Fungicide
Fungicides are
Safety
This article needs to be updated. The reason given is: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38288970/. (February 2024) |
Fungicide
Types of fungicides
Like other pesticides, fungicides are numerous and diverse. This complexity has led to diverse schemes for classifying fungicides. Classifications are based on
Traditional
Traditional fungicides are simple inorganic compounds like sulfur,[7] and copper salts. While cheap, they must be applied repeatedly and are relatively ineffective.[1] Other active ingredients in fungicides include neem oil, rosemary oil, jojoba oil, the bacterium Bacillus subtilis, and the beneficial fungus Ulocladium oudemansii.
Nonspecific
In the 1930s
Specific
Specific fungicides target a particular biological process in the fungus.
Nucleic acid metabolism
Cytoskeleton and motor proteins
Respiration
Some fungicides target succinic dehydrogenase, a metabolically central enzyme. Fungi of the class Basidiomycetes were the initial focus of these fungicides. These fungi are active against cereals.
Amino acid and protein synthesis
- blasticidin-S
- kasugamycin
- pyrimethanil
Signal transduction
Lipid synthesis / membrane integrity
- propamocarb
- pyrazophos
- tecnazene
Melanin synthesis in cell wall
Sterol biosynthesis in membranes
Cell wall biosynthesis
Host plant defence induction
- acibenzolar
- fosetyl-Al
- phosphorous acid[8]
Mycoviruses
Some of the most common
Resistance
Doses that provide the most control of the disease also provide the largest selection pressure to acquire resistance.[10]
In some cases, the pathogen evolves resistance to multiple fungicides, a phenomenon known as
A common mechanism for acquiring resistance is alteration of the target enzyme. For example,
Resistance to fungicides can also be developed by efficient
In addition to the mechanisms outlined above, fungi may also develop metabolic pathways that circumvent the target protein, or acquire enzymes that enable the metabolism of the fungicide to a harmless substance.
Fungicides that are at risk of losing their potency due to resistance include Strobilurins such as azoxystrobin.[14] Cross-resistance can occur because the active ingredients share a common mode of action.[15] FRAC is organized by CropLife International.[16][14]
See also
- Antifungal drug
- Index of pesticide articles
- PHI-base (Pathogen-Host-Interaction database)
- Phytopathology
- Plant disease forecasting
Further reading
- Haverkate, F.; Tempel, A.; Held, A. J. (1969). "Interaction of 2,4,5-trichlorophenylsulphonylmethyl thiocyanate with fungal spores". Netherlands Journal of Plant Pathology. 75 (5): 308–315. S2CID 23304303.
References
- ^ ISBN 978-0-471-48494-3.
- ^ Mueller, Daren. "Fungicides:Terminology". Iowa State University. Retrieved June 1, 2013.
- S2CID 22200121.
- ^ Pesticide Chemistry and Bioscience edited by G.T Brooks and T.R Roberts. 1999. Published by the Royal Society of Chemistry
- ^ Hrelia et al. 1996 - The genetic and non-genetic toxicity of the fungicide Vinclozolin. Mutagenesis Volume 11 445-453
- ^ National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Compound Database; CID=8722, https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/8722 (accessed Jan. 13, 2019)
- ^ C.Michael Hogan. 2011. Sulfur. Encyclopedia of Earth, eds. A.Jorgensen and C.J.Cleveland, National Council for Science and the environment, Washington DC Archived October 28, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
- .
- S2CID 34331588.
- ^ Metcalfe, R.J. et al. (2000) The effect of dose and mobility on the strength of selection for DMI (sterol demethylation inhibitors) fungicide resistance in inoculated field experiments. Plant Pathology 49: 546–557
- ^ Sierotzki, Helge (2000) Mode of resistance to respiration inhibitors at the cytochrome bc1 enzyme complex of Mycosphaerella fijiensis field isolates Pest Management Science 56:833–841
- ^ Schnabel, G., and Jones, A. L. 2001. The 14a-demethylase (CYP51A1) gene is overexpressed in V. inaequalis strains resistant to myclobutanil. Phytopathology 91:102–110.
- ^ Zwiers, L. H. et al. (2003) ABC transporters of the wheat pathogen Mycosphaerella graminicola function as protectants against biotic and xenobiotic toxic compounds. Molecular Genetics and Genomics 269:499–507
- ^ a b "Fungicides Resistance Action Committee website".
- ^ "Fungal control agents sorted by cross resistance pattern and mode of action" (PDF). 2020. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-08-16. Retrieved 2020-09-04.
- ^ "Resistance Management". CropLife International. 2018-02-28. Retrieved 2020-11-22.
External links
- Fungicide Resistance Action Committee
- Fungicide Resistance Action Group, United Kingdom
- General Pesticide Information Archived 2007-12-29 at the Wayback Machine - National Pesticide Information Center, Oregon State University, United States