Furongian

Furongian
Furongian
~497 – 485.4 ± 1.9 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Chronology
−540 — – −535 — – −530 — – −525 — – −520 — – −515 — – −510 — – −505 — – −500 — – −495 — – −490 — – −485 — –	hyoliths SSF
←	Baykonurian glaciation
←	Dresbachian extinction
	Major Glacial period
	Subdivision of the Cambrian according to the Newfoundland, Canada; 49°40′58″N 57°57′55″W / 49.6829°N 57.9653°W
Upper GSSP ratified	2000

The Furongian is the fourth and final

Lower Ordovician Tremadocian Stage. It is subdivided into three stages: the Paibian, Jiangshanian and the unnamed 10th stage of the Cambrian.^[4]

Naming

The Furongian was also known as the Cambrian Series 4, and the name replaced the older term Upper Cambrian and equivalent to the local term Hunanian. The present name was ratified by the International Commission on Stratigraphy in 2003. Fúróng (芙蓉) means 'lotus' in Mandarin and refers to Hunan which is known as the "lotus state".^[5]

Definition

The lower boundary is defined in the same way as the

GSSP of the Paibian Stage. Both begin with the first appearance of the trilobite Glyptagnostus reticulatus around 497 million years ago.^[6] The upper boundary is the lower boundary and GSSP of the Tremadocian Stage which is the first appearance of the conodont Iapetognathus fluctivagus around 485.4 million years ago.^[7]

Subdivisions

The following table shows the subdivisions of the Furongian series/epoch:[4]

Series	Stage	Age ( Ma )
Lower Ordovician
	Floian	477.7
	Tremadocian	485.4
Furongian
	Stage 10	489.5
	Jiangshanian	494
	Paibian	497
Series 3
	Guzhangian	500.5
	Drumian	504.5
	Wuliuan	509

Biostratigraphy

The base of two of three stages of the Furongian are defined as the first appearance of a trilobite. The base of the Paibian is the first appearance of

Eoconodontus notchpeakensis.^[9]

The Furongian can be divided into a number of trilobite zones:

Series	Stage	Trilobite zone	Trilobite GSSP
Furongian	Stage 10	Saukia zone (upper part), Eurekia apopsis zone, Tangshanaspis Zone, Parakoldinioidia zone, Symphysurina zone^[9]	Lotagnostus americanus (undecided)
	Jiangshanian	Ellipsocephaloides zone, Saukia zone (lower part)^[9]	Agnostotes orientalis
	Paibian	? (?)	Glyptagnostus reticulatus
	Paibian	Cedaria	Glyptagnostus reticulatus

References

^ "Chart/Time Scale". stratigraphy.org. International Commission on Stratigraphy.
doi:10.1080/00241160410002081
. Retrieved 8 December 2020.

doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2001/v24i1/005
. Retrieved 6 December 2020.

^ ^a ^b "GSSP Table - Paleozoic Era". Geologic Timescale Foundation. Retrieved 17 November 2012.

^
doi:10.1080/00241160410002081
. Retrieved 14 September 2012.

^ "GSSP for the Paibian". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 12 November 2012.

^ "GSSP for the Cambrian - Ordovician Boundary". Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 17 November 2012.

^ "GSSP for Jiangshanian". Retrieved 12 November 2012.

^
doi:10.3140/bull.geosci.1251
.

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Cambrian Period
Terreneuvian Series 2 Miaolingian Furongian

Fortunian

Stage 2

Stage 3

Stage 4

Wuliuan

Drumian

Guzhangian

Paibian

Jiangshanian

Stage 10

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Early (145–100 Ma)

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Early (252–247 Ma)

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Paleozoic Era
(539–252 Ma)
Permian (299–252 Ma)

Cisuralian (299–272 Ma)

Guadalupian (272–260 Ma)

Lopingian (260–252 Ma)

Carboniferous (359–299 Ma)

Mississippian (359–323 Ma)

Pennsylvanian (323–299 Ma)

Devonian (419–359 Ma)

Silurian (444–419 Ma)

Llandovery (444–433 Ma)

Wenlock (433–427 Ma)

Ludlow (427–423 Ma)

Pridoli (423–419 Ma)

Ordovician (485–444 Ma)

Cambrian (539–485 Ma)

Terreneuvian (539–521 Ma)

Series 2 (521–509 Ma)

Miaolingian (509–497 Ma)

Furongian (497–485 Ma)

Proterozoic Eon
(2.5 Ga–539 Ma)
Neoproterozoic (1 Ga–539 Ma)

Tonian (1 Ga–720 Ma)

Cryogenian (720–635 Ma)

Ediacaran (635–539 Ma)

Mesoproterozoic (1.6–1 Ga)

Calymmian (1.6–1.4 Ga)

Ectasian (1.4–1.2 Ga)

Stenian (1.2–1 Ga)

Paleoproterozoic (2.5–1.6 Ga)

Siderian (2.5–2.3 Ga)

Rhyacian (2.3–2.05 Ga)

Orosirian (2.05–1.8 Ga)

Statherian (1.8–1.6 Ga)

Archean Eon (4–2.5 Ga)

Eoarchean (4–3.6 Ga)

Paleoarchean (3.6–3.2 Ga)

Mesoarchean (3.2–2.8 Ga)

Neoarchean (2.8–2.5 Ga)

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[1] "Chart/Time Scale". stratigraphy.org. International Commission on Stratigraphy.

[2] :10.1080/00241160410002081
. Retrieved 8 December 2020.

[3] :10.18814/epiiugs/2001/v24i1/005
. Retrieved 6 December 2020.

[GSSP_Paleozoic-4] "GSSP Table - Paleozoic Era". Geologic Timescale Foundation. Retrieved 17 November 2012.

[Peng_2004-5] 
doi:10.1080/00241160410002081
. Retrieved 14 September 2012.

[GSSP_for_the_Paibian-6] "GSSP for the Paibian". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 12 November 2012.

[GSSP_for_the_Cambrian_-_Ordovician_Boundary-7] "GSSP for the Cambrian - Ordovician Boundary". Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 17 November 2012.

[GSSP_Jiangshanian-8] "GSSP for Jiangshanian". Retrieved 12 November 2012.

[Landing_2011-9] 
doi:10.3140/bull.geosci.1251
.

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[9]