Galicia (Eastern Europe)

Coordinates: 49°49′48″N 24°00′51″E / 49.8300°N 24.0142°E / 49.8300; 24.0142
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For the autonomous community of northwest Spain, see Galicia (Spain). For other uses, see Galicia (disambiguation).

Galicia
Historical region
View from the Lion Mountain to the historic center of Lviv
View from the Lion Mountain to the historic center of Lviv
UTC+2 (CEST
)

Galicia (

romanized: Galitsye) is a historical and geographic region spanning what is now southeastern Poland and western Ukraine, long part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.[2][3][4] It covers much of the other historic regions of Red Ruthenia (centered on Lviv) and Lesser Poland (centered on Kraków
).

The name of the region derives from the medieval city of Halych,[5][6][7] and was first mentioned in Hungarian historical chronicles in the year 1206 as Galiciæ.[8][9] The eastern part of the region was controlled by the medieval Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia before it was annexed by the Kingdom of Poland in 1352 and became part of the Ruthenian Voivodeship. During the partitions of Poland, it was incorporated into a crown land of the Austrian Empire – the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria.

The nucleus of historic Galicia lies within the modern regions of

oblasts near Halych.[10] In the 18th century, territories that later became part of the modern Polish regions of the Lesser Poland Voivodeship, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, and Silesian Voivodeship were added to Galicia after the collapse of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
.

Jaroslaw, whose names mark their connections with the Grand Princes of Kiev. There is considerable overlap between Galicia and Podolia (to the east) as well as between Galicia and south-west Ruthenia, especially in a cross-border region (centred on Carpathian Ruthenia
) inhabited by various nationalities and religious groups.

Origins and variations of the name

See also: King of Ruthenia and Galicia–Volhynia Wars

The name of the region in the local languages is:

Map of the Principality of Halych in the 13th century, which formed the nucleus of what later became Galicia
Annexation of the Kingdom of Ruthenia by the Kingdom of Poland as part of the Galicia–Volhynia Wars

Some historians

Galicia, and Romanian Galați.[11][failed verification] Some other scholars[who?] assert that the name Halych has Slavic origins – from halytsa, meaning "a naked (unwooded) hill", or from halka which means "jackdaw".[12]
(The jackdaw featured as a charge in the city's coat of arms[13] and later also in the coat of arms of Galicia-Lodomeria.[14] The name, however, predates the coat of arms, which may represent canting or simply folk etymology). Although Ruthenians drove out the Hungarians from Halych-Volhynia by 1221, Hungarian kings continued to add Galicia et Lodomeria to their official titles.

In 1349, in the course of the

Latin
: Kazimirus, Dei gratia rex Polonie et Rusie, nec non-Cracovie, Sandomirie, Siradie, Lancicie, Cuiavie, et Pomeranieque Terrarum et Ducatuum Dominus et Heres.

Under the Jagiellonian dynasty (Kings of Poland from 1386 to 1572), the Kingdom of Poland revived and reconstituted its territories. In place of historic Galicia there appeared the Ruthenian Voivodeship.

In 1526, after the death of

Ausgleich of 1867, the territory found itself in Cisleithania, or the Austrian-administered part of Austria-Hungary
.

The full official name of the new Austrian territory was the

Free City of Kraków in 1846, it was extended to Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, and the Grand Duchy of Kraków with the Duchies of Auschwitz and Zator (German
: Königreich Galizien und Lodomerien mit dem Großherzogtum Krakau und den Herzogtümern Auschwitz und Zator).

Each of those entities was formally separate; they were listed as such in the

Volhynian Governorate
.

History

Main article: History of Galicia (Eastern Europe)
The legislative Diet of Galicia and Lodomeria was located in the capital city, Lviv.

In

Cotini, Vandals and Goths (the Przeworsk and Púchov cultures). During the Migration Period, a variety of nomadic groups invaded the area.[15][16] The East Slavic tribes White Croats and Tivertsi dominated the area since the 6th century until it was annexed to Kievan Rus' in the 10th century.[17]

In the 12th century, a

Rurikid principalities, assigned on a rotating basis to younger members of the Kievan dynasty. The line of Prince Roman the Great of Volodymyr had held the principality of Volhynia, while the line of Yaroslav Osmomysl held the Principality of Halych. Galicia–Volhynia was created following the death in 1198[18] or 1199 (and without a recognised heir in the paternal line) of the last Prince of Galicia, Vladimir II Yaroslavich; Roman acquired the Principality of Galicia and united his lands into one state. Roman's successors would mostly use Halych (Galicia) as the designation of their combined kingdom. In Roman's time Galicia–Volhynia's principal cities were Halych and Volodymyr. In 1204, Roman captured Kyiv in alliance with Poland, signed a peace treaty with the Kingdom of Hungary and established diplomatic relations with the Byzantine Empire.[19]

Reconstruction of the historic border (1772–1918) between Austrian Galicia and Austrian Silesia in Bielsko-Biała.

In 1205, Roman turned against his Polish allies, leading to a conflict with

Coloman of Lodomeria
.

In 1352, when the principality was divided between Poland and the

Maria-Theresa, whose bureaucrats named it the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, after one of the titles of the princes of Hungary, although its borders coincided but roughly with those of the former medieval principality.[20] Known informally as Galicia, it became the largest, most populous, and northernmost province of the Austrian Empire. After 1867 it was part of the Austrian half of Austria-Hungary, until the dissolution of the monarchy at the end of World War I
in 1918.

Siege of Przemyśl in 1915

During the

Eastern Front of World War I. The Russian forces overran most of the region in 1914 after defeating the Austro-Hungarian army in a chaotic frontier battle in the opening months of the war.[21]
They were in turn pushed out in the spring and summer of 1915 by a combined German/Austro-Hungarian offensive.

In 1918,

East Galicia
, but the territory was then conquered by the Poles.

The 1921

Ukrainian nationalists, this was ratified by the Conference of Ambassadors on 14 March 1923[22][23] and internationally recognized on 15 May 1923.[24]

The Ukrainians of Eastern Galicia and the neighbouring province of

Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists
.

People

Peasants and Jews from Galicia, c. 1886

In 1773, Galicia had about 2.6 million inhabitants in 280 cities and market towns and approximately 5,500 villages. There were nearly 19,000 noble families, with 95,000 members (about 3% of the population). The

serfs accounted for 1.86 million, more than 70% of the population. A small number were full-time farmers, but by far the overwhelming number (84%) had only smallholdings or no possessions.[citation needed
]

Galicia had arguably the most ethnically diverse population of all the countries in the Austrian monarchy, consisting mainly of Poles and "

Jews, Germans, Armenians, Czechs, Slovaks, Hungarians, Roma and others. In Galicia as a whole, the population in 1910 was estimated to be 45.4% Polish, 42.9% Ruthenian, 10.9% Jewish, and 0.8% German.[26] This population was not evenly distributed. The Poles lived mainly in the west, with the Ruthenians predominant in the eastern region ("Ruthenia"). At the turn of the twentieth century, Poles constituted 88% of the whole population of Western Galicia and Jews 7.5%. The respective data for Eastern Galicia show the following numbers: Ruthenians 64.5%, Poles 22.0%, Jews 12%.[27][28] Of the 44 administrative divisions of Austrian eastern Galicia, Lviv (Polish: Lwów, German: Lemberg) was the only one in which Poles made up a majority of the population.[29] Anthropologist Marianna Dushar has argued that this diversity led to a development of a distinctive food culture in the region.[30]

The Polish language was the most spoken language in Galicia as a whole, although the eastern part of the region was predominantly Ruthenian-speaking. According to the 1910 census, 58.6% of Galicia spoke Polish as its mother tongue, compared to 40.2% who spoke a Ruthenian language.[31] The number of Polish-speakers may have been inflated because Jews were not given the option of listing Yiddish as their language.[32] Eastern Galicia was the most diverse part of the region, and one of the most diverse areas in Europe at the time.

The Galician Jews immigrated in the Middle Ages from Germany. German-speaking people were more commonly referred to by the region of Germany where they originated (such as Saxony or Swabia). For those who spoke different native languages, e.g. Poles and Ruthenians, identification was less problematic, and the widespread multilingualism blurred ethnic divisions.

Religiously, Galicia is predominantly Catholic, and

Hasidism
.

Economy

See also: Poverty in Austrian Galicia

The new state borders cut Galicia off from many of its traditional trade routes and markets of the Polish sphere, resulting in stagnation of economic life and decline of Galician towns. Lviv lost its status as a significant trade center. After a short period of limited investments, the Austrian government started the fiscal exploitation of Galicia and drained the region of manpower through conscription to the imperial army. The Austrians decided that Galicia should not develop industrially but remain an agricultural area that would serve as a supplier of food products and raw materials to other Habsburg provinces. New taxes were instituted, investments were discouraged, and cities and towns were neglected.[33][34][35] The result was significant poverty in Austrian Galicia.[35][36] Galicia was the poorest province of Austro-Hungary,[37][38] and according to Norman Davies, could be considered "the poorest province in Europe".[36]

Oil and natural gas industry

See also: The Petroleum Trail
Rail lines in Galicia before 1897

Near Drohobych and Boryslav in Galicia, significant oil reserves were discovered and developed during the mid 19th and early 20th centuries.[39][40] The first European attempt to drill for oil was in Bóbrka in western Galicia in 1854.[39][40] By 1867, a well at Kleczany, in Western Galicia, was drilled using steam to about 200 meters.[39][40] On 31 December 1872, a railway line linking Borysław (now Boryslav) with the nearby city of Drohobycz (now Drohobych) was opened. British engineer John Simeon Bergheim and Canadian William Henry McGarvey came to Galicia in 1882.[41][b] In 1883, their company bored holes of 700 to 1,000 meters and found large oil deposits.[39] In 1885, they renamed their oil developing enterprise the Galician-Karpathian Petroleum Company (German: Galizisch-Karpathische Petroleum Aktien-Gesellschaft), headquartered in Vienna, with McGarvey as the chief administrator and Bergheim as a field engineer,[c] and built a huge refinery at Maryampole near Gorlice, south of Tarnow.[41] Considered the biggest, most efficient enterprise in Austro-Hungary, Maryampole was built in six months and employed 1,000 men.[41][d] Subsequently, investors from Britain, Belgium, and Germany established companies to develop the oil and natural gas industries in Galicia.[39] This influx of capital caused the number of petroleum enterprises to shrink from 900 to 484 by 1884, and to 285 companies manned by 3,700 workers by 1890.[39] However, the number of oil refineries increased from thirty-one in 1880 to fifty-four in 1904.[39] By 1904, there were thirty boreholes in Borysław of over 1,000 meters.[39] Production increased by 50% between 1905 and 1906 and then trebled between 1906 and 1909 because of unexpected discoveries of vast oil reserves of which many were gushers.[42] By 1909, production reached its peak at 2,076,000 tons or 4% of worldwide production.[39][40] Often called the "Polish Baku", the oil fields of Borysław and nearby Tustanowice accounted for over 90% of the national oil output of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.[39][42][43] From 500 residents in the 1860s, Borysław had swollen to 12,000 by 1898.[42] At the turn of the century, Galicia was ranked fourth in the world as an oil producer.[39][e] This significant increase in oil production also caused a slump in oil prices.[42] A very rapid decrease in oil production in Galicia occurred just before the Balkan Wars of 1912–1913.

Galicia was the Central Powers' only major domestic source of oil during the Great War.[42]

Ethnic groups

See also

Notes

  1. Volodymyr Kubiyovych, Yaroslav Pasternak, Illya Vytanovych, Arkadiy Zhukovsky.[11]
  2. ^ William McGarvey helped develop a rig in the 1860s or 70s which made his Canadian drilling technology and Canadian drillers famous around the world. John Simon Bergheim and William Henry McGarvey had unsuccessfully searched for oil in Germany under the Continental Oil Company of which McGarvey was the director. They left Germany and began their first drilling in Galicia during 1882 under the company name of McGarvey and Bergheim.[41]
  3. ^ Just after the turn of the century, Bergheim was killed in a taxicab accident in London, England, leaving McGarvey to carry on alone.[41]
  4. ^ Later, Bergheim and McGarvey bought a number of small oil-producing and refining operations and acquired the Apollo Oil Company of Budapest.[41]
  5. ^ In 1909, first in the world for oil production was the United States with 183,171,000 barrels, the Russian Empire was second with 65,970,000 barrels, and the Austro-Hungarian Empire was third with 14,933,000 barrels per year due to its significant oil reserves discoveries between 1905 and 1909.[42][44]

References

Citations

  1. ^ "Galicia". Collins English Dictionary
  2. ISBN 978-0-7391-6468-6
    . Retrieved 10 March 2019. ... the 'Austro-Hungarian "pedigree" of Galicia becomes the passport to genuine, non-Eastern Europe.' ... Otto von Habsburg ... expressed clearly that all of Ukraine belongs to Central Europe, which is the ideological construction differing from Russia-dominated Eastern Europe.
  3. ISBN 978-0-8047-7429-1
    . Retrieved 1 January 2019.
  4. ISBN 978-0-8020-8486-6
    . Retrieved 1 January 2019.
  5. ^ "European Kingdoms – Eastern Europe – Galicia". The History Files. Kessler Associates. Retrieved 13 December 2014.
  6. ^ Zakharii, Roman. "History of Galicia". Toronto Ukrainian Genealogy Group. Retrieved 1 January 2019.
  7. ^ "Historical Glossary: Galicia (Halychyna)". Ukrainians in the United Kingdom. 2018. Retrieved 1 January 2019.
  8. ^ "Rex+Galiciae+et+Lodomeriae"&pg=PA165 Die Oesterreichisch-ungarische Monarchie in Wort und Bild, Volume 19 (in German). Austria: K.k. Hof- und Staatsdruckerei. 1898. p. 165. Retrieved 1 December 2015. Um welchen Preis er dies that, wird nicht überliefert, aber seit dieser Zeit, das ist seit dem Jahre 1206 findet sich in seinen Urkunden der Titel: 'Rex Galiciae et Lodomeriae'
  9. ISBN 978-1-139-43684-7
    . Retrieved 13 December 2014.
  10. ISBN 0-300-11290-4
    .
  11. ^ a b c d e Galicia and Lodomeria at the Encyclopedia of Ukraine
  12. ^ Max Vasmer points to Russian galitsa, an adjectival form meaning "jackdaw" – see Galich in Russisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch (1950–1958).
  13. ^ Halych coat of arms: 14th century
  14. ^ Coat of arms of Galicia-Lodomeria
  15. ^ Tadeusz Sulimirski, The Sarmatians, vol. 73 in series "Ancient People and Places", London: Thames & Hudson, 1970.
  16. ^ Dr. Samar Abbas, Bhubaneshwar, India. "Samar Abbas, Common Origin of Croats, Serbs and Jats, The symposium proceedings "Old Iranian Origins of Croats", Zagreb, 1998". Iranchamber.com. Retrieved 13 February 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  17. ISBN 966-00-0632-2. У 6–9 ст. ці землі входили до ареалу розселення сх.-слов'ян. племен білих хорватів, і тиверців, від 10 ст. (ймовірно, з серед. ст.) вони – у складі Київської Русі. 981 до Київ. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help
    )
  18. ISBN 978-0-521-03981-9
    .
  19. ^ Roman Mstyslavych – Encyclopaedia of Ukraine
  20. ^ Larry Wolff, The Idea of Galicia: History and Fantasy in Habsburg Political Culture (Stanford University Press, 2012), p. 1
  21. ISBN 9781782006480
  22. ^ "Language legislation", in Encyclopedia of Ukraine (University of Toronto Press, 1993)
  23. ^ "Chronicle: A Political Chronicle of Poland", in The Slavonic Review, Volume 2 (University of London, 1923-24) p. 169
  24. ^ French: Les Alliés reconnaissent à la Pologne la possession de la Galicie, Chronologie des civilisations, Jean Delorme, Paris, 1956.
  25. ^ Magocsi, Paul R. (2002). The Roots of Ukrainian Nationalism: Galicia as Ukraine's Piedmont. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 57.
  26. ^ Paul Robert Magocsi. (1996). A History of Ukraine. Toronto: University ofToronto Press. Pg. 424.
  27. ISBN 978-0-7656-0665-5
  28. ^ Timothy Snyder. (2003). The Reconstruction of Nations. New Haven: Yale University Press, p. 123
  29. ^ Timothy Snyder. (2003). The Reconstruction of Nations. New Haven: Yale University Press, p. 134
  30. ^ Plakhta, Dmytro (22 August 2018). ""Food is a little universal anchor and a way of identification"".
  31. ^ Anstalt G. Freytag & Berndt (1911). Geographischer Atlas zur Vaterlandskunde an der österreichischen Mittelschulen. Vienna: K. u. k. Hof-Kartographische. "Census December 31st 1910"
  32. ^ Timothy Snyder. (2003).The Reconstruction of Nations. New Haven: Yale University Press, pg. 134
  33. ^ P. R. Magocsi. (1983). Galicia: A Historical Survey and Bibliographic Guide. Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies, Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute. p. 99
  34. ^ P. Wandycz. (1974). The lands of partitioned Poland, 1795–1918. A History of East Central Europe. University of Washington Press. p. 12
  35. ^
    OCLC 992798076.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link
    )
  36. ^
    ISBN 978-0-19-164713-0
    . Retrieved 8 April 2013.
  37. ^ Richard Sylla, Gianni Toniolo. (2002). Patterns of European Industrialisation: The Nineteenth Century. pg. 230. Conversion from 1970 to 2010 dollars here
  38. ISBN 978-1-874774-40-2
    . Galician poverty became proverbial in the second half of the nineteenth century
  39. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Schatzker, Valerie; Erdheim, Claudia; Sharontitle, Alexander. "Petroleum in Galicia". Drohobycz Administrative District: History. Archived from the original on 10 April 2016. Retrieved 20 April 2016.
  40. ^
    ISBN 978-0-89181-365-1
    .
  41. ^ a b c d e f Creswell, Sarah; Flint, Tom. "William H. McGarvey (1843–1914)". Professional Engineers Ontario. Archived from the original on 28 April 2016. Retrieved 20 April 2016.
  42. ^ a b c d e f Frank, Allison (29 June 2006). "Galician California, Galician Hell: The Peril and Promise of Oil Production in Austria-Hungary". Washington, D.C.: Office of Science and Technology Austria (OSTA). Archived from the original on 9 May 2016. Retrieved 20 April 2016.
  43. ^ Thompson, Arthur Beeby (1916). Oil-field Development and Petroleum Mining. Van Nostrand.
  44. ^ Schwarz, Robert (1930). Petroleum-Vademecum: International Petroleum Tables (VII ed.). Berlin and Vienna: Verlag für Fachliteratur. pp. 4–5.
  45. ^ SGKP tom II. str. 459

Sources

Further reading

External links

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