year, Hollings won the Senate seat for his first full term when he again defeated Marshall Parker but in this instance by a much wider margin.
For over 36 years (from November 9, 1966, until January 3, 2003), he served alongside Democrat-turned-Republican Strom Thurmond, making them the longest-serving state delegation duo in U.S. Senate history to date. Thurmond and Hollings generally had a good relationship despite their sometimes sharp philosophical differences, and frequently collaborated on legislation and projects for South Carolina. Hollings was also the thirteenth-longest-serving U.S. Senator.
In 1970, Hollings authored The Case Against Hunger: A Demand for a National Policy, acknowledging the Reverend I.D. Newman and Sister Mary Anthony for opening his eyes to the despair caused by hunger and helping him realize that he must do something about it.
Hollings and his first wife separated in 1970 and divorced in 1971. Their children lived with their mother, and Hollings never discussed the reason for the divorce. Later that year, he married Rita Liddy "Peatsy" Hollings (born 1935), who was 13 years his junior.[30] She had joined his administrative staff in 1967.[31] It was her first and his second marriage. They were married 41 years until her death in 2012.
In the 1970s, Hollings joined with fellow senators Kennedy and
In February 1970, during a session of debate on federal aid to school districts serving children living in public housing units, Hollings asked New York Senator
In September 1970, during a speech at the University of Georgia in Athens, Hollings declared that the United States could not afford such "leadership by political bamboozle", calling on Americans to ignore the voices of discord and unite for "meaningful changes" in society. Hollings said President Nixon had led the U.S. down a "clamorous road of drift and division" and criticized the "ranting rhetoric" of Vice President Spiro Agnew. Hollings attributed the principal blame for the disunity of the U.S. on special interest groups and "impatient minority blocs" that had shouted "non negotiable demands". Hollings linked former President Johnson and President Nixon with having both "attacked the politics of the problem rather than the problems themselves".[34]
In February 1971, Hollings introduced Ted Kennedy in Charleston, South Carolina, ahead of his remarks calling for an end to the Vietnam War. Hollings disclosed that Kennedy had sought his advice on how to answer reporters' questions regarding a possible presidential campaign and that Kennedy believed his visit would spark speculation on the part of reporters about a campaign regardless of what he said.[35]
In November 1971, Hollings announced his opposition to the nomination of Earl Butz for United States Secretary of Agriculture.[36]
In 1972, Hollings and Republican
In 1977, Hollings was one of five Democrats to vote against the nomination of
In early 1979, United States Secretary of State Cyrus Vance sought permission from a Senate Appropriations subcommittee to transfer $2 million in funds for the American Embassy to the new unofficial American Institute in Taiwan. Hollings was one of four members of the committee to oppose Vance's request during the latter's appearance before the subcommittee and Hollings later sent a letter to Vance declining the request. Hollings explained that "a smooth transition to unofficial relations may be threatened" in the event of funds not being transferred to the American Institute before the American Embassy in Taiwan ceased its function by its designated date of March 1. Hollings's opposition was considered unusual given that most requests were approved and State Department officials publicly stated their wishes for Hollings and his colleagues to drop their opposition in the face of Taiwan's reluctant agreement to setting up "nongovernmental body in Washington" that would serve as the counterpart to the American Institute in Taipei.[39]
Hollings opposed legislation in 1979 that would admit additional ethnic Chinese refugees amid increased concern regarding moves by the Vietnamese government.[40]
In August 1979, Hollings announced his opposition to the United States-Soviet Union nuclear arms treaty, saying the treaty should be defeated unless amended with a reduction of Soviet military power. His proposal was believed to stir Russian disapproval of the treaty if implemented. Hollings also made an unsuccessful attempt to persuade the
Presidential candidate
Hollings unsuccessfully sought the Democratic nomination for
Later Senate career
On March 24, 1981, Hollings introduced legislation that if passed would restore the military draft with limited deferments and exemptions and stipulating that men aged 18 to 22 years old would be required to spend nine months of active service for basic training that potentially would precede reserve duty. Hollings's proposal granted deferments "to people on active duty, in the reserves or in advanced
In 1981, Hollings apologized to fellow Democrat
In March 1985, the Senate Budget Committee approved a proposal sponsored by Hollings freezing military spending by not allowing any growth above inflation in fiscal year 1986 and bestowing three percent hikes in the following two years, Hollings after the vote saying that a pattern had been set for similar action on other budget items and predicted that the Budget Committee would also go against another Reagan administration supported position by freezing Social Security cost of living increases.[45]
On May 1, 1985, the
In October 1985, Hollings and Republicans Phil Gramm and Warren Rudman sponsored an amendment to establish a budget deficit ceiling that would decline to zero by 1991 that was attached to a bill raising the debt limit of the federal government by more than $250 billion. The amendment was approved by a vote of 75 to 24 and was stated as a possible prelude to a balanced budget in five years without a tax increase by Secretary of the Treasury James Baker.[47]
During the 1988 Presidential primaries, Hollings endorsed Jesse Jackson.[48]
In October 1989, Hollings announced from his Washington office that he would request the
In April 1990, Hollings planned the compiling of the Senate Budget Committee to vote on a cut in
In January 1991, Hollings joined most Democratic senators in voting against a resolution authorizing war against Iraq.[51]
In 1993, Hollings told reporters he attended international summits because, "Everybody likes to go to Geneva. I used to do it for the Law of the Sea conferences and you'd find those potentates from down in Africa, you know, rather than eating each other, they'd just come up and get a good square meal in Geneva."[44] Hollings had previously caused controversy when responding to Yoshio Sakurauchi's commentary that Americans are lazy and illiterate. Hollings replied, "You should draw a mushroom cloud and put underneath it, 'Made in America by lazy and illiterate Americans and tested in Japan'."[44]
Hollings remained very popular in South Carolina over the years, even as the state became increasingly friendly to Republicans at the national level. In his first three bids for a full term, he never dropped below sixty percent of the vote. In
In his last
On January 7, 2003, Hollings introduced the controversial Universal National Service Act of 2006, which would require all men and women aged 18–26 (with some exceptions) to perform a year of military service.
By 2003, Hollings realized that no Democrat could win statewide office in South Carolina's current political climate—not even as entrenched an incumbent as himself. On August 4, 2003, he announced that he would not run for re-election in November 2004. Republican Jim DeMint succeeded him.
In his later career, Hollings was moderate politically but was supportive of many
On fiscal issues, he was generally conservative, and was one of the primary sponsors of the
Hollings and Howell Heflin of Alabama were the only two Democratic senators to vote against the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993.[53]
Entertainment industry
As a senator, Hollings supported legislation in the interests of the established media distribution industry (such as the proposed "
Hollings was referred to as the "Senator from Disney" for his lobbying on behalf of the entertainment industry, including industry groups like the RIAA and MPAA.[60][55][61][62]
Post Senatorial life and death
In retirement, Hollings wrote opinion editorials for newspapers in South Carolina and was a regular contributor to the
The Hollings Cancer Center at the Medical University of South Carolina, in Charleston, was established in 1993.[65]
Hollings started the Hollings Scholarship in 2005. It gave more than a hundred undergraduates from around the country a ten-week internship with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and a monetary scholarship for the school year.
Hollings helped to establish the Hollings Center for International Dialogue, an organization which promotes dialogue between the United States and Turkey, the nations of the Middle East, North Africa, and Southwest Asia, and other countries with predominantly Muslim populations in order to open channels of communication, deepen cross-cultural understanding, expand people-to-people contacts, and generate new thinking on important international issues.
Hollings was also on the board of advisors as a distinguished visiting professor of Law with the Charleston School of Law.[66] He delivered the commencement address to the first graduating class there on May 19, 2007.[67][68]
In 2008, the University of South Carolina announced their new library would be named The Ernest F. Hollings Special Collections Library.[69] The $18-million library was built behind the Thomas Cooper Library and is home to The Irvin Department of Rare Books & Special Collections, South Carolina Political Collections, and Digital Collections.[70] It is also home to the Dorothy B. Smith Reading Room.
On April 6, 2019, Hollings died at the age of 97 at his home in Isle of Palms, South Carolina, following a period of declining health. Future President Joe Biden delivered the eulogy at his funeral.[1][71]
Electoral history
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Fritz Hollings | 223,790 | 51.35 | ||
Republican | Marshall Parker | 212,032 | 48.65 |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Fritz Hollings (incumbent) | 404,060 | 61.89 | ||
Republican | Marshall Parker | 248,780 | 38.11 |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Fritz Hollings (incumbent) | 356,126 | 69.50 | ||
Republican | Gwen Bush | 146,645 | 28.62 | ||
Independent
|
Harold Hough | 9,626 | 1.88 |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Fritz Hollings (incumbent) | 612,556 | 70.37 | ||
Republican | Marshall Mays | 257,946 | 29.63 |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Fritz Hollings (incumbent) | 463,354 | 63.10 | ||
Republican | Henry McMaster | 261,394 | 35.60 |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Fritz Hollings (incumbent) | 591,030 | 50.07 | ||
Republican | Thomas Hartnett | 554,175 | 46.95 | ||
Libertarian
|
Mark Johnson | 22,962 | 1.95 |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Fritz Hollings (incumbent) | 562,791 | 52.68 | ||
Republican | Bob Inglis | 488,132 | 45.69 | ||
Libertarian
|
Richard T. Quillian | 16,987 | 1.59 |
See also
- Hollings Manufacturing Extension Partnership(MEP)
- List of members of the American Legion
References
- ^ a b McFadden, Robert D. (April 6, 2019). "Ernest Hollings, 97, a South Carolina Senator Who Evolved, is Dead". The New York Times.
- ^ "Senator Ernest F. Hollings". Archived from the original on May 18, 2015. Retrieved January 25, 2015.
- ^ "Mrs. Hollings Services". The Sumter Daily Item. August 23, 1982 – via Google News Archive.
- JSTOR j.ctv6sj8ws.
- ISBN 9781570037603.
- ^ a b "Hollings, Ernest Frederick "'Fritz'" Archived April 6, 2019, at the Wayback Machine South Carolina Encyclopedia retrieved April 6, 2019
- ^ a b UPI (July 12, 1971). "Sen. Hollings to Wed Office Assistant". The Dispatch. Retrieved October 4, 2011.
- ^ Ruiz, Myra (July 23, 2010), Biden Speaks At Hollings Library Dedication, WYFF4 News, retrieved October 4, 2011[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Hollings' son to run for lieutenant governor". Herald-Journal. Associated Press. June 14, 2006. Retrieved October 4, 2011.
- ^ "Hollings Granddaughter Dies; Presidential Hopeful Flies Home". Ocala star-Banner. Associated Press. August 14, 1983. Retrieved October 4, 2011.
- ^ Schuyler Kropf (April 19, 2003). "Hollings family lays daughter to rest". The Post and Courier. Retrieved October 4, 2011.[permanent dead link]
- ^ a b "Milestones, Mar. 23, 1959". Time. 1959. Archived from the original on December 11, 2008. Retrieved October 4, 2011.
- ^ "Ernest Frederick Hollings". October 4, 2011. Archived from the original on May 12, 2013. Retrieved October 5, 2011.
- ^ Priscilla Meyer (February 5, 1961). "South Carolina's First Lady". The News and Courier. Retrieved October 4, 2011.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Once A Soldier ... Always A Soldier: Soldiers in the 108th Congress. Arlington, Virginia: Association of the United States Army. 2003. p. 16.
- ^ Watson, Inez, ed. (1953). South Carolina's Legislative Manual (34th ed.). Columbia, S.C.: General Assembly. p. 72.
- ^ "Ernest 'Fritz' Hollings, senator who called money 'cancer on body politic', dies at 97". The Guardian. Guardian News & Media Limited. April 6, 2019. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
- ^ "Finding Aid for the Gubernatorial Papers of the Ernest F. "Fritz" Hollings Collection" (PDF). South Carolina Political Collections of the University of South Carolina. Retrieved September 14, 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 30, 2010. Retrieved September 14, 2009.
- ^ "Journal of the House of Representatives of the Second Session of the 94th General Assembly of the State of South Carolina". Confederate Flag Vertical File, South Carolina Political Collections, University of South Carolina.
- ^ Brunner, Borgna (June 30, 2000). "Confederate Flag Comes Down in South Carolina". Infoplease. Pearson Education, Inc. Retrieved May 7, 2013.
- ^ "South Carolina Confederate Battle Flag Removal Bill Signing Ceremony". C-SPAN. July 9, 2015.
- ^ "South Carolina Gov. Nikki Haley Signs Confederate Flag Bill Into Law". NPR. July 9, 2015.
- ^ Address by Governor Ernest F. Hollings to the General Assembly of South Carolina, January 9, 1963, p. 8-9, [1], part of the University of South Carolina's Digital Collection, "Fritz Hollings: In His Own Words".
- ^ [2] Archived October 16, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Ernest 'Fritz' Hollings, senator who called money 'cancer on body politic', dies at 97". The Guardian. Guardian News & Media Limited. April 6, 2019. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
- ISBN 0402126114.
- ^ Robertson, Glenn (January 11, 1968). "Hollings 'Angered' by Tour of Slums". Charleston, S.C.: Evening Post.
- ^ Pyatt, "The Beginning of a Renaissance [sic] in Dixie?".
- ^ a b Pyatt, Rudolph (February 23, 1969). "The Beginning of a Rennaissance [sic] in Dixie". News and Courier. Charleston, S.C.
- ^ Staff report. "Peatsy Hollings, wife of former Sen. Fritz Hollings, dies at 77". Post and Courier. Archived from the original on September 17, 2018. Retrieved September 17, 2018.
- ^ Kropf, Schuyler. "Peatsy Hollings was teacher, mentor". Post and Courier. Archived from the original on September 17, 2018. Retrieved September 17, 2018.
- ^ ISBN 0-465-04195-7.
- ^ "Senate Bars Cut in School Funds". The New York Times. February 7, 1970.
- ^ "Hollings Attacks Nixon On Discord". The New York Times. September 26, 1970.
- ^ "Kennedy, in Visit to Carolina, Cites Calhoun But Not-Sherman". The New York Times. March 1, 1971.
- ^ "Kansas Republican Joins Foes of Butz". The New York Times. November 27, 1971.
- ^ Welles, Benjamin (February 3, 1972). "Kennedy Fears New Pakistan Arms Aid". The New York Times.
- ^ "Senate Roll-Call Vote Approving Marshall". The New York Times. January 27, 1977.
- ^ Gwertzman, Bernard (February 13, 1979). "Senate Panel Balks at Letting U.S. Shift Funds to New Office in Taipei". The New York Times.
- ^ "Senate Votes Funds for More Refugees". The New York Times. June 26, 1979.
- ^ "Senators Appeal to Carter to Resist Linking Arms Treaty and Spending". The New York Times. August 4, 1979.
- ^ "The Citadel Archives: Hollings, Ernest, 1922". Archived from the original on May 22, 2013. Retrieved March 29, 2013.
- ^ "Bill Introduced in Senate To Reinstate the Draft". The New York Times. March 25, 1981.
- ^ a b c "A Senator's Cannibal 'Joke' Angers Blacks". The New York Times. December 16, 1993. Retrieved September 25, 2016.
- ^ "Budget freezers extend the chill". Journal Tribune. March 6, 1985. Archived from the original on November 27, 2018. Retrieved November 27, 2018.
- ^ "Senate Panel Rejects Ban On Channel Swaps". The New York Times. May 1, 1985.
- ^ "Treasury Head Defends Plan for Ending Deficit". The New York Times. October 14, 1985.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - US President - D Primaries Race - Feb 01, 1988". www.ourcampaigns.com. Archived from the original on November 11, 2007. Retrieved November 24, 2007.
- ^ "Hollings calls for FEMA investigation". UPI. October 3, 1989.
- ^ "Decision is Urged On Social Security". The New York Times. April 24, 1990.
- ^ "Senate vote authorizing military force against Iraq". UPI. January 12, 1991.
- ^ https://www.senate.gov/reference/resources/pdf/240_1967.pdf [bare URL PDF]
- ^ "U.S. Senate: U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes 103rd Congress - 1st Session". www.senate.gov.
- ^ pupeno. "CPSR - document_view". cpsr.org. Retrieved February 5, 2022.
- ^ a b "Republicans Should Back Recording Artists, Consumers". Fox News. March 25, 2015. Retrieved February 5, 2022.
- ^ "A law to protect spyware - Privacy - Salon.com". August 6, 2011. Archived from the original on August 6, 2011. Retrieved February 5, 2022.
- ^ (S. 2201)
- ^ Forno, Richard. "Operation Enduring Valenti". www.theregister.com. Retrieved February 5, 2022.
- ^ A 501tax-exempt, OpenSecrets; NW, charitable organization 1300 L. St; Washington, Suite 200; info, DC 20005 telelphone857-0044. "Sen. Fritz Hollings - Campaign Finance Summary". OpenSecrets. Retrieved February 5, 2022.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ISBN 9781851097319.
Hollings' tireless advocacy on behalf of the content industry also earned him an unflattering sobriquet: 'the senator from Disney'.
- ^ Clarke, Gavin. "Hollywood sock-puppet senator faces tech insurgency". www.theregister.com. Retrieved February 5, 2022.
- ^ "The Senator From Disney - Aldoblog". aldoblog.com. March 11, 2002. Retrieved February 5, 2022.
- ^ "Main content Courthouse Renamed for Civil Rights Hero". Archived from the original on December 1, 2018. Retrieved January 21, 2019.
- ISBN 9781570037603.
- ^ "Leadership | Hollings Cancer Center | MUSC | Charleston SC". Archived from the original on June 7, 2020. Retrieved June 7, 2020.
- ^ "Board of Advisors webpage". Charleston School of Law. Retrieved September 1, 2009. Archived from the original on April 6, 2012.
- ^ "Hollings to give school's first commencement address". Charleston School of Law. March 20, 2007. Archived from the original on February 11, 2017. Retrieved February 9, 2017.
- ^ "Hollings to Address First Graduation Class" (PDF). Reprint from The Citadel of an article from The State (newspaper) online. March 25, 2007. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 24, 2011.
- ^ Armstrong, Dave (November 18, 2008). "University of South Carolina names new library for U.S. Sen. Ernest F. 'Fritz' Hollings". Who's On The Move. Retrieved January 29, 2024.
- ^ "Hollings Library - University Libraries | University of South Carolina". sc.edu. Retrieved January 29, 2024.
- ^ Hicks, Brian; Kropf, Schuyler (April 6, 2019). "Former SC Governor, U.S. Senator Ernest F. 'Fritz' Hollings dies at 97". The Post and Courier. Retrieved April 6, 2019.
Sources
- Ballantyne, David T. New Politics in the Old South: Ernest F. Hollings in the Civil Rights Era (U of South Carolina Press, 2016). 206 pp
- Minchin, Timothy J., "An Uphill Fight: Ernest F. Hollings and the Struggle to Protect the South Carolina Textile Industry, 1959–2005", South Carolina Historical Magazine, 109 (July 2008), 187–211.
External links
- United States Congress. "Fritz Hollings (id: H000725)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
- Ernest F. Hollings Papers at South Carolina Political Collections at the University of South Carolina
- "Fritz Hollings: In His Own Words", an online collection of documents from the Papers of Fritz Hollings at the University of SC
- Appearances on C-SPAN
- https://www.nytimes.com/2004/12/19/weekinreview/19bigp.html?_r=1&oref=slogin
- OpenSecrets figures on Hollings's funding
- Salon article on the Online Personal Privacy Act
- LawMeme article about the Online Personal Privacy Act
- "Hollings's Harangue" NY Sun Article about the Howard Metzenbaum incident
- SCIway Biography of Ernest Frederick Hollings
- NGA Biography of Ernest Frederick Hollings