Fulmar
Fulmar | |
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Northern fulmar | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Aves |
Order: | Procellariiformes |
Family: | Procellariidae |
Genus: | Fulmarus Stephens, 1826 |
Type species | |
Procellaria glacialis (northern fulmar) Linnaeus, 1761
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Species | |
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The fulmars are tubenosed seabirds of the
Fulmars superficially resemble gulls, but are readily distinguished by their flight on stiff wings, and their tube noses. They breed on
in the open ocean. They are long-lived for birds, living for up to 40 years.Historically, the northern fulmar lived on the
Taxonomy
The genus Fulmarus was introduced in 1826 by the English naturalist James Stephens.[1] The name comes from the Old Norse Fúlmár meaning "foul-mew" or "foul-gull" because of the birds' habit of ejecting a foul-smelling oil.[2] The type species was designated by George Gray in 1855 as the northern fulmar .[3][4]
As members of
Extant species
The genus contains the following two species.[7]
Common name | Scientific name and subspecies | Range | Size and ecology | IUCN status and estimated population |
---|---|---|---|---|
northern fulmar | Fulmarus glacialis (Smith, 1840) |
North Atlantic and North Pacific oceans. |
Size: Habitat: Diet: |
LC
|
southern fulmar | Fulmarus glacialoides (Linnaeus, 1761) |
islands around Antarctica such as the South Sandwich Islands, South Orkney Islands, South Shetland Islands, Bouvet Island, and Peter I Island |
Size: Habitat: Diet: |
LC
|
Fossils
Two prehistoric species have been described from
Description
The two fulmars are closely related
Behavior
Breeding
Both recent species breed on
In Britain, northern fulmars historically bred on
Feeding
Fulmars are highly
Like other
Relationship with humans
Fulmars have for centuries been hunted for food. The engraver
Both the southern fulmar and the northern fulmar are listed as of Least Concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).[18][19]
Gallery
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Northern fulmar on the nest in Orkney, Scotland
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Southern fulmar in Drake's Passage
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Northern fulmar, breeding onBear Island (Norway)
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Northern fulmar, breeding on Bear Island
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Northern fulmar, at the Norwegian bird-island Runde
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Composite image of northern fulmars in different plumages
References
- ^ Stephens, James Francis (1826). Shaw, George (ed.). General Zoology, or Systematic Natural History. Vol. 13, Part 1. London: Kearsley et al. p. 236.
- ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
- ^ Gray, George Robert (1855). Catalogue of the Genera and Subgenera of Birds Contained in the British Museum. London: British Museum. p. 129.
- ^ Mayr, Ernst; Cottrell, G. William, eds. (1979). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. pp. 60–61.
- ^ Double, M. C. (2003)
- ^ Ehrlich, Paul R. (1988)
- Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2021). "Petrels, albatrosses". IOC World Bird List Version 11.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 28 December 2021.
- ^ Howard, Hildegard (1984). "Additional Avian Records from the Miocene of Kern County, California with the Description of a New Species of Fulmar". Bull. Southern California Acad. Sci. 83 (2): 84–89. Archived from the original on 2014-07-15. Retrieved 2014-06-13.
- ^ a b c Maynard, B. J. (2003)
- ^ Yeatman, L (1976)
- ^ "Northern Fulmar". Audubon. Retrieved 13 June 2014.
- ^ Bull, J. & Farrand Jr., J. (1993)
- ^ Robinson, R. A. (2005). "Fulmar Fulmarus glacialis". British Trust for Ornithology. Retrieved 13 June 2014.
- ^ Bewick, Thomas (1847). A History of British Birds, volume II, Water Birds (revised ed.). p. 226.
- ^ Wilson, George Washington (1886). "Dividing the Catch of Fulmar St Kilda". GB 0231 MS 3792/C7187 6188. Aberdeen Library Special Collections and Museums. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
- ^ Ferguson, Susan Rachel (April 18, 1930). "Fulmar article". The Daily Mail.
- ISBN 978-0-7011-6907-7.
- . Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- . Retrieved 12 November 2021.
Sources
- Bull, John; Farrand Jr., John (June 1993) [1977]. "Open Ocean". In Opper, Jane (ed.). The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Birds. The Audubon Society Field Guide Series. Vol. Birds (Eastern Region) (First ed.). New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 314. ISBN 0-394-41405-5.
- Double, M. C. (2003). "Procellariiformes (Tubenosed Seabirds)". In Hutchins, Michael; Jackson, Jerome A.; Bock, Walter J.; Olendorf, Donna (eds.). Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. Vol. 8 Birds I Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins. Joseph E. Trumpey, Chief Scientific Illustrator (2nd ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group. pp. 107–111. ISBN 0-7876-5784-0.
- Ehrlich, Paul R.; Dobkin, David, S.; Wheye, Darryl (1988). The Birders Handbook (First ed.). New York, NY: Simon & Schuster. p. 14. ISBN 0-671-65989-8.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - Harrison, P. (1983). Seabirds: an identification guide. Beckenham, U.K.: Croom Helm. ISBN 0-7470-1410-8.
- Yeatman, L. (1976). Atlas des oiseaux nicheurs de France. Paris: Société Ornithologique de France. p. 8. See also more recent publication(s) with similar title.
Further reading
- Fisher, James (1952). The Fulmar. London: Collins.
External links
- Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). 1911. .
- Northern fulmar profile as part of BTO BirdFacts
- Explore Species: Northern Fulmar at eBird (Cornell Lab of Ornithology)
- Explore Species: Southern Fulmar at eBird (Cornell Lab of Ornithology)