Gaius Marius Victorinus

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Gaius Marius Victorinus (also known as Victorinus Afer; fl. 4th century) was a

pagan to a Christian
, "at an advanced old age" (c. 355).

Life

Birth place and early career

Victorinus, at some unknown point, left his home of North

pagan
intellectual class.

Jerome, who was his student of rhetoric,[4] dedicated the following words to him:

I am not unaware that Gaius Marius Victorinus, who taught me rhetoric in Rome when I was a young man, has published commentaries on the apostle; but, versed as he was in knowledge of secular literature, he was completely ignorant of the Scriptures; and no one, no matter how eloquent, can correctly discuss something he knows nothing about.[5]

Victorinus' historical milieu

Brought up a Christian, Emperor Julian had converted to a philosophical and mystical form of paganism; and once in power upon the providential death of Constantius II, Julian attempted to reorganize the highly decentralized pagan cults, on lines analogous to the Christian Church. The emperor, wanting to purge the schools of Christian teachers, published an edict in June 362 mandating that all state appointed professors receive approval from municipal councils (the emperor's accompanying brief indicated his express disapproval of Christians lecturing on the poems of Homer or Virgil with their religion being incongruous with the religion of Homer and Virgil).

Victorinus resigned his position as official rhetor of the

homoousios) with the Father. His writings illustrate a crucial fusion of Neo-Platonic philosophy and Christian theology, in which Victorinus effectively weaponized the former to prove and disprove arguments of the various Trinitarian debates raging during the fourth century B.C. Sister Mary Clark has noted that the fourth century was one of deep conflict between pagans and Christians, which she summarized as ‘the renaissance of pagan culture [and] the birth of Christian culture,’ at the crossroads of which stood Victorinus.[6] His importance is also seen in his large-scale use of lexical innovation (e.g. neologisms) to introduce new technical terms into Christian theological debates, especially in his translation of Greek theological and philosophical expressions (e.g. consubstantialis from ὁμοούσιος, consistentia from σύστασις, essentialitas from ὀντότης).[7]

Works

After finishing this series of works (begun probably in late 357 A.D.), he turned his hand to writing commentaries on the

Pauline Epistles
, the first in Latin. Although it seems from internal references that he wrote commentaries on Romans and the Corinthians letters as well, all that remains are works, with some lacunae, on Galatians, Ephesians, and Philippians (the comments from the first 16 verses of this latter are missing).

We are fairly well informed on his previous works, mostly texts for his teaching areas of grammar and rhetoric. His most important works from the standpoint of the history of philosophy were translations of Platonist authors (

Aelius Aphthonius, still exists. His commentary on Cicero's De Inventione is very diffuse.[4] It incorporates many paraphrases to enable students to understand Cicero's text, along with philosophical explanations and digressions that reflect its Neoplatonist character.[9]

He retained his

Neoplatonic philosophy after becoming Christian, and in Liber de generatione divini Verbi, he argues that God is above Being, and thus it can be said that He is not. Victorinus noted, "Since God is the cause of Being, it can be said in a certain sense, that God truly is (vere ων), but this expression merely means that Being is in God as an effect is in an eminent cause, which contains it though being superior to it."[10]
As well, Victorinus' Adversus Arium books would prove influential in blending Neo-Platonism and Christianity in the Latin West.

For medieval authors, Victorinus' works became important to students of the Scholastic movement.[11] Later, they were widely exploited by Claudius of Turin at the beginning of the 9th century,[12] by Haimo of Auxerre[13] around 850 and by Atto of Vercelli around 920.[14]

Sister Mary T. Clark has identified the following works attributed to Victorinus:[15]

Theological works

Exegetical works

Secular works

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "Medieval Philosophy" (section 3), Plato.stanford.edu, Stanford University, December 2009, webpage: PS.
  2. ^ Augustine of Hippo, Confessions, VIII,II, 3-6.
  3. ^ Nello Cipriani, "Agostino lettore dei commentari paolini di Mario Vittorino", Augustinianum 38, no. 2 (1998): 413-428
  4. ^ a b Chisholm 1911.
  5. ^ Jer., Ad Gal., praefatio (p. 6, lines 26-31 Raspanti): Non quo ignorem Gaium Marium Victorinum, qui Romae me puero rhetoricam docuit, edidisse commentarios in Apostolum, sed quod occupatus ille eruditione saecularium litterarum Scripturas omnino ignorauerit et nemo possit, quamuis eloquens, de eo bene disputare, quod nesciat.
  6. ^ Clark (1978, 6)
  7. ^ See further discussion in Dowson (2022).
  8. ^ Usener (1877)
  9. ^ Cf. Copeland and Sluiter (2015, 104f).
  10. ^ Gilson (1952) 32; cf. Victorinus, "Liber de generatione Verbi divini", in Jacques Paul Migne, Patrologia Latina, VIII, col. 1022.
  11. ^ Cf. Bruce (1946, 140).
  12. ^ Pascal Boulhol, Claude de Turin: Un évêque iconoclaste dans l'Occident carolingien (Paris: Institut d'e?tudes augustiniennes, 2002), 250.
  13. ^ Raymond Étaix, "Les Homéliaires carolingiens de l'école d'Auxerre", en L'École carolingienne d'Auxerre, de Muretach à Rémy (830-908), ed. Dominique Iogna-Prat et al. (París: Beauchesne, 1991), 246.
  14. ^ Boucaud, P. (2013). The Corpus Paulinum: Greek and Latin Exegesis of the Epistles in the First Millennium. Revue de l’histoire des religions, 230, 299-332. https://doi.org/10.4000/rhr.8120
  15. ISBN 9780813211695
    . Retrieved 17 December 2016.

References

External links

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