Fujian
Fujian
福建 Hokkien | ||
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POJ Hok-kiàn | | |
9th) – high | ||
Website | www |
Fujian | ||
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Hinghwa BUC Máng | | |
Northern Min | ||
Jian'ou Romanized | Mâing |
Fujian[a] is a province on the southeastern coast of China. Fujian is bordered by Zhejiang to the north, Jiangxi to the west, Guangdong to the south, and the Taiwan Strait to the east. Its capital is Fuzhou and its largest city by population is Quanzhou, other notable cities include the port city of Xiamen and Zhangzhou. Fujian is located on the west coast of the Taiwan Strait as the closest geographically and culturally to Taiwan. Certain islands such as Kinmen are only approximately 10 km (6.2 mi) east of Xiamen in Fujian.
While its population is predominantly identify Han ethnicity, it is one of the most culturally and linguistically diverse provinces in China. The dialects of the language group Min Chinese were most commonly spoken within the province, including the Fuzhou dialect and Eastern Min of Northeastern Fujian province and various Southern Min and Hokkien dialects of southeastern Fujian. The capital city of Fuzhou and Fu'an of Ningde prefecture along with Cangnan county-level city of Wenzhou prefecture in Zhejiang province make up the Min Dong linguistic and cultural region of Northeastern Fujian. Hakka Chinese is also spoken, by the Hakka people in Fujian. Min dialects, Hakka and Standard Chinese are mutually unintelligible. Due to emigration, a sizable amount of the ethnic Chinese populations of Taiwan, Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines speak Southern Min (or Hokkien).
With a population of 41.5 million, Fujian ranks
Fujian is considered one of China's leading provinces in education and research. As of 2023, two major cities in the province ranked in the top 45 cities in the world (Xiamen 38th and Fuzhou 45th) by scientific research output, as tracked by the Nature Index.[6]
Name
The name Fujian (福建) originated from the combination of the city names of Fuzhou (福州) and nearby Jianzhou (建州, or present-day Nanping (南平)).
History
This section needs additional citations for verification. (February 2024) |
Prehistoric Fujian
Recent archaeological discoveries in 2011 demonstrate that Fujian had entered the
The Tanshishan (曇石山) site (5500–4000 BP) in suburban Fuzhou spans the Neolithic and Chalcolithic Age where semi-underground circular buildings were found in the lower level. The Huangtulun (黃土崙) site (c. 1325 BC), also in suburban Fuzhou, was of the Bronze Age in character.
Tianlong Jiao (2013)[8] notes that the Neolithic appeared on the coast of Fujian around 6,000 B.P. During the Neolithic, the coast of Fujian had a low population density, with the population depending on mostly on fishing and hunting, along with limited agriculture.
There were four major Neolithic cultures in coastal Fujian, with the earliest Neolithic cultures originating from the north in coastal Zhejiang.[8]
- Keqiutou culture (壳丘头文化; c. 6000 – c. 5500 BP, or c. 4050 – c. 3550 BC)
- Tanshishan culture (昙石山文化; c. 5000 – c. 4300 BP, or c. 3050 – c. 2350 BC)
- Damaoshan culture (大帽山文化; c. 5000 – c. 4300 BP)
- Huangguashan culture (黄瓜山文化; c. 4300 – c. 3500 BP, or c. 2350 – c. 1550 BC)
There were two major Neolithic cultures in inland Fujian, which were highly distinct from the coastal Fujian Neolithic cultures.[8] These are the Niubishan culture (牛鼻山文化) from 5000 to 4000 years ago, and the Hulushan culture (葫芦山文化) from 2050 to 1550 BC.
Minyue kingdom
Fujian was also where the kingdom of
Qin dynasty
The Qin deposed the King of Minyue, establishing instead a paramilitary province there called Minzhong Commandery. Minyue was a de facto kingdom until one of the emperors of the Qin dynasty, the first unified imperial Chinese state, abolished its status.[9]
Han dynasty
In the aftermath of the Qin dynasty's fall, civil war broke out between two warlords, Xiang Yu and Liu Bang. The Minyue king Wuzhu sent his troops to fight with Liu and his gamble paid off. Liu was victorious and founded the Han dynasty. In 202 BC, he restored Minyue's status as a tributary independent kingdom. Thus Wuzhu was allowed to construct his fortified city in Fuzhou as well as a few locations in the Wuyi Mountains, which have been excavated in recent years. His kingdom extended beyond the borders of contemporary Fujian into eastern Guangdong, eastern Jiangxi, and southern Zhejiang.[10]
After Wuzhu's death, Minyue maintained its militant tradition and launched several expeditions against its neighboring kingdoms in Guangdong, Jiangxi, and Zhejiang, primarily in the 2nd century BC. This was stopped by the Han dynasty as it expanded southward. The Han emperor eventually decided to get rid of the potential threat by launching a military campaign against Minyue. Large forces approached Minyue simultaneously from four directions via land and sea in 111 BC. The rulers in Fuzhou surrendered to avoid a futile fight and destruction and the first kingdom in Fujian history came to an abrupt end.
Fujian was part of the much larger
The Han dynasty collapsed at the end of the 2nd century AD, paving the way for the Three Kingdoms era. Sun Quan, the founder of the Kingdom of Wu, spent nearly 20 years subduing the Shan Yue people, the branch of the Yue living in mountains.
Jin era
The first wave of
Nevertheless, isolation from nearby areas owing to rugged terrain contributed to Fujian's relatively undeveloped economy and level of development, despite major population boosts from northern China during the "barbarian" invasions. The population density in Fujian remained low compared to the rest of China. Only two commanderies and sixteen counties were established by the Western Jin dynasty. Like other southern provinces such as Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, and Yunnan, Fujian often served as a destination for exiled prisoners and dissidents at that time.
During the
Sui and Tang dynasties
During the
During the Sui dynasty, Fujian was again part of
During the Tang, Fujian was part of the larger
The Tang dynasty (618–907) oversaw the next golden age of China, which contributed to a boom in Fujian's culture and economy. Fuzhou's economic and cultural institutions grew and developed. The later years of the Tang dynasty saw several political upheavals in the Chinese heartland, prompting even larger waves of northerners to immigrate to the northern part of Fujian.
Five Dynasties Ten Kingdoms
As the Tang dynasty ended, China was torn apart in the period of the
Parts of northern Fujian were conquered by the Wuyue Kingdom to the north as well, including the Min capital Fuzhou.
Quanzhou city was blooming into a seaport under the reign of the Min Kingdom[citation needed] and was the largest seaport in the world.[when?] For a long period its population was also greater than Fuzhou.[13][14]
After Liu's death, the circuit was briefly ruled by his biological nephew/adoptive son Liu Shaozi, who was then overthrown by the officers Zhang Hansi and Chen Hongjin. Zhang then ruled the circuit briefly, before Chen deposed him and took over.[16] In 978, with Song's determination to unify Chinese lands in full order, Chen decided that he could not stay de facto independent, and offered the control of the circuit to Song's Emperor Taizong, ending Qingyuan Circuit as a de facto independent entity.[18]
Song dynasty
The area was reorganized into the Fujian Circuit in 985, which was the first time the name "Fujian" was used for an administrative region.[citation needed]
Vietnam
Many Chinese migrated from Fujian's major ports to Vietnam's
During the Lý and Trần dynasties, many Chinese ethnic groups with the surname Trần (陳) migrated to Vietnam from what is now Fujian or Guangxi. They settled along the coast of Vietnam and the capital's southeastern area.[21] The Vietnamese Trần clan traces their ancestry to Trần Tự Minh (227 BC). He was a Qin General during the Warring state period who belonged to the indigenous Mân, a Baiyue ethnic group of Southern China and Northern Vietnam. Tự Minh also served under King An Dương Vương of Âu Lạc kingdom in resisting Qin's conquest of Âu Lạc. Their genealogy also included Trần Tự Viễn (582 - 637) of Giao Châu and Trần Tự An (1010 - 1077) of Đại Việt. Near the end of the 11th century the descendants of a fisherman named Trần Kinh, whose hometown was in Tức Mạc village in Đại Việt (Modern day Vietnam), would marry the royal Lý clan, which was then founded the Vietnam Tran Dynasty in the year 1225.[22]
In Vietnam, the Trần served as officials. The surnames are found in the Trần and Lý dynasty Imperial exam records.
In 1172, Fujian was attacked by
Yuan dynasty
After the establishment of the
Yuan dynasty General
Ming dynasty
After the establishment of the
An account of the Ming dynasty Fujian was written by No In (Lu Ren 鲁认).[27][28]
The Pisheya appear in Quanzhou Ming era records.[29]
Qing dynasty
The late Ming and early
The sea ban implemented by the Qing forced many people to evacuate the coast to deprive Koxinga's Ming loyalists of resources. This has led to the myth that it was because Manchus were "afraid of water".
Incoming refugees did not translate into a major labor force, owing to their re-migration into prosperous regions of
In the 1890s, the Qing ceded Taiwan to Japan via the Treaty of Shimonoseki after the First Sino-Japanese War. In 1905–1907 Japan made overtures to enlarge its sphere of influence to include Fujian. Japan was trying to obtain French loans and also avoid the Open Door Policy. Paris provided loans on condition that Japan respects the Open Door principles and does not violate China's territorial integrity.[31]
Republic of China
The
Fujian briefly established the independent Fujian People's Government in 1933. It was re-controlled by the Republic of China in 1934.
Fujian came under a Japanese sea blockade during World War II.
People's Republic of China
After the
In its early days, Fujian's development was relatively slow in comparison to other coastal provinces due to potential conflicts with Kuomintang-controlled Taiwan. Today, the province has the highest forest coverage rate while enjoying a high growth rate in the economy. The GDP per capita in Fujian is ranked 4-6th place among provinces of China in recent years.
Development has been accompanied by a large influx of population from the overpopulated areas to Fujian's north and west, and much of the farmland and forest, as well as cultural heritage sites such as the temples of king Wuzhu, have given way to ubiquitous high-rise buildings. Fujian faces challenges to sustain development[citation needed] while at the same time preserving Fujian's natural and cultural heritage.
Geography
The province is mostly mountainous and is traditionally said to be "eight parts mountain, one part water, and one part farmland" (八山一水一分田). The northwest is higher in altitude, with the Wuyi Mountains forming the border between Fujian and Jiangxi. It is the most forested provincial-level administrative region in China, with a 62.96% forest coverage rate in 2009.[32] Fujian's highest point is Mount Huanggang in the Wuyi Mountains, with an altitude of 2,157 metres (1.340 mi).
Fujian faces
The Min River and its tributaries cut through much of northern and central Fujian. Other rivers include the Jin and the Jiulong. Due to its uneven topography, Fujian has many cliffs and rapids.
Fujian is separated from Taiwan by the 180 kilometres (110 mi)-wide Taiwan Strait. Some of the small islands in the Taiwan Strait are also part of the province. The islands of Kinmen and Matsu are under the administration of the Republic of China.
Fujian contains several faults, the result of a collision between the Asiatic Plate and the Philippine Sea Plate. The Changle-Naoao and Longan-Jinjiang fault zones in this area have annual displacement rates of 3–5 mm. They could cause major earthquakes in the future.[33]
Fujian has a
Transportation
Roads
As of 2012[update], there are 54,876 kilometres (34,098 miles) of highways in Fujian, including 3,500 kilometres (2,200 miles) of expressways. The top infrastructure projects in recent years have been the Zhangzhou-Zhaoan Expressway (US$624 million) and the Sanmingshi-Fuzhou expressway (US$1.40 billion). The
Railways
Due to Fujian's mountainous terrain and traditional reliance on maritime transportation, railways came to the province comparatively late. The first rail links to neighboring
Within Fujian, coastal and interior cities are linked by the
Air
The major airports are
Administrative divisions
The
Administrative divisions of Fujian | ||||||||||
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☐ as:
Quanzhou (Kinmen Co.); Lianjiang Co., Fuzhou (most of Matsu Is.); Changle Dist. (Juguang: Dongju Is. & Xiju Is.); Meizhou, Xiuyu Dist., Putian (Wuqiu Is.); Longhai, Zhangzhou (Dongding I.). | ||||||||||
Division code[36] | Division | Area in km2[37] | Population 2020[38] | Seat | Divisions[39] | |||||
Districts
|
Counties
|
CL cities | ||||||||
350000 | Fujian Province | 121,400.00 | 41,540,086 | Fuzhou city | 31 | 42 | 11 | |||
350100 | Fuzhou city | 12,155.46 | 8,291,268 | Gulou District |
6 | 6 | 1 | |||
350200 | Xiamen city | 1,699.39 | 5,163,970 | Siming District |
6 | |||||
350300 | Putian city | 4,119.02 | 3,210,714 | Chengxiang District |
4 | 1 | ||||
350400 | Sanming city | 22,928.79 | 2,486,450 | Sanyuan District |
2 | 8 | 1 | |||
350500 | Quanzhou city | 11,245.00 | 8,782,285 | Fengze District |
4 | 5* | 3 | |||
350600 | Zhangzhou city | 12,873.33 | 5,054,328 | Longwen District |
4 | 7 | ||||
350700 | Nanping city | 26,280.54 | 2,645,548 | Jianyang District |
2 | 5 | 3 | |||
350800 | Longyan city | 19,028.26 | 2,723,637 | Xinluo District |
2 | 4 | 1 | |||
350900 | Ningde city | 13,452.38 | 3,146,789 | Jiaocheng District |
1 | 6 | 2 | |||
Sub-provincial cities * - including PRC . (included in the total Counties' count)
|
Administrative divisions in Chinese and varieties of romanizations | ||||
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English | Chinese | Pinyin | Fuzhou BUC | Hokkien POJ |
Fujian Province | 福建省 | Fújiàn Shěng | Hók-gióng-sēng | Hok-kiàn-séng |
Fuzhou city | 福州市 | Fúzhōu Shì | Hók-ciŭ-chê | Hok-chiu-chhī |
Xiamen city | 厦门市 | Xiàmén Shì | Â-muòng-chê | Ē-mn̂g-chhī |
Putian city | 莆田市 | Pútián Shì | Può-dièng-chê | Phô͘-chhân-chhī |
Sanming city | 三明市 | Sānmíng Shì | Săng-mìng-chê | Sam-bêng-chhī |
Quanzhou city | 泉州市 | Quánzhōu Shì | Ciòng-ciŭ-chê | Choân-chiu-chhī |
Zhangzhou city | 漳州市 | Zhāngzhōu Shì | Ciŏng-ciŭ-chê | Chiang-chiu-chhī |
Nanping city | 南平市 | Nánpíng Shì | Nàng-bìng-chê | Lâm-pêng-chhī |
Longyan city | 龙岩市 | Lóngyán Shì | Lṳ̀ng-ngàng-chê | Lêng-nâ-chhī |
Ningde city | 宁德市 | Níngdé Shì | Nìng-dáik-chê | Lêng-tek-chhī |
All of the prefecture-level cities except Nanping, Sanming, and Longyan are found along the coast.
These nine prefecture-level cities are subdivided into 84
The
The PRC claims
Finally, the PRC claims
Together, these three groups of islands make up the
Urban areas
Population by urban areas of prefecture & county cities | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
# | Cities | 2020 Urban area[43] | 2010 Urban area[44] | 2020 City proper |
1 | Xiamen | 4,617,251 | 3,119,110 | 5,163,970 |
2 | Fuzhou[i] | 3,723,454 | 2,824,414[ii] | 8,291,268 |
3 | Putian | 1,539,389 | 1,107,199 | 3,210,714 |
4 | Quanzhou[iii] | 1,469,157 | 1,154,731 | 8,782,285 |
5 | Jinjiang |
1,416,151 | 1,172,827 | see Quanzhou |
6 | Nan'an | 936,897 | 718,516 | see Quanzhou |
7 | Longyan | 886,281 | 460,086[iv] | 2,723,637 |
8 | Zhangzhou | 845,286 | 614,700 | 5,054,328 |
9 | Fuqing | 744,774 | 470,824 | see Fuzhou |
10 | Shishi | 589,902 | 469,969 | see Quanzhou |
11 | Longhai |
584,371 | 422,993 | see Zhangzhou |
12 | Nanping | 537,472 | 301,370[v] | 2,680,645 |
13 | Ningde | 425,499 | 252,497 | 3,146,789 |
14 | Fu'an | 397,068 | 326,019 | see Ningde |
15 | Sanming | 378,423 | 328,766 | 2,486,450 |
16 | Fuding | 351,341 | 266,779 | see Ningde |
17 | Yong'an | 248,425 | 213,732 | see Sanming |
18 | Jian'ou | 226,100 | 192,557 | see Nanping |
19 | Shaowu | 217,836 | 183,457 | see Nanping |
20 | Wuyishan | 159,308 | 122,801 | see Nanping |
21 | Zhangping | 147462 | 113,739 | see Longyan |
— | Changle |
see Fuzhou | 278,007[ii] | see Fuzhou |
— | Jianyang |
see Nanping | 150,756[v] | see Nanping |
- ) in the city proper count.
- ^ Changle (Changle CLC). The new district not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.
- ^ Does not include Kinmen County (controlled by ROC) in the city proper count.
- Yongding (Yongding County). The new district not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.
- ^ Jianyang (Jianyang CLC). The new district not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.
Most populous cities in Fujian
Source: China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2018 Urban Population and Urban Temporary Population[45] | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rank | Pop. | Rank | Pop. | ||||||
Xiamen Fuzhou |
1 | Xiamen | 3,499,800 | 11 | Nan'an | 318,000 | Quanzhou Putian | ||
2 | Fuzhou | 3,007,100 | 12 | Ningde | 282,200 | ||||
3 | Quanzhou | 1,365,000 | 13 | Sanming | 241,200 | ||||
4 | Putian | 771,000 | 14 | Longhai |
219,400 | ||||
5 | Zhangzhou | 528,800 | 15 | Fuding | 178,000 | ||||
6 | Longyan | 456,300 | 16 | Yong'an | 175,100 | ||||
7 | Fuqing | 361,100 | 17 | Fu'an | 169,200 | ||||
8 | Nanping | 356,600 | 18 | Jian'ou | 142,100 | ||||
9 | Shishi | 355,800 | 19 | Zhangping | 129,300 | ||||
10 | Jinjiang |
335,000 | 20 | Shaowu | 122,800 |
Politics
List of provincial-level leaders
CCP Party Secretaries
- Zhang Dingcheng (张鼎丞): 1949–1954
- Ye Fei (叶飞): 1954–1958
- Jiang Yizhen (江一真): 1958–1970
- Han Xianchu (韩先楚): 1971–1973
- Liao Zhigao (廖志高): 1974–1982
- Xiang Nan (项南): 1982–1986
- Chen Guangyi (陈光毅): 1986–1993
- Jia Qinglin (贾庆林): 1993–1996
- Chen Mingyi (陈明义): 1996–2000
- Song Defu (宋德福): 2000–2004
- Lu Zhangong (卢展工): 2004–2009
- Sun Chunlan (孙春兰): 2009–2012
- You Quan (尤权): 2012–2017
- Yu Weiguo (于伟国): 2017–2020
- Yin Li (尹力): 2020–2022
- Zhou Zuyi (周祖翼): 2022–present
Chairpersons of Fujian People's Congress
- Liao Zhigao (廖志高): 1979–1982
- Hu Hong (胡宏): 1982–1985
- Cheng Xu (程序): 1985–1993
- Chen Guangyi (陈光毅): 1993–1994
- Jia Qinglin (贾庆林): 1994–1998
- Yuan Qitong (袁启彤): 1998–2002
- Song Defu (宋德福): 2002–2005
- Lu Zhangong (卢展工): 2005–2010
- Sun Chunlan (孙春兰): 2010–2013
- You Quan (尤权): 2013–2018
- Yu Weiguo (于伟国): 2018–2021
- Yin Li (尹力): 2021–2023
- Zhou Zuyi (周祖翼): 2023–present
Governors
- Zhang Dingcheng (张鼎丞): 1949–1954
- Ye Fei (叶飞): 1954–1959
- Jiang Yizhen (江一真): 1959
- Wu Hongxiang (伍洪祥): acting: 1960–1962
- Jiang Yizhen (江一真): 1962
- Wei Jinshui (魏金水): 1962–1967
- Han Xianchu (韩先楚): 1967–1973
- Liao Zhigao (廖志高): 1974–1979
- Ma Xingyuan (马兴元): 1979–1983
- Hu Ping (胡平): 1983–1987
- Wang Zhaoguo (王兆国): 1987–1990
- Jia Qinglin (贾庆林): 1990–1994
- Chen Mingyi (陈明义): 1994–1996
- He Guoqiang (贺国强): 1996–1999
- Xi Jinping (习近平): 1999–2002
- Lu Zhangong (卢展工): 2002–2004
- Huang Xiaojing (黄小晶): 2004–2011
- Su Shulin (苏树林): 2011–2015
- Yu Weiguo (于伟国): 2015–2018
- Tang Dengjie (唐登杰): 2018–2020
- Wang Ning (王宁): 2020–2021
- Zhao Long (赵龙): 2021–present
Economy
Fujian is one of the more affluent provinces in China, with many industries spanning tea production, clothing, and sports manufacturers such as Anta, 361 Degrees, Xtep, Peak Sport Products and Septwolves. Fujian was one of the first provinces in China authorized by the central government to receive foreign investments.[46]: 148 Many foreign firms have operations in Fujian. They include Boeing, Dell, GE, Kodak, Nokia, Siemens, Swire, TDK, and Panasonic.[47] Within Fujian, the city of Xiamen was one of China's first special economic zones ("SEZs").[46]: 158
In 2022, Fujian's GDP was CN¥5.31 trillion (US$790 billion in nominal),
Historical GDP of Fujian Province for 1952 –present (SNA2008) Int'l.dollar based on IMF WEO October 2017[49] )
| |||||||||
year | GDP | GDP per capita (GDPpc) based on mid-year population |
Reference index | ||||||
GDP in millions | real growth (%) |
GDPpc | exchange rate 1 foreign currency to CNY | ||||||
CNY | USD | Int'l$. )
|
CNY | USD | PPP (Int'l$.) |
USD 1 | Int'l$. 1 (PPP) | ||
2016 | 2,881,060 | 433,744 | 822,948 | 8.4 | 74,707 | 11,247 | 21,339 | 6.6423 | 3.5009 |
2015 | 2,623,920 | 421,283 | 739,237 | 9.0 | 68,645 | 11,021 | 19,339 | 6.2284 | 3.5495 |
2014 | 2,429,260 | 395,465 | 684,221 | 9.9 | 64,097 | 10,434 | 18,053 | 6.1428 | 3.5504 |
2013 | 2,207,780 | 356,485 | 617,233 | 11.0 | 58,702 | 9,478 | 16,411 | 6.1932 | 3.5769 |
2012 | 1,988,380 | 314,991 | 559,981 | 11.4 | 53,250 | 8,436 | 14,997 | 6.3125 | 3.5508 |
2011 | 1,770,380 | 274,104 | 505,029 | 12.3 | 47,764 | 7,395 | 13,625 | 6.4588 | 3.5055 |
2010 | 1,484,580 | 219,304 | 448,432 | 13.9 | 40,320 | 5,956 | 12,179 | 6.7695 | 3.3106 |
2009 | 1,232,420 | 180,416 | 390,315 | 12.3 | 33,677 | 4,930 | 10,666 | 6.8310 | 3.1575 |
2008 | 1,088,940 | 156,793 | 342,779 | 13.0 | 29,938 | 4,311 | 9,424 | 6.9451 | 3.1768 |
2007 | 930,190 | 122,329 | 308,531 | 15.2 | 25,730 | 3,384 | 8,534 | 7.6040 | 3.0149 |
2006 | 762,740 | 95,680 | 265,052 | 14.8 | 21,226 | 2,663 | 7,376 | 7.9718 | 2.8777 |
2005 | 658,860 | 80,430 | 230,451 | 11.6 | 18,448 | 2,252 | 6,453 | 8.1917 | 2.8590 |
2000 | 376,454 | 45,474 | 138,438 | 9.3 | 11,194 | 1,352 | 4,117 | 8.2784 | 2.7193 |
1990 | 52,228 | 10,919 | 30,675 | 7.5 | 1,763 | 369 | 1,035 | 4.7832 | 1.7026 |
1980 | 8,706 | 5,810 | 5,821 | 18.4 | 348 | 232 | 233 | 1.4984 | 1.4955 |
1978 | 6,637 | 4,268 | 17.8 | 273 | 176 | 1.5550 | |||
1970 | 3,470 | 1,410 | 9.9 | 173 | 70 | 2.4618 | |||
1962 | 2,212 | 899 | 98.6 | 137 | 56 | 2.4618 | |||
1957 | 2,203 | 846 | 6.7 | 154 | 59 | 2.6040 | |||
1952 | 1,273 | 573 | 23.3 | 102 | 46 | 2.2227 |
In terms of agricultural land, Fujian is hilly and farmland is sparse.
Because of its geographic location with Taiwan, Fujian has been considered the battlefield frontline in a potential war between mainland China and Taiwan. Hence, it received much less investment from the Chinese central government and developed much slower than the rest of China before 1978. Since 1978, when China opened to the world, Fujian has received significant investment from overseas Fujianese around the world, Taiwanese and foreign investment.
, accounts for 40 percent of the GDP of Fujian province.Fujian province will be the major economic beneficiary of the opening up of direct transport with Taiwan, which commenced on December 15, 2008. This includes direct flights from Taiwan to major Fujian cities such as Xiamen and Fuzhou. In addition, ports in Xiamen, Quanzhou, and Fuzhou will upgrade their port infrastructure for increased economic trade with Taiwan.[51][52]
Fujian is the host of China International Fair for Investment and Trade annually. It is held in Xiamen to promote foreign investment for all of China.
Economic and Technological Development Zones
- Dongshan Economic and Technology Development Zone
- Fuzhou Economic & Technical Development Zone
- Fuzhou Free Trade Zone
- Fuzhou Hi-Tech Park
- Fuzhou Taiwan Merchant Investment Area
- JimeiTaiwan Merchant Investment Area
- Meizhou Island National Tourist Holiday Resort
- Wuyi MountainNational Tourist Holiday Resort
- Xiamen Export Processing Zone
- Xiamen Free Trade Zone
- Xiamen Haicang Economic and Technological Development Zone
- Xiamen Torch New & Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone (Chinese version)
- Xinglin Taiwan Merchant Investment Area
Demographics
As of 1832, the province was described as having an estimated "population of fourteen millions."[54] In 2021, Fujian's population was estimated to be 41.87 million, with an urbanization rate of 69.7%.[3]
Fujianese who are legally classified as Han Chinese make up 98% of the population. Various Min Chinese speakers make up the largest subgroups classified as Han Chinese in Fujian, such as Hoklo people, Fuzhounese people, Putian people and Fuzhou Tanka.
The
Many ethnic Chinese around the world (especially in Southeast Asia) trace their ancestries to the Fujianese branches of the Hoklo and Teochew peoples. Descendants of Southern Min-speaking emigrants make up the majorities of ethnic-Chinese populations in Taiwan, Singapore, Australia, Brunei, Thailand, Indonesia, and Philippines. Eastern Min-speaking people (especially Fuzhounese people) are one of the major sources of Chinese immigrants to the United States since the 1990s.[56]
Religion
The predominant religions in Fujian are
In 2010, there were reportedly just under 116,000 Muslims in Fujian.[58]
Culture
Because of its mountainous nature and waves of migration from central China and assimilation of numerous foreign ethnic groups such as maritime traders in the course of history, Fujian is one of the most culturally and linguistically diverse places in China. Local dialects can become unintelligible within 10 kilometres (6.2 mi), and the regional cultures and ethnic composition can be completely different from each other as well. This is reflected in the expression that "if you drive five miles in Fujian the culture changes, and if you drive ten miles, the language does".[59] Most varieties spoken in Fujian are assigned to a broad Min category. Recent classifications subdivide Min into[60][61]
- Eastern Min (the former Northern group), including the Fuzhou dialect
- Northern Min, spoken in inland northern areas
- Pu-Xian, spoken in central coastal areas
- Central Min, spoken in the west of the province
- Shao-Jiang, spoken in the northwest
- Southern Min, including the Amoy dialect and Taiwanese
The seventh subdivision of Min,
As is true of other provinces, the official language in Fujian is Mandarin, which is used for communication between people of different localities,[59] although native Fujian peoples still converse in their native languages and dialects respectively.
Several regions of Fujian have their own form of
Many well-known
Nanyin is a popular form of music of Fujian.
Tourism
Fujian is home to several tourist attractions, including four UNESCO World Heritage Sites, one of the highest in China.
Cultural features
The
The
The
In the capital of Fuzhou is the Yongquan Temple, a Buddhist temple built during the Tang dynasty.
The Chongwu Army Temple honors twenty-seven fallen soldiers of the People's Liberation Army who died during an attack by Nationalist forces in 1949, including five who died shielding a teenage girl during the attack.[64] The site is frequented by locals and tourists.[65]
Around Meizhou Islands is the
Natural features
Mount Taimu is a mountain and a scenic resort in Fuding. It offers a grand view of mountains and sea and is famous for its natural scenery including granite caves, odd-shaped stones, cliffs, clear streams, cascading waterfalls, and cultural attractions such as ancient temples and cliff Inscriptions.
The Danxia landform in Taining was listed by the UNESCO as one of the World Heritage Sites in 2010. It is a unique type of petrographic geomorphology found in China. Danxia landform is formed from red-coloured sandstones and conglomerates of largely Cretaceous age. The landforms look very much like karst topography that forms in areas underlain by limestones, but since the rocks that form danxia are sandstones and conglomerates, they have been called "pseudo-karst" landforms. They were formed by endogenous forces (including uplift) and exogenous forces (including weathering and erosion).
The Wuyi Mountains was the first location in Fujian to be listed by UNESCO as one of the World Heritage Sites in 1999. They are a mountain range in the prefecture of Nanping and contain the highest peak in Fujian, Mount Huanggang. It is famous as a natural landscape garden and a summer resort in China.[66]
Notable individuals
The province and its diaspora abroad also have a tradition of educational achievement and have produced many important scholars, statesmen, and other notable people. These include people whose ancestral home (祖籍) is Fujian (their ancestors originated from Fujian). In addition to the below list, many notable individuals of Han Chinese descent in Taiwan, Southeast Asia, and elsewhere have ancestry that can be traced to Fujian.
Some notable individuals include (in rough chronological order):
Han, Tang, and Song dynasties
- Baizhang Huaihai (720–814), an influential master of Chan Buddhism during the Tang Dynasty
- Huangbo Xiyun (died 850), an influential master of Chan Buddhism during the Tang Dynasty
- Chen Yan (849-892), Tang dynasty governor of Fujian
- Liu Yong (987–1053), a famous poet
- Cai Jing (1047–1126), government official and calligrapher who lived during the Northern Song dynasty
- Li Gang (1083–1140), Song dynasty politician and military leader (ancestral home is Shaowu)
- Zhu Xi (1130–1200), Confucian philosopher
- Zhen Dexiu (1178–1235), Song dynasty politician and philosopher
- Yan Yu (1191–1241), a poetry theorist and poet of the Southern Song dynasty
- Chen Wenlong (1232–1277), a scholar-general in the last years of the Southern Song dynasty
- Muslimmerchant and administrator in the last years of the Southern Song dynasty
Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties
- Chen Youding (1330–1368), Yuan dynasty military leader
- Gao Bing (1350–1423), an author and poetry theorist during Ming Dynasty
- Huang Senping (14th–15th century), royal son-in-law of Sultan Muhammad Shah of Brunei
- Zhang Jing (1492–1555), Ming dynasty politician and general
- Yu Dayou (1503–1579), Ming dynasty general and martial artist
- Chen Di (1541–1617), Ming dynasty philologist, strategist, and traveler
- Huang Daozhou (1585–1646), Ming dynasty politician, calligrapher, and scholar
- Ingen (1592–1673), well-known Buddhist monk, poet, and calligrapher who lived during Ming Dynasty
- Hong Chengchou (1593–1665), Ming dynasty official
- Shi Lang (1621–1696), Qing dynasty admiral
Li Guangdi [1642-1718],Grand Secretaries of the Qing dynasty
- Koxinga (1624–1662), Ming dynasty general who expelled the Dutch from Taiwan
- Huang Shen (1687–1772), a painter during the Qing dynasty
- Lin Zexu (1785–1850), Qing dynasty scholar and official
- imperial preceptorof Qing dynasty
- Zhan Shi Chai(1840s–1893), entertainer as "Chang the Chinese giant"
- Huang Naishang (1849–1924), scholar, and revolutionary, discovered the town of Sibu in Sarawak, east Malaysia in 1901
- Lin Shu (1852–1924), translator, who introduced the western classics into Chinese.
- Yan Fu (1854–1921), scholar and translator
- Sa Zhenbing (1859–1952), high-ranking naval officer of Mongolian origin
- Zheng Xiaoxu (1860–1938), statesman, diplomat, and calligrapher
- Qiu Jin (1875–1907), revolutionary and writer
- Lin Changmin (林長民 [zh]) (1876–1925), a high-rank governor in the Beiyang Government
- Liang Hongzhi (1882–1946), a high-rank governor in the Beiyang Government
- Lin Juemin (1887–1911), one of 72 Revolutionary Martyrs at Huanghuagang, Guangzhou
- Chen Shaokuan (1889–1969), Fleet Admiral who served as the senior commander of naval forces of the National Revolutionary Army
- Huang Jun (1890–1937), writer
- Hsien Wu (1893–1959), protein scientist
- Lin Yutang (1894–1976), writer
- Zou Taofen (1895–1944), journalist, media entrepreneur, and political activist
- Zheng Zhenduo (1898–1958), literary historian
- Lu Yin (1899–1934), writer
20th-21st century
- Bing Xin (1900–1999), writer
- Shu Chun Teng (1902–1970), scientist, researcher, and lecturer
- Zhang Yuzhe (1902–1986), astronomer and director of the Purple Mountain Observatory
- Hu Yepin (1903–1931), writer
- Lin Huiyin (1904–1955), architect and writer
- Gochampion Wú Qīngyuán
- Lin Jiaqiao (1916-2013), a well-known mathematician
- Wang Shizhen (1916-2016), nuclear medicine physician
- Liem Sioe Liong (1916–2012), a Chinese-born Indonesian businessman of Fuqing origin, founder of Salim Group
- Zheng Min (1920–2022), a scholar and poet
- Ray Wu (1928–2008), geneticist
- Chih-Tang Sah (born 1932), well-known electronics engineer of Mongolian origin
- Chen Jingrun (1933–1996), a widely known mathematician who invented the Chen's theorem and Chen prime
- Wang Wen-hsing (born 1939), writer
- Liu Yingming (1940–2016), a mathematician and academician
- Columbian University(ancestral home is Fuzhou)
- Chen Kaige (born 1952), film director (ancestral home is Fuzhou)
- Chen Zhangliang (born 1961), a Chinese biologist, elected as vice-governor of Guangxi in 2007
- Liu Yudong (born 1970), a professional basketball player
- Shi Zhiyong (born 1980), professional weightlifter
- Zhang Jingchu (born 1980), actress
- Lin Dan (born 1983), professional badminton player
- Jony J (born 1989), rapper and songwriter
- Xu Bin (born 1989), actor and singer
- Tian Houwei (born 1992), professional badminton player
- Oho Ou (born 1992), actor and singer
- Wang Zhelin (born 1994), professional basketball player
- Qian Kun(born 1996), singer and songwriter
- Zhang Yiming (born 1983), Internet entrepreneur, founder of ByteDance, TikTok's parent company.
- Meituan-Dianping.
- Contemporary Amperex Technology Co. Limited (CATL).
- Zhang Hao (born 2000), member of Korean boyband Zerobaseone.
Sports
Fujian includes professional sports teams in both the Chinese Basketball Association and the Chinese League One.
The representative of the province in the
The
Education and research
Fujian is considered one of China's leading provinces in education and research. As of 2023, two major cities in the province ranked in the top 45 cities in the world (Xiamen 38th and Fuzhou 45th) by scientific research output, as tracked by the Nature Index.[6]
High schools
- Fuzhou Gezhi High School
- Fuzhou No.1 Middle School
- Fuzhou No.3 Middle School
- Quanzhou No.5 Middle School
- Xiamen Shuangshi High School
- Xiamen No.1 Middle School
- Xiamen Foreign Language School
- YunXiao No.1 High School of Fujian
Colleges and universities
National
- University of Amoy, "985 project", "211 project") (Xiamen)
- Huaqiao University (Quanzhou and Xiamen)
Provincial
- Fuzhou University (founded 1958, one of "211 project" key Universities) (Fuzhou)
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University (Fuzhou)
- Fujian College of Traditional Chinese Medicine(Fuzhou)
- Fujian Medical University (Fuzhou)
- Fujian Normal University (founded 1907) (Fuzhou)
- Fujian University of Technology (Fuzhou)
- Xiamen University (Xiamen)
- Jimei University (Xiamen)
- Xiamen University of Technology (Xiamen)
- Longyan University (Longyan)
- Minnan Normal University (Zhangzhou)
- Minjiang University (Fuzhou)
- Putian University (Putian)
- Quanzhou Normal College(Quanzhou)
- Wuyi University (Wuyishan)
Private
- Yang-En University (Quanzhou)
See also
- Major national historical and cultural sites in Fujian
Notes
- also romanizedas Fukien or Hokkien
- ^ As a result of the Chinese Civil War, a small proportion of Historical Fujian is now within the Republic of China (ROC). The Fujian province of the ROC consists of three offshore archipelagos namely the Kinmen Islands, the Matsu Islands and the Wuqiu Islands. See Fuchien Province, Republic of China for more details.
- ^ Quemoy is included as a county and Matsuas a township.
- Fujian Province, the total area overall is 121,580 square kilometres (46,940 sq mi) in Fujian.
- lineage "churches" and ancestral shrines). Data for other religions with a significant presence in China (deity cults, Buddhism, Taoism, folk religious sects, Islam, et al.) was not reported by Wang.
- ^ This may include:
- Buddhists;
- Confucians;
- Deity worshippers;
- Taoists;
- Members of folk religious sects;
- Chinese Muslims;
- And people not bound to, nor practicing any, institutional or diffuse religion.
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统计用区划代码 名称{...}350527000000 金门县{...}
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民国3年7月,金门自思明县析出置县,隶属厦门道。{...}民国22年(1933){...}12月13日,四省分别更名为闽海、延建、兴泉、龙汀。兴泉省辖莆田、仙游、晋江、南安、安溪、惠安、同安、金门、永春、德化、大田、思明十二县 ,治设晋江(今泉州市区)。{...}民国23年7月,全省设立十个行政督察区,永春、德化、惠安属第四行政督察区(专署驻仙游),晋江、南安、安溪、金门属第五行政督察区(专署驻同安)。民国24年(1935)10月,全省改为7个行政督察区、l市。惠安、晋江、南安、金门、安溪、永春、德化属第四区(专署驻同安)。民国26年4月,南安县治徙溪美。10月,日本侵略军攻陷金门岛及烈屿,金门县政府迁到大嶝乡。{...}民国27年(1938){...}8月,金门县政务由南安县兼摄。{...}民国32年(1943)9月,全省调整为8个行政督察区、2个市。第四区专署仍驻永春,下辖永春、安溪、金门、南安、晋江、惠安等九县。德化改属第六区(专署驻龙岩)。 {...}1949年8月24日,福建省人民政府(省会福州)成立。8、9月间,南安、永春、惠安、晋江、安溪相继解放。9月, 全省划为八个行政督察区。9月9日,第五行政督察专员公署成立,辖晋江、南安、同安、惠安、安溪、永春、仙游、莆田、金门(待统一)等九县。公署设晋江县城(今泉州市区)。10月9日,金门县大嶝岛、小嶝岛及角屿解放。11月24日,德化解放,归入第七行政督察区(专署驻永安县)。 1950年{...}10月17日,政务院批准德化县划归晋江区专员公署管辖;1951年1月正式接管。至此, 晋江区辖有晋江、南安、同安、安溪、永春、德化、莆田、仙游、惠安、金门(待统一)十县。{...}1955年3月12日,奉省人民委员会令,晋江区专员公署改称晋江专员公署,4月1日正式实行。同年5月,省人民政府宣布成立金门县政府。{...}1970年{...}6月18日,福建省革命委员会决定实行。于是,全区辖有泉州市及晋江、惠安、南安、同安、安溪、永春、德化、金门(待统一)八县。同年12月25日,划金门县大嶝公社归同安县管辖。{...}1992年3月6日,国务院批准,晋江撤县设市,领原晋江县行政区域,由泉州代管。1992年5月1日。晋江市人民政府成立,至此,泉州市计辖l区、2市、6县:鲤城区、石狮市、晋江市、惠安县、南安县、安溪县、永春县、德化县、金门县,(待统一)。
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1949年8月至11月除金门县外各县相继解放,{...}自1949年9月起除续领原辖晋江、惠安、南安、安溪、永泰、德化、莆田、仙游、金门、同安10县外,1951年从晋江县析出城区和近郊建县级泉州市。{...}2003年末,全市总户数1715866户,总人口6626204人,其中非农业人口1696232人(均不包括金门县在内);
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External links
- Fujian travel guide from Wikivoyage
- (in Chinese) Fujian Government Website (PRC)
- (in Chinese) Fujian Provincial Government (ROC)
- (in English and Chinese) Complete Map of the Seven Coastal Provinces from 1821 to 1850