Gallic Empire

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Gallic Empire
260–274
Latin (official)
  • Regional/local languages
  • GovernmentMixed, functionally absolute monarchy
    Emperor 
    • 260–269
    Postumus
    • 269
    Marius
    • 269–270
    Victorinus
    • 270–274
    Tetricus I
    Historical era
    Late Antiquity
    • Established
    260
    274
    Preceded by
    Succeeded by
    Roman Empire
    Roman Empire

    The Gallic Empire

    declared themselves emperors and took control of Gaul and adjacent provinces without attempting to conquer Italy or otherwise seize the central Roman administrative apparatus.[7]

    The Gallic Empire was established by Postumus in 260 in the wake of barbarian invasions and instability in Rome, and at its height included the territories of Germania, Gaul, Britannia, and (for a time) Hispania. After Postumus' assassination in 269 it lost much of its territory, but continued under a number of emperors and usurpers. It was retaken by Roman emperor Aurelian after the Battle of Châlons in 274.

    History

    Origins

    The Roman

    Judea, and Arabia Petraea; while he was nominally loyal to the Roman government, his domain was de facto independent and has come to be referred to as the Palmyrene Empire
    .

    The governors in Pannonia staged unsuccessful local revolts. The Emperor left for the Danube to attend to their disruption. This left Postumus, who was governor of Germania Superior and Inferior, in charge at the Rhine border. An exceptional administrator, Postumus had also ably protected Germania Inferior against an invasion led by the Franks in the summer of 260. In fact, Postumus defeated the Frankish forces at Empel so decisively that there would be no further Germanic raids for ten years. This all combined to make Postumus one of the most powerful men in the western reaches of the Roman Empire.

    The Gallic Empire at its greatest territorial extent, after its creation by Postumus in 260.

    Gallienus's son

    Colonia Agrippina (Cologne), to keep the young heir out of danger and perhaps also as a check on Postumus' ambitions. Before long, however, Postumus besieged Colonia Agrippina and put the young heir and his guardian to death, making his revolt official. Postumus is thought to have established his capital there or at Augusta Treverorum (Trier).[8] Lugdunum (Lyon
    ) was one of the most important cities in the area under his control.

    Postumus did not make any effort to extend his control into Italy or to depose Gallienus. Instead, he established parallel institutions modelled on the Roman Empire's central government: his regime had its own praetorian guard, two annually elected consuls (not all of the names have survived), and probably its own senate. According to the numismatic evidence, Postumus held the office of consul five times.

    Postumus successfully fended off a military incursion by Gallienus in 263, and was never challenged by him again. However, in early 269 he was challenged by

    Laelianus, who was probably one of his own commanders. Laelianus was declared emperor at Mogontiacum (Mainz) by his Legio XXII Primigenia. In response, Postumus quickly retook Mogontiacum and Laelianus was killed. In the aftermath of the battle, however, Postumus was overthrown and killed by his own troops, reportedly because he did not allow them to sack the city.[9][10]

    After Postumus

    Coin of Tetricus, last emperor (271–274) of the Gallic Empire

    An officer in Postumus' army, Marcus Aurelius Marius, was installed as Emperor upon Postumus's death, but died very shortly after; ancient sources writing much later state that he reigned only two days, though it is more likely, based on the numismatic record, that he reigned for a few months.[11] Subsequently, the tribune of the praetorians, Marcus Piavonius Victorinus came to power, being recognized as Emperor in northern Gaul and Britannia, but not in Hispania.[12] Meanwhile, Roman Emperor Gallienus had been killed in a coup in 268, and his successor in the central Roman provinces, Claudius Gothicus, re-established Roman authority in Gallia Narbonensis and parts of Gallia Aquitania; there is some evidence that the provinces of Hispania, which did not recognize Postumus's successors in Gaul, may have realigned with Rome then.[12][13]

    Victorinus spent most of his reign dealing with insurgencies and attempting to recover the Gaulish territories taken by Claudius Gothicus. He was assassinated in 271, but his mother

    Victoria took control of his troops and used her power to influence the selection of his successor.[12] With Victoria's support, the governor of Gallia Aquitania, Gaius Pius Esuvius Tetricus was made Emperor, and was recognized in Britannia and the parts of Gaul that had recognized Victorinus.[14] Tetricus fought off Germanic barbarians who had begun ravaging Gaul after the death of Victorinus, and was able to re-take Gallia Aquitania and western Gallia Narbonensis while Claudius Gothicus's successor Aurelian was in the east fighting the Palmyrene Empire, now in open revolt against Roman authority under Queen Zenobia. Tetricus established the imperial court at Trier, and in 273 he elevated his son, also named Tetricus, to the rank of Caesar
    .

    The following year the younger Tetricus was made co-consul with his father, but the area under their control grew weak from internal strife, including a mutiny led by the usurper Faustinus.[14] By that time Aurelian had defeated the Palmyrene Empire and had made plans to reconquer the west. He moved into Gaul and defeated Tetricus at the Battle of Châlons in 274. According to some sources, Tetricus offered to surrender in exchange for clemency for him and his son before the battle.[14] This detail may be later propaganda, but either way, Aurelian was victorious, and the Gallic Empire was effectively ended.[14] In contrast with his propaganda after the recent defeat of Zenobia, Aurelian did not present his recapture of Gaul as a victory over a foreign enemy, and indeed many officials who had served in the army and administration of the Gallic Empire continued their careers, including Tetricus, who was appointed to an administrative post in Italy.[7]

    Causes

    The Gallic Empire was symptomatic of the fragmentation of power during the third-century crisis. It has also been taken to represent autonomous trends in the western provinces, including proto-feudalistic tendencies among the Gaulish land-owning class whose support has sometimes been thought to have underpinned the strength of the Gallic Empire,[15] and an interplay between the strength of Roman institutions and the growing importance of provincial concerns.[16]

    One of Postumus' primary objectives as emperor was evidently the defense of the

    Alamanni to hold the Rhine limes secure (though lands beyond the upper Rhine and Danube had to be abandoned to the barbarians within a couple of years).[17] In so doing, Postumus positioned himself avowedly as not only the defender and restorer of Gaul, but also as the upholder of the Roman name.[8][c]

    The usurpation of power over Britain and northern Gaul by Carausius just twenty years later reflects a continuing trend by which local loyalties from the landed aristocracy and deteriorating morale in the legions enabled Carausius to seize power in Britain.[citation needed] Similarly with the withdrawal of legions after 408, many Britons desired a localized Roman authority rather than nationalist revolt. The desire for Roman order and institutions was entirely compatible with a degree of national or regional separatism.

    List of Gallic Emperors

    The Gallic Emperors are known primarily from the coins they minted.[18] The political and military history of the Gallic Empire can be sketched through the careers of these emperors. Their names are as follows:[19]

    funerary stele in 2012.[23]

    Consuls of the Gallic Empire

    Year Consul Consul
    260 Postumus (second time)[24] Honoratianus[25]
    261 Postumus (third time)[24] unknown[26]
    262 unknown[26]
    263
    264
    265 Postumus (fourth time)[24]
    266
    267 unknown[26]
    269 Postumus (fifth time)[26] Victorinus (first time)[26]
    269 unknown[26] unknown[26]
    270 Victorinus (second time)[24] Sanctus[26]
    271 Tetricus (first time)[24] unknown[26]
    272 Tetricus (second time)[24]
    273 Tetricus (third time)[24]
    Year and sequence unknown:
    ? Censor (twice)[26] Lepidus (twice)[26]
    ? Dialis[26] Bassus[26]
    ? "Apr."[26] "Ruf."[26]

    Family tree

    Laelianus
    269
    Postumus
    260–269
    Marcus Aurelius Marius
    269
    Victoria
    271
    Tetricus I
    271–274
    Postumus Junior (Fictional)
    260–269
    Victorinus
    268–271
    Tetricus II
    271–274
    Victorinus Junior (Fictional)
    271

    See also

    Notes

    1. ^ The regime had no distinct name or style that has survived on official monuments, inscriptions or coins; its titles and administrative structures followed the models of the central Roman government.[2] Occasionally modern historians use the Latin phrase Imperium Galliarum to refer to the state, derived from a passage in Eutropius: Victorinus postea Galliarum accepit imperium, "Victorinus took command of the Gallic provinces".[3]
    2. Valerian was captured and disgraced. Other dates cited in this article must be pushed back by one year for those who take 259 as the year of Postumus' accession.[6]
    3. Historia Augusta
      .

    References

    1. ^ Bourne, R. J. (2001). Aspects of the relationship between the Central and Gallic Empires in the mid to late third century AD with special reference to coinage studies. Archaeopress. p. 22.
    2. ^ Drinkwater 1987, pp. 126–127.
    3. ^ Drinkwater 1987, p. 15.
    4. ^ Polfer (Postumus)
    5. ^ Drinkwater 1987, p. 97.
    6. ^ Drinkwater 1987, pp. 95–106.
    7. ^ a b Goldsworthy, Adrian (2009). The Fall of the West. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. 116–117.
    8. ^ a b Drinkwater 1987, pp. 24–27.
    9. ^ Aurelius Victor 33.8.
    10. ^ Eutropius 9.9.1.
    11. ^ Polfer, Michael (June 24, 1999). "Marius (A.D. 269)". De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and Their Families. Retrieved July 10, 2009.
    12. ^ a b c Polfer, Michel (June 3, 2000). "Victorinus (A.D. 269–271)". De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and Their Families. Retrieved July 10, 2009.
    13. ^ Weigel, Richard D. (June 19, 2001). "Claudius II Gothicus (268–270)". De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and Their Families. Retrieved July 10, 2009.
    14. ^ a b c d Polfer, Michel (January 28, 2000). "Tetricus I (AD 271–273)". De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and Their Families. Retrieved July 10, 2009.
    15. ^ Drinkwater 1987, p. 239.
    16. ^ Drinkwater 1987, pp. 247–8.
    17. ^ Drinkwater 1987, pp. 226–7.
    18. ^ Drinkwater 1987, p. 16.
    19. ^ Drinkwater 1987, p. 102.
    20. ^ Richard Abdy. "The Domitian II coin from Chalgrove: a Gallic emperor returns to history". Retrieved 29 October 2013.
    21. ^ Cancik, H.; Schneider, H.; Salazar, C., Brill's New Pauly: Encyclopaedia of the Ancient World. Antiquity, Volume 14 (2009), p. 91
    22. , p. 65.
    23. ^ Alain Beyrand (ed.). "Victorina, ruler of the Gauls". Pressibus. Retrieved 2023-05-23.
    24. ^ a b c d e f g Drinkwater (1987), p. 188.
    25. ^ Potter (2004), p. 260
    26. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Polfer, Michel (2000), "Postumus (A.D. 260-269)", De Imperatoribus Romanis

    Bibliography

    • Drinkwater, J. F. (1987). The Gallic Empire: Separatism and Continuity in the north-western provinces of the Roman Empire, A.D. 260-274. Stuttgart: Steiner. .

    External links