Front-engine, four-wheel-drive layout
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In
A team that pursues the Weak LS4WD architecture will minimize the development cost of the front-wheel drive system at the expense of having a larger rear powertrain. The Weak architecture produces a vehicle with a large powersplit between the front and rear powertrains, while the Strong architecture recommends a vehicle with more similar power and torque requirements for the front and rear.[1]
Most four-wheel-drive layouts are front-engined and are derivatives of earlier front-engine, rear-wheel drive, or front-engine, front-wheel drive designs. The first origins of it were introduced in the 1820s from steam coach builders Burstall & Hill. This was then re-created by many other manufactures, such as "British engineer Joseph Diplock patented a four-wheel-drive system for a traction engine, while in Vienna, Austria, Ferdinand Porsche developed an electric vehicle that also had all wheels driven, with an electric motor at each corner, as early as 1899". This layout is designed for off-road vehicles to have the most traction in strenuous situations without losing too much cargo space at the same time.[2] However, the 1903 Spyker 60 HP was the first official[clarification needed] car built with an F4 drive layout.
This layout is also the drive train of choice for off-road
Several four-wheel-drive vehicles have been built without a
Examples
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1943 Willys Jeep
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A Troller T4 jeep
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2008–2009 Jeep Liberty
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Center transfer case sending power from the transmission to the rear axle (right) and front axle (left)
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TheHMMWV is a 4WD/AWD that powers all wheels evenly (continuously) via a manually lockable center differential, with Torsendifferentials for both front and rear.
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First-generation Dodge Power Wagon
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Land Rover Series I
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Nissan Skyline GT-R V Spec II (BNR34)
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Subaru WRX STI
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Ferrari FF; with a front mid-engine, four-wheel-drive layout
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Toyota Celica GT-Four (ST205)
References
- OCLC 1080309406. Retrieved 2 October 2021.
- ^ "The Origins of Four-Wheel Drive". Hemmings Motor News. December 2019. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
- ^ "How 4WD, FWD, RWD and AWD all Work?". Car Decent. 16 February 2023. Retrieved 1 April 2023.
- ^ Markovich, Tony (17 July 2020). "AWD vs. 4WD: Know the Differences". The Drive. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
- ^ "Which Hybrids Have All-Wheel Drive?". AutoTrader.ca. 26 August 2020. Retrieved 23 April 2022.