Gabriel Bethlen
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Gabriel Bethlen | |
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Calvinist |
Gabriel Bethlen (Hungarian: Bethlen Gábor; 15 November 1580 – 15 November 1629) was Prince of Transylvania from 1613 to 1629 and Duke of Opole from 1622 to 1625. He was also King-elect of Hungary from 1620 to 1621, but he never took control of the whole kingdom. Bethlen, supported by the Ottomans, led his Calvinist principality against the Habsburgs and their Catholic allies.
Early life
Gabriel was the elder of the two sons of Farkas
The brothers were put under the guardianship of their maternal uncle, András Lázár de Szárhegy.[1][4] They lived in the Lázár Castle in Szárhegy in Székely Land (now Lăzarea in Romania) for years.[4] Gabriel's court historian, Gáspár Bojti Veres, described Lázár as a "grumpy and fierce" soldier who did not care much about their formal education.[2]
According Gabriel's first extant letter (from 1593), Sigismund Báthory, Prince of Transylvania, seized the brothers' estates "at the word of many coaxing people" without paying a compensation to them in 1591 or 1592, but a "few primary kinsmen" convinced the prince to offer restitution or other landed property to them.[1][5] Gabriel also mentioned in the letter that he decided to visit the prince's court in Gyulafehérvár (now Alba Iulia in Romania).[6]
Career
Beginnings
Modern historians try to reconstruct the major events of Gabriel's youth based on sources (primarily memoirs and letters) completed decades later, because only two documents written between 1593 and 1602 mentioned him.[7] One of the later sources is Gabriel's own letter from 1628, in which he stated that Stephen Bocskai had raised him and "placed great credence" in him.[8] Gabriel also stated that Bocskai was his "kin".[8] Another important source was written by Gabriel's retainer, Pál Háportoni Forró, who stated that Gabriel had held "great and honorable offices" and performed "the greatly laborious duties of emissary" in his youth.[8] Based on these sources, modern historians assume that Bocskai boosted Gabriel's career in Sigismund Báthory's court,[9][2] but no contemporaneous document mentioned his presence in the prince's retinue.[6]
Sigismund Báthory joined the anti-Ottoman
Anarchy
Sigismund Báthory regretted his abdication and returned to Transylvania in August 1598.
Gabriel supported
Gabriel joined the Transylvanian noblemen who rose up against Basta.
The Transylvanian refugees started to regard Gabriel as their leader.
Bocskai's supporter
Gabriel decided to persuade the wealthy Stephen Bocskai to rise up against Rudolph's commissioners.[22] After royal troops attacked the refugees' camp near Temesvár on 13 September 1604, rumours about the capture of a secret correspondence between Bethlen and Bocskai began circulating.[18] Fearing reprisals, Bocskai withdrew to his fortress at Sólyomkő (now Şoimeni in Romania) and make preparations to resist.[18] He hired irregular Hajdú troops and defeated a royal army on 15 October.[23][24]
Bocskai took possession of Kassa (now
Gabriel finally married his bride, Zsuzsanna
Bethlen was a
Prince of Transylvania
In 1605, Bethlen supported
In 1613, after Báthory was murdered, the Ottomans installed Bethlen as Prince of Transylvania and this was endorsed on 13 October 1613 by the Transylvanian Diet at Kolozsvár (Cluj-Napoca). In 1615, after the Peace of Tyrnau, Bethlen was recognised by Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor.[26]
Bethlen's rule was one of
Anti-Habsburg insurrection
Bethlen maintained an efficient standing army of mercenaries. While keeping relations with the
In August 1619, Bethlen invaded Royal Hungary. In September, he took Kassa (Košice) where Protestant supporters declared him the leader of Hungary and protector of Protestants. He gained control of Upper Hungary (present-day Slovakia). In September 1619, after refusing to convert to Calvinism, the Jesuits Marko Križevcanin, Stephen Pongracz and Melchior Grodeczki were martyred under Bethlen's authority."[27] The three were later canonized by the Catholic Church.
In October 1619, Bethlen took Pressburg (Pozsony, today's
Bethlen negotiated for peace at Pressburg, Kassa (now Košice) and Besztercebánya (now Banská Bystrica). In January 1620, without the Czechs, Bethlen received 13 counties in the east of Royal Hungary. On 20 August 1620, he was elected King of Hungary at the Diet of Besztercebánya and in September 1620, war with the Habsburgs resumed.
After defeating the Czechs on 8 November 1620 at the
.In 1623 - 1624 and 1626, Bethlen, allied with the anti-Habsburg Protestants, made campaigns against Ferdinand in Upper Hungary. The first campaign ended with the
Death
Bethlen died on 15 November 1629. His second wife, Catherine of Brandenburg, became Princess Regnant of Transylvania.
His first wife, Zsuzsanna Károlyi , had died in 1622.
Bethlen's state correspondence survives as a historical document.
Ancestors
Ancestors of Gabriel Bethlen | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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See also
- Magna Curia
References
Citations
- ^ a b c d e Barcza 1987, p. 11.
- ^ a b c d Oborni 2012, p. 206.
- ^ R. Várkonyi & Campbell 2013, pp. 698–699.
- ^ a b c d e R. Várkonyi & Campbell 2013, p. 699.
- ^ Erdősi & Lambert 2013, p. 860.
- ^ a b c d Erdősi & Lambert 2013, p. 861.
- ^ Erdősi & Lambert 2013, pp. 861, 863.
- ^ a b c Erdősi & Lambert 2013, p. 864.
- ^ Barcza 1987, p. 12.
- ^ Keul 2009, p. 141.
- ^ a b c d Barcza 1987, p. 17.
- ^ a b Barta 1994, p. 295.
- ^ a b Kontler 1999, p. 164.
- ^ Keul 2009, p. 142.
- ^ a b c d e Erdősi & Lambert 2013, p. 862.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Barcza 1987, p. 18.
- ^ a b Keul 2009, p. 143.
- ^ a b c G. Etényi, Horn & Szabó 2006, p. 162.
- ^ R. Várkonyi & Campbell 2013, p. 700.
- ^ Keul 2009, p. 150.
- ^ a b c Barcza 1987, p. 20.
- ^ a b c d e Barcza 1987, p. 21.
- ^ G. Etényi, Horn & Szabó 2006, pp. 167–169.
- ^ a b c Barta 1994, p. 298.
- ^ G. Etényi, Horn & Szabó 2006, p. 191.
- ^ Varkonyi A. Az Europai jelenlet alternativai, Bethlen Gabor fejedelemme valasztasanak evfordulojara." Magyar Tudomány October 2013. Accessed 15 October 2013. In Hungarian.
- ISBN 0865164444, 9780865164444.
- ^ Gábor Bethlen in the Bethlen de Iktár family
- ^ Farkas Bethlen in the Bethlen de Iktár family
- ^ Druzsianna Lázár in the Lázár family
- ^ Stephen Lázár in the Lázár family
- ^ Borbála Bogáth in the Bogáthy family
- ^ János Bogáth in the Bogáthy family
- ^ Magdolna Bánffy in the Bánffy de Losoncz family
- ^ Apafi family
- ^ László Bánffy in the Bánffy de Losoncz family
Sources
- Barcza, József (1987). Bethlen Gábor, a református fejedelem [Gabriel Bethlen, the Reformed Prince] (in Hungarian). Budapest: Magyarországi Református Egyház Sajtóosztálya. ISBN 963300246X.
- Barta, Gábor (1994). "The Emergence of the Principality and its First Crises (1526–1606)". In Köpeczi, Béla; Barta, Gábor; Bóna, István; Makkai, László; Szász, Zoltán; Borus, Judit (eds.). History of Transylvania. Vol. pt. 3. The Principality of Transylvania (English ed.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó. pp. 247–300. ISBN 9630567032.
- Erdősi, Péter; Lambert, Sean (2013). "The Theme of Youth and Court Life in Historical Literature Regarding Gábor Bethlen and Zsigmond Báthory". The Hungarian Historical Review. 2 (4). MTA Történettudományi Intézet: 856–879. JSTOR 43264470.
- G. Etényi, Nóra; Horn, Ildikó; Szabó, Péter (2006). Koronás fejedelem: Bocskai István és kora [A Crowned Prince: Stephen Bocskai and his Time] (in Hungarian). Budapest: General Press Kiadó. ISBN 963-9648-27-2.
- Keul, István (2009). Early Modern Religious Communities in East-Central Europe: Ethnic Diversity, Denominational Plurality, and Corporative Politics in the Principality of Transylvania (1526–1691). Brill Academic Publishers. ISBN 978-90-04-17652-2.
- Kontler, László (1999). Millennium in Central Europe: A History of Hungary. Budapest: Atlantisz Publishing House. ISBN 963-9165-37-9.
- Oborni, Teréz (2012). "Bethlen Gábor". In Gujdár, Noémi; Szatmáry, Nóra (eds.). Magyar királyok nagykönyve: Uralkodóink, kormányzóink és az erdélyi fejedelmek életének és tetteinek képes története [Encyclopedia of the Kings of Hungary: An Illustrated History of the Life and Deeds of Our Monarchs, Regents and the Princes of Transylvania] (in Hungarian). Budapest: Reader's Digest. pp. 206–209. ISBN 978-963-289-214-6.
- Péter, Katalin (1994). "The Golden Age of the Principality (1606–1660)". In Köpeczi, Béla; Barta, Gábor; Bóna, István; Makkai, László; Szász, Zoltán; Borus, Judit (eds.). History of Transylvania. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó. pp. 301–358. ISBN 963-05-6703-2.
- R. Várkonyi, Ágnes; Campbell, Alan (2013). "Gábor Bethlen and His European Presence". The Hungarian Historical Review. 2 (4). MTA Történettudományi Intézet: 695–732. JSTOR 43264465.
- ISBN 978-0-87169-192-7.
- Sturdy, David J. (2002-02-01). Fractured Europe: 1600 - 1721. Blackwell History of Europe series. Oxford, England: Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-20513-5.
External links
- Media related to Gábor Bethlen at Wikimedia Commons
- Encyclopedia Americana. 1920. .
- Bain, Robert Nisbet (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). pp. 829–830.
- History of Slovakia: Part of Historic Hungary II - Modern Times (1526 - 1918).