G. D. H. Cole

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This article is about the English historian. For the Canadian historian, see Douglas Cole (historian).

G. D. H. Cole
Born
George Douglas Howard Cole

(1889-09-25)25 September 1889
Cambridge, England
Died14 January 1959(1959-01-14) (aged 69)
London, England
Alma materBalliol College, Oxford
Political partyLabour
Other political
affiliations		Popular Front
Spouse
​
(m. 1918)​
Academic background
Influences
Academic work
Discipline
  • political theory
School or traditionGuild socialism
Institutions
Notable worksA History of Socialist Thought
InfluencedHarold Wilson
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George Douglas Howard Cole (25 September 1889 – 14 January 1959) was an English

co-operative movement
.

Early life

Cole was born in Cambridge to George Cole, a jeweller who later became a surveyor; and his wife Jessie Knowles.[2]

Cole was educated at

Literae Humaniores ('Greats', a combination of Philosophy and Ancient History) in 1912.[3][2]

First World War and early career

In the autumn of 1912 Cole accepted a post as lecturer in philosophy at

Armstrong College, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.[4]: 47  Conditions were far from ideal, since Cole's students were mainly students studying technical subjects who attended his lectures merely because they were compulsory.[4]: 47  In the same year, however, he was elected to a Prize Fellowship at Magdalen College, Oxford, which ran for seven years; he had an annual income of several hundred pounds and no obligation to teach. He could research and write.[4]
: 48 

Cole, personally a pacifist, took a pragmatic approach to the 1914-18 war.

Amalgamated Society of Engineers. He advised the union on how to respond to wartime legislation including the Munitions of War Act 1915. This role enabled him to escape conscription
on the grounds that he was conducting work of national importance.

Cole's involvement in the campaign against conscription introduced him to a co-worker, Margaret Postgate, whom he married in 1918.

Having secured exemption from military service, Cole was practically active first with his union work and with journalism in defence of workers' rights;[4]: 61–73  he also found time to develop a political theory of guild socialism.[2] which had first engaged his attention during his undergraduate years.[5]: 49ff 

Cole's Prize Fellowship ended in 1919. He needed employment. He moved to London. His first job, provided by Arthur Henderson, was as part-time secretary to the Advisory Committees which had been established by the Labour Party in 1918 to create a clear and comprehensive political programme, a programme for a full-fledged political party and not a pressure group. The work was congenial and satisfactory but the requirements of the job proved too much for Cole's part-time commitment.[citation needed]

He then secured a job with the

Manchester Guardian
as its Labour Correspondent. He did not stay with the paper for long. His wife commented:

he was not really at all fitted to be a regular journalist on a daily. Though his contributions were well informed and generally readable, and though, so far as my knowledge goes, their accuracy went unchallenged, he was quite incapable of giving to the Guardian that priority of service and attention which any good newspaperman must give to his paper; and I very clearly recollect the amazed exasperation displayed on more than one occasion by the London Editor, or the Night Editor as the case might be, when a piece of news requiring instant comment had turned up, and their Labour Correspondent was not available on the telephone, had gone out, nobody knew where, or for how long[4]: 105 

Professional life

F. H. S. Shepherd, "University College Fellows", 1934: grouped under the college's bust of King Alfred are D. L. Keir, E. W. Ainley-Walker, A. D. Gardner, G. D. H. Cole, J. P. R. Maud, A. L. Goodhart, J. H. S. Wild, E. J. Bowen, A. B. Poynton, Sir Michael Sadler, A. S. L. Farquharson (in the centre), E. F. Carritt, G. H. Stevenson and K. K. M. Leys.

Cole authored several economic and historical works including biographies of William Cobbett and Robert Owen.

In 1925, he became reader in economics at University College, Oxford.

In 1929, he was appointed to the

Chichele Professor of Social and Political Theory at Oxford. He was succeeded in the chair by Isaiah Berlin in 1957.[2]

Cole's pacifism of 1914-18 was abandoned by 1940 when he said: "Hitler cured me of pacifism".[6]: 84  During the 1930s, Cole sought to construct a British popular front against fascism. He identified the extent of the military threat before many of his colleagues had abandoned their pacifism. Cole lent strong support to the republican cause in the Spanish Civil War.[2]

He was listed in Nazi Germany's Black Book of prominent subjects to be arrested in the case of a successful invasion of Britain.[7]

In 1941, Cole was appointed sub-warden of Nuffield College, Oxford. He was central to the establishment of the Nuffield College Social Reconstruction Survey which collected a large amount of demographic, economic and social data. This information was used to advocate for an extensive programme of social reform.[2]

Socialism

Cole became interested in

First World War and also in the pages of The New Statesman, the weekly founded by the Beatrice Webb and George Bernard Shaw
.

Cole said his interest in socialism was kindled by his reading

utopian novel by William Morris
, writing:

I became a Socialist because, as soon as the case for a society of equals, set free from the twin evils of riches and poverty, mastership and subjection, was put to me, I knew that to be the only kind of society that could be consistent with human decency and fellowship and that in no other society could I have the right to be content.

— World Socialism Restated[8]

Neither a

social democrat, Cole envisioned a guild socialism of decentralised association and active, participatory democracy, whose basic units would be sited at the workplace and in the community rather than in any central apparatus of the state. Cole criticized both state socialism and syndicalism as leaving open the possibility of tyranny, and envisioned a form of socialism where all enterprises would be democratically run by the workers through trade unions with the state remaining to guarantee consumers' rights and civil liberties. Cole's ideas were influential in intellectual circles but were generally dismissed by Labour Party leaders such as Ramsay MacDonald.[9][10]

In the 1920s, Hugh Gaitskell, a student of Cole, became active supporter of the 1926 United Kingdom general strike.[11] Cole also was a powerful influence on the life of the young Harold Wilson, whom he taught, worked with and convinced to join the Labour Party.

Cole formed the Society for Socialist Inquiry and Propaganda to advance his views, which combined with former members of the

political parties against appeasement and the threat of fascism.[13]

Cole wrote at least seven books for the

Victor Gollancz Ltd. They are marked with LBC in the list of his books given below. He and his wife, Margaret Cole, together wrote 29 popular detective stories,[14] featuring the investigators Superintendent Wilson, Everard Blatchington and Dr. Tancred. Cole and his wife created a partnership but not a marriage. Cole took little interest in sex and he regarded women as a distraction for men. Margaret documented this comprehensively in a biography she wrote of her husband after his death.[15]

Although Cole admired the Soviet Union for creating a socialist economy, he rejected its dictatorial government as a model for socialist societies elsewhere. In a 1939 lecture, Cole stated:

If I do not accept

Democratic Socialism, despite all its failures and vacillations of recent years, as a total loss.... Democratic Socialism offers the only means of building the new order on what is valuable and worth preserving in the civilisation of to-day.[16]

In his book Europe, Russia and the Future published in 1941, Cole claimed that however immoral the new Nazi-dominated Europe was in some ways it was better than the "impracticable" system of sovereign states that had preceded it. In economic terms, it could be said that "it would be better to let Hitler conquer all Europe short of the Soviet Union, and thereafter exploit it ruthlessly in the Nazi interest, than to go back to the pre-war order of independent Nation States with frontiers drawn so as to cut right across the natural units of production and exchange".[17] Cole also stated:

I would much sooner see the Soviet Union, even with its policy unchanged, dominant over all Europe, including Great Britain, than see an attempt to restore the pre-war States to their futile and uncreative independence and their petty economic nationalism under capitalist domination. Much better be ruled by Stalin than by the destructive and monopolistic cliques which dominate Western capitalism.[18]

Co-operative studies

Cole was also a theorist of the

Co-operative Commonwealth without state assistance and hypothesised what the role the co-operative might have in a socialist state.[19]

A second book, titled A Century of Co-operation, examined the history of the movement from the very first co-operatives to the contribution of the

Rochdale Pioneers as well as the movement's development (in Great Britain) over the following century.[20]

Cole contributed to

C. G. Seligman, Maurice Dobb and F. J. C. Hearnshaw
.

Personal life

G. D. H. Cole portrayed by Stella Bowen, c. 1944/1945. National Portrait Gallery, London

In August 1918, Cole married Margaret Isabel Postgate (1893–1980). Margaret was the daughter of the classical scholar John Percival Postgate.[2]

The couple had one son and two daughters in a marriage that lasted forty-one years. However, the marriage does not seem to have been especially happy. Cole expressed little interest in actual romantic attachment and even less in sexual relations. Friends observed that emotional attachments tended to be with men rather than women. Cole was very fond of some of his male students. They included the future leader of the Labour Party Hugh Gaitskell. There is no evidence of any homosexual encounters either before or during his marriage.[2]

Cole and his wife jointly wrote a number of books and articles, including twenty-nine detective stories.[2]

Cole could not accept the idea of a "determinate human superior". His wife recalled that "he... never gave orders except in a purely routine and non-significant sense".

higher mathematics (he did not understand Algebra) he distrusted science, as he believed it was being used to quantify things that were best left to interpretation.[4]
: 34 

In literature and poetry he enjoyed (after Morris)

Shakespeare and hated D. H. Lawrence.[4]
: 38 

He was admired by his students, but Gaitskell said he was much too sensitive, self-critical and sardonic to play the part of the master at all willingly.[4]: 144 

In the spring of 1929 the Coles returned to London, living in West Hampstead for six years until buying a "rambling Victorian" house called "Freeland" in Hendon where he lived for most of the last three decades of his life.[4]: 171–173  In early 1957 he and his wife moved to a flat in Holland Park, Kensington.[21] He died after going into a diabetic coma in the early hours of 14 January 1959 in hospital in Hampstead.[22] In lieu of religious rites his brother-in-law, Raymond Postgate, read two passages from the works of William Morris at his funeral in Golders Green Crematorium.[23] His estate was offered for probate at £46,617 (equivalent to £1,097,364 in 2020).[21][24]

Bibliography

Non-fiction works

Detective fiction

Novels and short story collections

G D H Cole

  • The Brooklyn Murders (1923)

G D H and M Cole

  • The Death of a Millionaire (1925)
  • The Blatchington Tangle (1926); serialised in The Daily Herald (1926)
  • The Murder at Crome House (1927)
  • The Man from the River (1928)
  • Superintendent Wilson's Holiday (1928)
  • Poison in the Garden Suburb (1929); serialised in The Daily Herald (1929). Also known as Poison in a Garden Suburb
  • Burglars in Bucks (1930) aka The Berkshire Mystery
  • Corpse in Canonicals (1930) aka The Corpse in the Constable's Garden
  • The Great Southern Mystery (1931) aka The Walking Corpse
  • Dead Man's Watch (1931)
  • Death of a Star (1932)
  • A Lesson in Crime (1933)
    • A Lesson in Crime; A Question of Coincidence; Mr. Steven's Insurance Policy; Blackmail in the Village; The Cliff Path Ghost; Sixteen Years Run; Wilson Calling (Wilson); The Brentwardine Mystery; The Mother of the Detective; A Dose of Cyanide; Superintendent Wakley's Mistake.
  • The Affair at Aliquid (1933)
  • End of an Ancient Mariner (1933)
  • Death in the Quarry (1934)
  • Big Business Murder (1935)
  • Dr Tancred Begins (1935)
  • Scandal at School (1935) aka The Sleeping Death
  • Last Will and Testament (1936)
  • The Brothers Sackville (1936)
  • Disgrace to the College (1937)
  • The Missing Aunt (1937)
  • Mrs Warrender's Profession (1938)
  • Off with her Head! (1938)
  • Double Blackmail (1939)
  • Greek Tragedy (1939)
  • Wilson and Some Others (1940)
    • Death in a Tankard (Wilson); Murder in Church (Wilson); The Bone of the Dinosaur (Wilson); A Tale of Two Suitcases (Wilson); The Motive (Wilson); Glass (Wilson); Murder in Broad Daylight (Wilson); Ye Olde Englysshe Christmasse or Detection in the Eighteenth Century; The Letters; The Partner; A Present from the Empire; The Strange Adventures of a Chocolate Box; Strychnine Tonic.
  • Murder at the Munition Works (1940)
  • Counterpoint Murder (1940)
  • Knife in the Dark (1941)
  • Toper's End (1942)
  • Death of a Bride (1945)
  • Birthday Gifts (1946)
  • The Toys of Death (1948)

Radio plays

G D H and M Cole

  • Murder in Broad Daylight. BBC Home Service, 1 June 1934
  • The Bone of the Dinosaur. (Detection Club: Series 1, Episode 6). BBC Home Service, 23 and 27 November 1940

Short stories

G D H and Margaret Cole

  • Death in the Tankard. (London) Daily News, 15 to 19 January 1934
  • Too Clever by Half. (London) Daily News, 20 to 24 April 1936

References

  1. ISBN 978-0-334-05373-6
    .
  2. ^
    doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/32486. Retrieved 25 October 2017. (Subscription or UK public library membership
    required.)
  3. ^ 'Oxford University Calendar 1913, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1913, pp. 196, 222
  4. ^
    ISBN 0-333-00216-4
    .
  5. ^
    ISBN 0-521-08702-3
    .
  6. ISBN 0-7190-1892-7
    .
  7. ^ Walter Schellenberg, The Schellenberg Memoirs, London 1956 (Deutsch: Aufzeichungen, München 1979) pp 174.
  8. ^ G. D. H Cole, "World Socialism Restated," pamphlet (1956); cited, Harry Barnes, Three Score Years and Ten (24 July 2006).
  9. OCLC 1285556329
    .
  10. ^ Peter Sedgwick, "A Return to First Things", Balliol College Annual Record 1980, pp.86–88 (review of A. W. Wright, G.D.H. Cole and Socialist Democracy). Marxists’ Internet Archive. Online.
  11. ^ "PPE: the Oxford degree that runs Britain". the Guardian. 23 February 2017. Retrieved 3 August 2021.
  12. OCLC 1285556329
    .
  13. ISBN 019820647X
    (pp. 282–83)
  14. ^ Marc Stears, ‘Cole , Dame Margaret Isabel (1893–1980)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 accessed 7 May 2017
  15. ISBN 978-0-7864-9992-2
    .
  16. ^ "The Decline of Capitalism". Lecture to Fabian Society, 1939.|Quoted in A. W. Wright, G. D. H. Cole and Socialist Democracy. Clarendon Press, 1979.
    ISBN 0-19-827421-1
    (p. 226).
  17. ^ G. D. H. Cole, Europe, Russia and the Future (London: Victor Gollancz, 1941), p. 104.
  18. ^ Cole, Europe, Russia and the Future, p. 104.
  19. ^ Cole, G. D. H., "The British Co-operative Movement in a Socialist Society: A Report for the Fabian Society", London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1951.
  20. ^ Cole, G.D.H., A Century of Co-operation, Oxford: George Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1944.
  21. ^ a b "Cole, George Douglas Howard". The Times. London. 4 September 1959. p. 12.
  22. ^ "G. D. H. Cole". The Times. London. 15 January 1959.
  23. ^ "G. D. H. Cole". The Times. London. 17 January 1959.
  24. ^ "Find a will | GOV.UK". Archived from the original on 30 November 2020. Retrieved 22 November 2020.
  25. ^ "Penguin First Editions". Penguin Publishing.

Sources

External links

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G. D. H. Cole
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Party political offices
Preceded by Chairman of the New Fabian Research Bureau
1937–1939 		Office abolished
New office Chairman of the Fabian Society
1937–1946 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Chairman of the Fabian Society
1948–1950 		Succeeded by
Preceded by President of the Fabian Society
1952–1959 		Succeeded by
Academic offices
New office
Chichele Professor of
Social and Political Theory

1944–1957 		Succeeded by
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