Fuad I of Egypt

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Fuad I
فؤاد الأول
Sultan of Egypt
SuccessorFarouk I
Prime Ministers
See list
  • Ali Mahir Pasha
King of Egypt
Prime Ministers
See list
  • Abdel Khaliq Sarwat Pasha
Born(1868-03-26)26 March 1868
Giza Palace, Cairo, Khedivate of Egypt, Ottoman Empire
Died28 April 1936(1936-04-28) (aged 68)
Koubbeh Palace, Cairo, Kingdom of Egypt
Burial
Al-Rifa'i Mosque, Cairo, Egypt
Consort
​
​
(m. 1895; div. 1898)​
​
(m. 1919)​
Isma'il I
MotherFerial Qadin
ReligionSunni Islam
Autochrome by Georges Chevalier, 1923

Fuad I (

Egyptian Arabic: فؤاد الأول Fu’ād al-Awwal; Turkish: I. Fuad or Ahmed Fuad Paşa; 26 March 1868 – 28 April 1936) was the Sultan and later King of Egypt and the Sudan. The ninth ruler of Egypt and Sudan from the Muhammad Ali dynasty, he became Sultan in 1917, succeeding his elder brother Hussein Kamel. He replaced the title of Sultan with King when the United Kingdom unilaterally declared Egyptian independence
in 1922.

Early life

Fuad was born in

Isma'il Pasha.[citation needed] He spent his childhood with his exiled father in Naples. He got his education from the military academy in Turin, Italy. His mother was Ferial Qadin.[2]

Fuad_I_in_1910
Fuad in 1910

Prior to becoming sultan, Fuad had played a major role in the establishment of

Hussein Rushdi Pasha. In 1913, Fuad made unsuccessful attempts to secure the throne of Albania for himself, which had obtained its independence from the Ottoman Empire a year earlier. At the time, Egypt and Sudan was ruled by his nephew, Abbas II, and the likelihood of Fuad becoming the monarch in his own country seemed remote. This, and the fact that the Muhammad Ali dynasty was of Albanian descent, encouraged Fuad to seek the Albanian throne.[3] Fuad also served as president of the Egyptian Geographic Society from 1915 until 1918.[4]

Reign

King Fuad with Mohamed Mahmoud Pasha and other ministers outside of Mahatet ar-Raml in Alexandria in the late 1920s
King Fuad I of Egypt on the ninth cover of Time magazine (28 April 1923)

Fuad came under consideration as a candidate for the Albanian throne, but he was ultimately bypassed in favour of a Christian ruler. He ascended the throne of the

1923 Constitution
and replacing it with a new constitution that limited the role of parliament to advisory status only. Large scale public dissatisfaction compelled him to restore the earlier constitution in 1935.

The 1923 Constitution granted Fuad vast powers. He made frequent use of his right to dissolve Parliament. During his reign, cabinets were dismissed at royal will, and parliaments never lasted for their full four-year term but were dissolved by decree.[5]

Creation of the Royal Archives

King_Fuad_I_of_Egypt,_colored
Fuad, c. 1934

Fuad was an instrumental force in modern Egyptian historiography. He employed numerous archivists to copy, translate, and arrange eighty-seven volumes of correspondence related to his paternal ancestors from European archives, and later to collect old documents from Egyptian archives into what became the Royal Archives in the 1930s. Fuad's efforts to portray his ancestors – especially his great-grandfather Muhammad Ali, his grandfather Ibrahim, and his father – as nationalists and benevolent monarchs would prove to be an enduring influence on Egyptian historiography.[6]

Personal life

Prince Ahmed Fuad (later Fuad I), c. 1900-10

Fuad married his first wife in Cairo, on 30 May 1895 (nikah), and at the

Abbasiya Palace in Cairo, on 14 February 1896 (zifaf), Princess Shivakiar Khanum Effendi (1876–1947). She was his first cousin once removed and the only daughter of Field Marshal Prince Ibrahim Fahmi Ahmad Pasha (his first cousin) by his first wife, Vijdan Navjuvan Khanum. They had two children, a son, Ismail Fuad, who died in infancy, and a daughter, Fawkia. Unhappily married, the couple divorced in 1898.[7]
During a dispute with the brother of his first wife, Prince Ahmad Saif-uddin Ibrahim Bey, Fuad was shot in the throat. He survived, but carried that scar the rest of his life.

Fuad married his second wife at the Bustan Palace in Cairo on 24 May 1919. She was

Fawzia (who became queen consort of Iran), Faiza, Faika, and Fathia
.

As with his first wife, Fuad's relation with his second wife was also stormy. The couple continually fought, Fuad even forbidding Nazli from leaving the palace. When Fuad died, it was said that the triumphant Nazli sold all of his clothes to a local used-clothes market in revenge. Fuad died at the Koubbeh Palace in Cairo and was buried at the Khedival Mausoleum in the ar-Rifai Mosque in Cairo.

King Fuad's wife lived as a widow after his death. She did not have good relations with her son. After Fuad's death, she left Egypt and went to the United States. She converted to Catholicism in 1950 and changed her name to Mary Elizabeth. She got deprived of her rights and titles in Egypt. Once named the world's richest and most elegant woman, she possessed one of the largest jewellery collections in the world.

China

The Fuad (Fū’ād) (فؤاد الأول) Muslim Library in China was named after him by the Chinese Muslim Ma Songting.[8] Muḥammad 'Ibrāhīm Fulayfil (محمد إبراهيم فليفل) and Muḥammad ad-Dālī (محمد الدالي) were ordered to Beijing by the King.[9]

Titles

  • 26 March 1868 – 9 October 1917:
    His Highness
     Ahmed Fuad Pasha
  • 9 October 1917 – 15 March 1922: His Highness The Sultan of Egypt and Sudan, Sovereign of Nubia, Kordofan and Darfur
  • 15 March 1922 – 28 April 1936: His Majesty The King of Egypt and Sudan, Sovereign of Nubia, Kordofan and Darfur

Honours

Domestic[citation needed]
  • Founder and Sovereign of the Order of Agriculture
  • Founder and Sovereign of the Order of Culture
  • Founder and Sovereign of the Order of Commerce and Industry
Foreign[citation needed]

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fuad I of Egypt.

References

General
  • الملك أحمد فؤاد الأول [King Ahmad Fuad I] (in Arabic). Bibliotheca Alexandrina: Memory of Modern Egypt Digital Archive. Retrieved 27 February 2010.
Specific
  1. OCLC 18496936
    .
  2. ISBN 978-977-424-554-1
    .
  3. OCLC 49549849
    .
  4. ^ "The Presidents of the Society". Egyptian Geographic Society. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 27 February 2010.
  5. ISBN 978-977-416-199-5
    .
  6. ^ Khaled Fahmy, Mehmed Ali: From Ottoman Governor to Ruler of Egypt (Oxford: Oneworld Publications, 2009)
  7. ProQuest 305369852
    .
  8. ISBN 978-0-415-36835-3
    . Retrieved 28 June 2010.
  9. ISBN 978-90-04-14473-6
    .
  10. ^ "ENTIDADES ESTRANGEIRAS AGRACIADAS COM ORDENS PORTUGUESAS - Página Oficial das Ordens Honoríficas Portuguesas". ordens.presidencia.pt.
  11. ^ "Hemeroteca Digital. Biblioteca Nacional de España". hemerotecadigital.bne.es.

External links


Fuad I of Egypt
Born: 26 March 1868 Died: 28 April 1936
Regnal titles
Preceded by Sultan of Egypt
1917–1922 		Sultanate becomes
independent kingdom
New title
Kingdom of Egypt established
 King of Egypt
1922–1936 		Succeeded by
Academic offices
New institution Rector of Cairo University
1908–1913 		Succeeded by
Hussein Rushdi Pasha
Professional and academic associations
Preceded by President of the Egyptian Geographic Society
1915–1918 		Succeeded by
Isma'il Sidqi Pasha
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