Fynbos
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Fynbos (
Etymology
The word fynbos is often confusingly said to mean "fine bush" in Afrikaans, as bos means "bush". Typical fynbos foliage is ericoid rather than fine. The term, in its pre-Afrikaans, Dutch form, fynbosch, was recorded by Noble as being in casual use in the late 19th century.[4] In the early 20th century, John Bews referred to: "South-Western or Cape Region of Macchia or Fynbosch". He said: "In this well-known region where the rain occurs in winter and the summers are more or less dry, the dominant vegetation is of a sclerophyllous type and there is little or no natural grassland, though there are many kinds of grass..."[5] He also refers to a high degree of endemism in the grasses in that region. Elsewhere he speaks of the term as "...applied by the inhabitants of the Cape to any sort of small woodland growth that does not include timber trees"; in the current vernacular, this still is the effective sense of the word.[1] However, in the technical, ecological sense, the constraints are more demanding. In the latter half of the 20th century, "fynbos" gained currency as the term for the "distinctive vegetation of the southwestern Cape".[1]
Cape Floral Kingdom
Fynbos – which grows in a 100-to-200-km-wide coastal belt stretching from
Of the world's six
Five main river systems traverse the Cape floral kingdom: the
Flora
The most conspicuous components of the flora are evergreen sclerophyllous plants, many with ericoid leaves and gracile habit, as opposed to timber forest. Several plant families are conspicuous in fynbos; the Proteaceae are prominent, with genera such as Protea, Leucospermum (the "pincushions"), and Leucadendron (the silver tree and "cone bushes"). Proteas are represented by many species and are prominent in the landscape, generally with large striking flowers, many of which are pollinated by birds, and others by small mammals. Most of these do not have anything like ericoid leaves, and nor do most Rhamnaceae, Fabaceae, or Geraniaceae. Fynbos Ericaceae include more species of Erica than all other regions combined. They are popularly called heaths and are generally smaller plants bearing many small, tubular or globular flowers and ericoid leaves. Restionaceae also occur in greater variety in fynbos than anywhere else; their species are superficially grass-like. Many of them grow in wet areas such as seasonal marshes and spongy basins in the sources of mountain streams, but others grow in decidedly arid conditions.
Depending on the locality and the aspects under discussion, several other families have equal claim to being characteristic, including Asteraceae, Rutaceae, and Iridaceae.[1] More than 1400 bulb species occur among the fynbos, of which 96 are Gladiolus and 54 Lachenalia. Areas that are dominated by "renosterbos", Elytropappus rhinocerotis, (Asteraceae) are known as Renosterveld (Afrikaans for "rhinoceros field").[1]
Vegetation types
Fynbos vegetation types, code FF:[7]
- Agulhas Limestone Fynbos (FFl 1)
- Agulhas Sand Fynbos (FFd 7)
- Albertinia Sand Fynbos (FFd 9)
- Algoa Sandstone Fynbos (FFs 29)
- Atlantis Sand Fynbos (FFd 4)
- Bokkeveld Sandstone Fynbos (FFs 1)
- Boland Granite Fynbos (FFg 2)
- Breede Alluvium Fynbos (FFa 2)
- Breede Quartzite Fynbos (FFq 4)
- Breede Sand Fynbos (FFd 8)
- Breede Shale Fynbos (FFh 4)
- Canca Limestone Fynbos (FFl 3)
- Cape Flats Sand Fynbos (FFd 5)
- Cape Winelands Shale Fynbos (FFh 5)
- Cederberg Sandstone Fynbos (FFs 4)
- Central Coastal Shale Band Vegetation (FFb 4)
- Central Inland Shale Band Vegetation (FFb 3)
- De Hoop Limestone Fynbos (FFl 2)
- Eastern Coastal Shale Band Vegetation (FFb 6)
- Eastern Inland Shale Band Vegetation (FFb 5)
- Elgin Shale Fynbos (FFh 6)
- Elim Ferricrete Fynbos (FFf 1)
- Garden Route Granite Fynbos (FFg 5)
- Garden Route Shale Fynbos (FFh 9)
- Graafwater Sandstone Fynbos (FFs 2)
- Greyton Shale Fynbos (FFh 7)
- Grootrivier Quartzite Fynbos (FFq 5)
- Hangklip Sand Fynbos (FFd 6)
- Hawequas Sandstone Fynbos (FFs 10)
- Hopefield Sand Fynbos (FFd 3)
- Kamiesberg Granite Fynbos (FFg 1)
- Kango Conglomerate Fynbos (FFt 1)
- Knysna Sand Fynbos (FFd 10)
- Kogelberg Sandstone Fynbos (FFs 11)
- Kouebokkeveld Alluvium Fynbos (FFa 1)
- Kouebokkeveld Shale Fynbos (FFh 1)
- Kouga Grassy Sandstone Fynbos (FFs 28)
- Kouga Sandstone Fynbos (FFs 27)
- Leipoldtville Sand Fynbos (FFd 2)
- Loerie Conglomerate Fynbos (FFt 2)
- Lourensford Alluvium Fynbos (FFa 4)
- Matjiesfontein Quartzite Fynbos (FFq 3)
- Matjiesfontein Shale Fynbos (FFh 2)
- Montagu Shale Fynbos (FFh 8)
- Namaqualand Sand Fynbos (FFd 1)
- North Hex Sandstone Fynbos (FFs 7)
- North Kammanassie Sandstone Fynbos (FFs 25)
- North Langeberg Sandstone Fynbos (FFs 15)
- North Outeniqua Sandstone Fynbos (FFs 18)
- North Rooiberg Sandstone Fynbos (FFs 21)
- North Sonderend Sandstone Fynbos (FFs 13)?
- North Swartberg Sandstone Fynbos (FFs 23)
- Northern Inland Shale Band Vegetation (FFb 1)
- Olifants Sandstone Fynbos (FFs 3)
- Overberg Sandstone Fynbos (FFs 12)
- Peninsula Granite Fynbos (FFg 3)
- Peninsula Sandstone Fynbos (FFs 9)
- Piketberg Sandstone Fynbos (FFs 6)
- Potberg Ferricrete Fynbos (FFf 2)
- Potberg Sandstone Fynbos (FFs 17)
- Robertson Granite Fynbos (FFg 4)
- South Hex Sandstone Fynbos (FFs 8)
- South Kammanassie Sandstone Fynbos (FFs 26)
- South Langeberg Sandstone Fynbos (FFs 16)
- South Outeniqua Sandstone Fynbos (FFs 19)
- South Rooiberg Sandstone Fynbos (FFs 22)
- South Sonderend Sandstone Fynbos (FFs 14)
- South Swartberg Sandstone Fynbos (FFs 24)
- Southern Cape Dune Fynbos (FFd 11)
- Stinkfonteinberge Quartzite Fynbos (FFq 1)
- Suurberg Quartzite Fynbos (FFq 6)
- Suurberg Shale Fynbos (FFh 10)
- Swartberg Altimontane Sandstone Fynbos (FFs 31)
- Swartberg Shale Fynbos (FFh 3)
- Swartland Alluvium Fynbos (FFa 3)
- Swartruggens Quartzite Fynbos (FFq 2)
- Swellendam Silcrete Fynbos (FFc 1)
- Tsitsikamma Sandstone Fynbos (FFs 20)
- Western Altimontane Sandstone Fynbos (FFs 30)
- Western Coastal Shale Band Vegetation (FFb 2)
- Winterhoek Sandstone Fynbos (FFs 5)
Fauna
The fynbos is home to many unique and endemic animals, with seven species of endemic bird and an unknown number of endemic reptiles, amphibians, and arthropods. The seven avian endemics include the Cape rockjumper, Cape sugarbird, Victorin's warbler, Orange-breasted sunbird, Protea canary, Cape siskin, and Fynbos buttonquail.
Ecoregions
The fynbos area has been divided into two very similar ecoregions: the lowland fynbos (below 300 m above sea level) on the sandy soil of the west coast, and the montane fynbos of the Cape Fold Belt.
The Lowland Fynbos and Renosterveld experiences regular winter rainfall, especially to the west of
The flora of the lowlands contains a high number of endemic species, and tends to favour larger plants than those growing on the hillier areas. They include the larger Restionaceae such as species of
The area is also home to a large number of endemic creatures that have adapted to life in this area, such as the
The Montane Fynbos and Renosterveld is the area above 300 m (980 ft), a total of 45,000 km2 (17,000 sq mi) of the Cape Fold Mountains. The same level of floral variety, including all three characteristic fynbos families, is found there, but ericas predominate. Because the higher and wetter areas are more protected and contain important water sources, the original flora is more intact than in the lowlands; but agriculture and global warming are still threats. The region includes the mountains in the west from the
Many different microclimates occur, so the flora changes from west to east, and also varies with altitude up the hillsides away from the coast and according to compass direction. Lower elevations are covered with protea fynbos, with ericas taking over further up. Plant species include pincushions (
Economic uses
In many areas with Mediterranean climates, fynbos species have become popular garden plants, in particular aloes and geraniums, and in cooler regions are used as window plants.
A very large number of fynbos plant species are used in traditional medicine, and while only a tiny proportion have as yet been subjected to formal testing, many have already been identified as having medicinal properties.[9][10][11]
Threats and conservation
The fynbos is the region of South Africa most affected by
The Working for Water (WfW) program was started in 1995 by the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry to control these invasive species which were shown to sequester 9.95% of usable surface water runoff.[12][14] Since then, over 100,000 hectares of land have been cleared of invasive species while providing jobs to around 20,000 people per year, most of which are women and unskilled workers.[13] Systematic monitoring of WfW's progress is lacking but there is anecdotal evidence that endemic silver peas have returned to Table Mountain after being thought extinct.[14]
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Researchers in a relatively remote stretch of Kogelberg Sandstone Fynbos
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Community conservation group for theHarmony Flats, Cape Town
See also
- Heath (habitat)– Shrubland habitat
- Shrubland – Vegetation dominated by shrubs
References
- ^ ISBN 9781770072657.
- ^ "Lowland fynbos and renosterveld". Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund. Retrieved 26 January 2010.
- ^ a b "Fynbos, South Africa". panda.org. Retrieved 15 January 2017.
- ^ Noble, John (1875). Descriptive handbook of the Cape Colony: its condition and resources. Juta – via Internet Archive.
- ^ Bews, John William (1918). The grasses and grasslands of South Africa. Pietermaritzburg, P. David & Sons, Ltd., Printers – via Internet Archive.
- S2CID 19960784.
- ^ Mucina, L.; Rutherford, M.C.; Powrie, L.W. (eds.). "The Vegetation Map of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland" (Version 2012. ed.).
- ^ "Lowland fynbos and renosterveld". Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund.
- ^ "Working with fynbos – Fynbos Hub". fynboshub.co.za. Archived from the original on 22 December 2017. Retrieved 15 January 2017.
- ^ "Pig's ears and buchu brandy: medicinal plants of the fynbos – Table Mountain Aerial Cableway – Official Website". tablemountain.net. Archived from the original on 22 December 2017. Retrieved 15 January 2017.
- ^ "Commercialization of South African Indigenous Crops: Aspects of Research and Cultivation of Products". purdue.edu. Retrieved 15 January 2017.
- ^ a b c d "STATUS OF INVASIVE TREE SPECIES IN SOUTHERN AFRICA". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Retrieved 27 January 2016.
- ^ a b "Working for Water Programme". Department of Environmental Affairs. Retrieved 27 January 2016.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-226-03601-4.
External links
- Fynbos Paradise of South Africa
- Images of Fynbos Archived 14 January 2013 at archive.today
- Western Cape School Network on fynbos
- "Protea Atlas Project" with information and images.
- Fauna & Flora International's work on fynbos
- Fynbos Photography (organized taxonomically)
- Conservation and Land Restoration Project at TerraPi,SA
- "Montane fynbos and renosterveld". Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund.
- Data on invasive species in South Africa
- WfW Program official page