Galveston Bay Area
Bay Area Houston | ||
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Largest city Pasadena | | |
Other cities | List
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Website | www.bayareahouston.com |
The Galveston Bay Area, also known as Bay Area Houston or simply the Bay Area,
Originally part of the pirate kingdom of Jean Lafitte, this area played a role in the early history of Texas having been the site of some early rebellions against Mexican rule and the site of the victory of the Texas army over the Mexican army during the Texas Revolution. Ranching interests became early economic drivers around the bay. As the nearby cities of Galveston and Houston developed as commercial centers, the Bay Area communities became part of a principal commercial corridor between the cities.
The Bay Area is also the location of
The landscape around the bay features a mix of
Boundaries
The shores of Galveston Bay are home to many different municipalities and communities. The region is part of the larger Houston–Sugar Land–Baytown Metropolitan Area. Though the term Bay Area in its broadest sense refers to all communities near the shoreline, some sources, such as the Bay Area Houston Economic Partnership (BAHEP), use more limited definitions, often referring more specifically to the clusters of communities nearest to Houston.[4][5][6][7][3][8]
Municipalities
The following communities lie on the shores of Galveston Bay proper and Trinity Bay, the two main components of the Galveston Bay complex (excluding those along the Gulf of Mexico):
- Anahuac, Bacliff, Baytown, Beach City, Kemah, La Porte, Morgan's Point, Seabrook, Shoreacres, Texas City
The BAHEP and the
- Clear Lake superneighborhood of Houston (which includes Clear Lake City and JSC), Clear Lake Shores, Deer Park, Dickinson, El Lago, Friendswood, League City, Nassau Bay, Taylor Lake Village, Webster.[6][9]
Some additional communities such as
Subdivisions
The Bay Area can be sub-divided based on the histories and economic connections of the different communities.
- The La Porte - Baytown area, including Deer Park and La Porte, straddles the Houston Ship Channel and has since the world wars been defined by the heavy industry along its shores.[11] The two towns have distinct histories with Baytown having become tied to the oil industry earlier.[12][13] But in modern times their fortunes have been closely tied by their cores of heavy industry.[14]
- The Clear Lake Area includes numerous communities and municipalities surrounding Clear Lake between Houston and the bay.[15] This area largely owes its recent growth and prosperity directly and indirectly to the Johnson Space Center, and has been traditionally characterized by a large white collar workforce and its prolific middle- and upper-middle-class neighborhoods.[16] The area is sometimes seen as the heart of the Bay Area in spite of the relative youth of its history.[17]
- The Texas City area includes Texas City and La Marque and surrounding communities.[18] Until recently this area and Galveston together were treated by the federal government as a metro area distinct from Houston.[19] The area's prosperity revolves to a great degree around the Port of Texas City and the heavy industry around it.[20]
- The bayside region of Chambers County encompasses the shoreline of Trinity Bay (and East Bay), on the northeast side of the bay complex. This area includes Anahuac as its largest community. Some of the area remains semi-rural and oriented to agriculture and commercial fishing but petroleum and chemical processing are significant industries as well.[21] Urban development is more limited giving the area a more small-town and rural atmosphere.[22] This area's history is somewhat distinct from the other areas around the bay as it is not part of the once crucial commercial corridor between Galveston and Houston.[23]
History
Spain, Mexico, and the Republic of Texas
Prior to European settlement the area around Galveston Bay was settled by the
Following its
The new Republic of Texas grew rapidly. The shores of the bay were initially mostly home to farms and ranches such as the famed Allen Ranch.[30] New communities such as Goose Creek (modern Baytown) were established.[31]
U.S. annexation
Texas succeeded in its bid to join the United States in 1845 which helped launch the Mexican–American War. Texas' annexation brought more people to Texas and ranching interests around the bay began to grow. Throughout the 19th century Galveston remained Texas' dominant metropolis and the communities around the bay were strongly tied economically and culturally to the city though, as Houston began to develop, so did the Bay Area's ties to it. The construction of the Galveston, Houston and Henderson Railroad further spurred growth in the area.[32][33]
During the American Civil War, during which Texas seceded from the United States, the area served a limited role in the conflict as new fortifications like Fort Chambers, near Anahuac, were constructed to ward off a mainland invasion by Union forces and to protect supply routes to and from Galveston. The Bay Area sat in the middle of the conflict as the most important battles in Texas occurred at Galveston with the conflict moving through the area on to Harrisburg and Houston after Galveston's fall.[34]
In the aftermath of the war the Texas economy declined for a period. Nevertheless, ranching interests became major economic drivers in the area spawning many other economic enterprises such as hide processing plants and shipping concerns.[30][35] The success of these enterprises and the growth of Galveston as one of the prime commercial centers in the South and Southwest helped promote the construction of the Gulf, Colorado and Santa Fe Railway; and the La Porte, Houston and Northern Railroad through the area over the course of the 19th century. These railroads running along the southwest shore of the bay would spawn new communities such as Clear Creek (League City), Webster, and later Texas City.[33][20] Some of these new communities would develop initially as stop-over points for travelers on the rail lines. Toward the end of the century, as ranching's profitability declined, many communities turned increasingly to agriculture.[33] The farming community of Pasadena was established during this time.
The
20th century
The sparsely populated Bay Area transformed during the 20th century. Following the hurricane, donations by the newly established
In the early 1900s the
The
After the war area economic diversification brought on by the war effort helped in the transition to a peacetime economy. NASA's Johnson Space Center was established in 1963 helping to spur explosive growth in the mid-20th century, especially the 1970s and 1980s. The remainder of the communities on the southwestern shore urbanized and development connected the area to Houston.[35][46] Tourism and recreation re-emerged and blossomed particularly around the Clear Lake area and the nearby shoreline.[51]
Hurricane Ike struck the Bay Area in 2008 causing substantial damage both environmentally and economically, the most destructive event since 1900.[52] As of 2009[update] a proposal to build a levee system, the Ike Dike, to protect the bay is under discussion.[53]
Geography
The Galveston Bay Area is located on the gulf coastal plain, and its vegetation is classified as temperate grassland and marshes. The municipalities have been built on reclaimed marshes, swamps, and prairies, which are all still visible in undeveloped areas.[54] Flatness of the local terrain and proximity to the Bay and the Gulf have made flooding a recurring problem for the area.[55] The region once relied on groundwater for its needs, but land subsidence has forced much of the region to turn to ground-level water sources.[56]
Geology
The land beneath the Bay Area consists of layers of sand and clay to great depths. These layers were created by millennia of river-borne sediments which gradually incorporated plant and animal matter creating the petroleum deposits for which the Gulf Coast is known.[57]
The region has numerous
Bay and coastline
Galveston Bay is an estuary along the Texas Gulf Coast.[59] The bay as a whole is composed of four major sub-bays: Galveston Bay proper, Trinity Bay, East Bay, and West Bay.[60] Other smaller bays and lakes connecting to this complex of waterways in the Bay Area include San Jacinto Bay, Burnet Bay, Scott Bay, Crystal Bay, Goose Lake, Clear Lake, Dickinson Bay, and Moses Lake.[61][62]
Galveston Bay is mostly shallow with an average depth of 7–9 feet. It is fed by the
Although contaminants from the major industrial complexes along the bay contribute substantially to bay pollution, most is the result of storm run-off from various commercial, agricultural, and residential sources.[65] In recent decades, conservation efforts have been enacted which have improved water quality in the bay.[66]
Climate
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The Bay Area's climate is classified as
Summer temperatures regularly exceed 90 °F (32 °C).[70] The area's proximity to the bay and the winds that it generates moderate the area's temperatures and ease the effects of the humidity creating a more pleasant climate than inland communities like Houston[71] (e.g. the average July high in Texas City is 89 °F (32 °C) with 9.8 mph (15.8 km/h) winds vs. 94 °F (34 °C) with 6.7 mph (10.8 km/h) winds in Houston).[72] Winters in the area are temperate with typical January highs above 60 °F (16 °C) and lows are near 40 °F (4 °C). Snowfall is rare. Annual rainfall averages can range from 40 to 50 inches (100 to 130 cm) depending on the community.[73]
Excessive ozone levels can occur due to industrial activities; nearby Houston is ranked among the most ozone-polluted cities in the United States.[74] The industries located along the ship channel and the bay are a major cause of the pollution.[75]
Climate data for League City, Texas (Houston NWSO), 1991-2020 normals | |||||||||||||
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Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 64 (18) |
67 (19) |
73 (23) |
78 (26) |
85 (29) |
90 (32) |
92 (33) |
92 (33) |
88 (31) |
82 (28) |
73 (23) |
66 (19) |
79 (26) |
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 46 (8) |
50 (10) |
56 (13) |
61 (16) |
69 (21) |
74 (23) |
76 (24) |
76 (24) |
72 (22) |
63 (17) |
53 (12) |
47 (8) |
62 (17) |
Average precipitation inches (mm) | 4.80 (122) |
3.02 (77) |
3.30 (84) |
4.22 (107) |
5.12 (130) |
6.54 (166) |
4.36 (111) |
6.64 (169) |
7.34 (186) |
5.79 (147) |
4.54 (115) |
4.53 (115) |
60.20 (1,529) |
Source: NOAA[79] |
Economy
The Bay Area has a diverse
Overview
The Bay Area's four major employment sectors are
The most widespread economic activities in the area revolve around petroleum and petrochemicals, largely centered in Baytown, Pasadena/La Porte, and Texas City. These industries in Houston and the Bay Area account for nearly half of the U.S. petrochemical manufacturing[85] and approximately one third of the U.S. petroleum refining capacity.[86] The Bay Area is home to the largest refineries and petrochemical complexes in the Greater Houston area and to the majority of the processing capacity.[87]
Businesses around this core include a broad range of high-tech development enterprises from aerospace engineering to software and electronics.The tourism industry attracts millions of visitors each year with attractions ranging from Space Center Houston to the bay itself.[90] Ecotourism, in particular, is a growing sector with destinations such as the Armand Bayou Nature Center.[91] Biotechnology, which already employs nearly 3000 workers in the area, is a smaller but growing industry in the area enabled in large part by JSC and the Texas Medical Center in Houston.[92] Commercial fishing is one of the older industries in the region and is still a significant economic sector.[93]
Some outlying areas around the bay, particularly to the northeast side, remain semi-
Economic hubs
Major Bay Area economic hubs include the following:
- Bayport Industrial District - A large complex of chemical processing facilities comprising 57 companies with a business impact of over $829 million.[95]
- Johnson Space Center - The central facility of NASA, this site manages more than $4 billion annually in aerospace contracts, and together with numerous private companies involved in space programs and related ventures gives the Bay Area one of the highest concentrations of aerospace businesses and expertise in the nation.[89] Additionally, JSC's research in bioastronautics has helped create a growing biotechnology industry in the area.[96] The Galveston Bay area is home to 92% of the Houston-Galveston area aerospace jobs.[92]
- ExxonMobil Baytown Complex — One of the world's largest petrochemical industrial complexes, this complex is Baytown's largest employer and one of the largest in the area.[97] For its part the Baytown Refinery located on this site is the largest refinery in the United States and is capable of processing 572,000 barrels of oil per day.[98][99]
- Texas City Industrial Complex — This petrochemical complex includes the
- Barbours Cut Terminal - This shipping terminal, the largest of the terminals operated by the Port of Houston Authority, handles in excess of 3 million tons of cargo annually.[101]
- 147th Reconnaissance Wing of the Texas Air National Guard. The airfield has traditionally been a major contributor to the local economy though government realignments have scaled back the base's military role through the years.[102]
Demographics
Demographic Statistics Community Total
populationMedian
household
income% White % African
American% AsianAnahuac 2210 $40,924 68.3% 20.2% 0.7% Bacliff 6962 $32,188 97.8% 1.8% 3.0% Baytown 78,311 $48,398 64.1% 17.0% 2.0% Beach City 1645 $70,104 96.0% 1.6% 0.0% Clear Lake-Houston[103] 43,141 $68,815 77.8% 4.7% 11.4% Clear Lake Shores 1205 $67,500 94.9% 3.3% 7.5% Deer Park 28,520 $61,334 90.0% 1.3% 1.3% Dickinson 17,093 $41,984 72.3% 10.5% 1.2% El Lago 3075 $66,223 94.5% 7.8% 1.4% Friendswood 38,327 $91,887 86.0% 1.9% 6.4% Kemah 2330 $51,620 75.4% 3.8% 3.5% La Marque 13,682 $34,841 55.8% 34.7% 0.5% La Porte 31,880 $55,810 81.4% 6.3% 11.3% League City 70,657 $80,432 82.6% 6.5% 5.0% Morgan's Point 332 $57,917 88.7% 4.5% 0% Nassau Bay 4170 $57,353 89.6% 1.9% 3.9% Pasadena 151,960 $46,760 64.1% 1.8% 2.0% San Leon 4365 $31,687 80.4% 0.8% 7.6% Seabrook 9443 $54,175 88.9% 2.1% 3.3% Shoreacres 1488 $71,985 94.15% 1.01% 0.94% Taylor Lake Village 3694 $99,535 92.4% 2.7% 2.1% Texas City 44,765 $43,078 62.4% 28.2% 1.1% Webster 9083 $42,385 64.9% 9.0% 5.7% Total 566,850 $56,827 72.9% 8.3% 3.9%
Home to a diverse set of communities, the Bay Area has a demographic distribution that varies greatly among these individual communities. Based on data from the U.S. Census Bureau and the City of Houston (2008, where available, and 2000 otherwise), the area demographic statistics are as follows (see table for more details). The total population was approximately 566,850. The median household income was $56,827. The white population was 72.9%, the African American population was 8.3%, and the Asian population was 3.9%.[104]
The most populous community in the region is Pasadena (though Houston is a much larger city, the portion within this region is smaller than Pasadena). Taylor Lake Village has (by far) the highest median household income; and Bacliff and San Leon have the lowest. Texas City and La Marque have the largest African-American populations. La Porte and the Clear Lake area of Houston have the largest Asian populations.
Education
Colleges and universities
The Bay Area contains several institutions of higher education.[105] The largest is the University of Houston–Clear Lake (UHCL) located adjacent to Clear Lake City. UHCL is separate and distinct from the University of Houston (UH), but it is part of the larger University of Houston System. The university offers a wide spectrum of programs including what it touts as the most complete biotechnology graduate programs in the state.[106]
Texas Chiropractic College in Pasadena, one of two schools of chiropractic in Texas and one of a handful in the nation, provides training for students from around the state.[107] Several community colleges serve communities in the area as well, including San Jacinto College, College of the Mainland, Lee College, and Houston Community College.[108]
Primary and secondary schools
The Bay Area covers multiple municipalities with multiple school districts. Most of the communities in the Clear Lake Area are served by Clear Creek Independent School District though some nearby areas are served by Dickinson and Houston Independent School Districts. Communities in the Pasadena/Baytown area are served by Deer Park, Goose Creek Consolidated, La Porte, and Pasadena Independent School Districts. The Friendswood area is served by the Friendswood Independent School District. The Texas City area is served by La Marque and Texas City Independent School Districts. The communities in Chambers County near Anahuac are served by Anahuac Independent School District and Barbers Hill Independent School District.[109]
As of 2009[update] these 11 districts, excluding Houston ISD, have a total of 190 primary and secondary schools. Of these Clear Creek, Deer Park, Goose Creek, Barbers Hill and Anahuac ISD were evaluated as "recognized" districts (the second highest ranking) by the Texas Education Agency, or TEA. All of the others were evaluated as "academically acceptable" with the exception of Texas City ISD, which was evaluated as "academically unacceptable".[110]
67 (35%) of the schools were ranked as "exemplary" (the highest ranking); 62 (33%) were ranked as "recognized"; 39 (21%) were ranked as "academically acceptable"; 2 (1%) were ranked as "academically unacceptable"; and 20 (11%) were not rated by the TEA. Notably 100% of Friendswood ISD schools and 65% of Clear Creek ISD schools were "exemplary", the highest percentages of these 10 districts.[110] Overall, of the schools that were rated, 37% of the schools in these 10 districts were "exemplary", compared with 29% for the entire state.[110][111]
Transportation
The Bay Area Houston Transportation Partnership (BayTran) coordinates planning for the transportation needs of the Bay Area.[112] Collaborative efforts by the local communities have helped push forward development of regional infrastructure.
Ground transportation
The Bay Area's two
Interstate 45 (the Gulf Freeway) is the major freeway for the core areas of the Bay Area linking them with Houston and Galveston.[113] Highway 146 (Bayport Blvd.) is a coastal highway linking the waterfronts of the communities. The Gulf Freeway and Bayport Blvd. together are the main arteries linking the Clear Lake Area communities and Pasadena, though Highway 225, East Beltway 8, Highway 3 and others are important as well.[114] The Fred Hartman Bridge on Highway 146 crosses the ship channel connecting Baytown and La Porte, while the Galveston Causeway on the Gulf Freeway crosses the bay connecting Texas City and Galveston Island.[115]
In the outlying north Bay Area, Interstate 10 links Anahuac and other communities nearby connecting them to Houston and the rest of the Bay Area. Highway 124 provides access to the Bolivar Peninsula.
The
Air travel
Houston Hobby Airport (HOU) is the nearest airport providing regular domestic service. It is in southeast Houston near the Bay Area and provides service to U.S. destinations. International service is provided by Bush Intercontinental Airport (IAH) in north Houston.[118]
Ellington Airport, the other branch of the Houston Airport System (HAS), is a mixed-use airport. It acts as a reliever airport for Hobby, in addition to use by NASA, the military, and public aviation.[119] The system has performed significant expansion of the airport in recent years expecting significant growth in its usage in coming years. La Porte Municipal Airport in Pasadena and Chambers County Airport near Anahuac provide public air access to their respective communities.[120]
Shipping
For seagoing shipping the Barbours Cut and Bayport terminals (administered by the Port of Houston Authority), and the Port of Texas City are the major freight shipping points. For railway shipping the Union-Pacific Webster station, the Union-Pacific Deer Park station, the Union-Pacific Baytown station, and the Texas City Terminal Railway Company, are major access points.[121]
Healthcare and medicine
Bay Area Houston Healthcare Network hubs[122] Provider Location Bayshore Medical Center Pasadena CHRISTUS St. John Hospital Houston-Clear Lake Clear Lake Regional Medical Center Webster Devereux Texas Treatment Network League City M.D. Anderson Clinical Care- Bay Area
CenterNassau Bay Memorial Hermann Southeast
HospitalHouston Moody Health Center Pasadena Texas Oncology Webster Eye Clinic of Texas League City University of Texas
Medical BranchGalveston
The Bay Area Houston Healthcare Network (BAHHN) is a collaboration of health care providers coordinating health care services in many of the west bay communities and Galveston.
Numerous other health care facilities exist in the region as well. Notable facilities outside the area covered by BAHHN include San Jacinto Methodist Hospital (Baytown) and Mainland Medical Center (Texas City).[124]
Culture
The Bay Area is a racially and ethnically diverse region.[125] The industrial centers of Pasadena and Baytown in particular have large international communities. Multicultural events such as the Grito Fest (Baytown) celebrate the area's diversity.[126]
Many other annual events take place in the Bay Area as well. The Strawberry Festival in Pasadena celebrates the role the iconic fruit played in rescuing the town's economy following the
Arts and theatre
The Bay Area has a substantial community of artists and artistic programs. The
Other arts and theatre programs exist in the area as well. The Arts Alliance at Clear Lake, a group of 50 area arts organizations, regularly schedules arts exhibits, musical performances, and other arts programs.
Parks and landmarks
The Bay Area contains parks and landmarks. One of the oldest landmarks is the San Jacinto Battleground State Historic Site in La Porte which marks the site of the Battle of San Jacinto and holds the San Jacinto Monument and the USS Texas. Nearby, the Sterling Mansion, a former Governor's residence at Morgan's Point, marks the edge of the former Gold Coast of Texas.[136]
The
Further from the core on the northeast side of the bay sits the
Other major area parks include Clear Creek Nature Park (League City), Chandler Arboretum (Baytown), Challenger 7 Memorial Park (Webster), and Sylvan Beach Park (La Porte).[142]
Urban attractions
The Kemah Boardwalk is a waterfront attraction featuring a variety of rides, restaurants, shops, and other entertainment venues.[145] It is next to the Kemah Marina and hosts annual events such as the Boardwalk Wine Festival.[146]
The Eddie V. Gray Wetlands Education and Recreation Center in Baytown offers indoor and outdoor educational exhibits featuring wetlands wildlife and habitats. The exhibits range from aquariums to science labs. The site also includes hiking trails through primitive habitats.[147]
Museums in the area include the San Jacinto Museum of History, the Bay Area Museum[148] (Seabrook), the Pasadena Historical Museum, the West Bay Common School Museum (League City), the Baytown Historical Museum, the Texas City Museum, the Buttler Longhorn Museum (League City) and the Dickinson Railroad Museum.[149]
The area contains many marinas for boating and fishing enthusiasts such the Bayland Park Marina (Baytown) and the Watergate Yachting Center (Clear Lake Shores).[152] The shoreline of Clear Lake itself has the greatest concentration of recreational boats in Texas and ranks third nationwide (Watergate even claims to be the nation's largest).[153]
Sports
The
The Galveston Bay Cruising Association holds regular
Media
Major daily newspapers serving the area include the
The area receives many
See also
- Greater Houston
- Galveston Bay
- Hurricane Ike
- Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center
- Port of Houston
- Port of Galveston
Notes
- ^ Number provided is a sum of data from U.S. Census and City of Houston; see Demographics
- ^ Chang (2006), p. 186.
Blackburn (2004), p. 64.
Antrobus (2005), p. 57.
"The City's Greatest Getaway: Boating, fishing, exploring and endless entertainment awaits you down by the bay". H Texas. Archived from the original on 4 October 2007. Retrieved 9 September 2009. - ^ ISBN 0-534-57349-5.
- ^ Galveston Bay Estuary Program (2002), Ch. 3
Bay Area Houston Economic Partnership (c. 2000s). Bay Area Houston Economic Partnership: nine cities, two counties, one region. Bay Area Houston Economic Partnership. - ^ "Bay Area". First Books. Retrieved 14 November 2009.[permanent dead link]
- ^ a b "City Data Profiles". Bay Area Houston Economic Partnership. Archived from the original on 17 June 2008. Retrieved 24 September 2009.
- ^ Chang (2006), p. 185.
- ^ "Historical Society, Baytown". Archived from the original on 1 December 2009. Retrieved 8 September 2009.
"Electricity should be restored to city". Baytown Sun. 1 October 2005.[permanent dead link] - ^ "About the Chamber". Clear Lake Area Chamber of Commerce. Archived from the original on 24 January 2010. Retrieved 3 November 2009.
- ^ "Clear Lake-Bay Area". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2010.
- ^ Barrington (2008), pp. 219–224.
"Making Good in East Harris County and Beyond". East Harris County Manufacturer's Association. Archived from the original on 11 February 2010. Retrieved 18 September 2009.
"Pasadena, Deer Park, and Baytown". First Books. Retrieved 14 November 2009.[permanent dead link] - ^ Benham, Priscilla Myers: Goose Creek, Texas from the Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved 14 November 2009. Texas State Historical Association.
- ^ a b c Pomeroy, C. David Jr.: Pasadena, Texas from the Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved 14 November 2009. Texas State History Association.
- ^ Melosi (2007), p. 117.
- ^ Blackburn (2004), p. 59.
Barrington (2008), p. 225–235.
Abbott (2003), p. 23
"About the Chamber". Clear Lake Area Chamber of Commerce. Archived from the original on 4 September 2009. Retrieved 18 September 2009. - ^ Kearney (2008), p. 223.
"Clear Lake". First Books. Retrieved 14 November 2009.[permanent dead link]
Communications, Emmis (April 1997). "Mir Mortal". Indianapolis Monthly: 171. - ^ "Bay Area Houston: The Arts Alliance Center at Clear Lake". Guidry News. 10 September 2009.
The Center ... is conveniently located in the heart of the Bay Area, across from NASA's Johnson Space Center.
- ^ Chang 2006, p.192.
"About the Chamber". Texas City-La Marque Chamber of Commerce. Archived from the original on 2 July 2009. Retrieved 18 September 2009. - ISBN 978-0-87611-027-0.
- ^ a b Benham, Priscilla Myers: Texas City, Texas from the Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved 14 November 2009. Texas State History Association.
- ^ Barrington (2008), p. 210–212.
"Anahuac Area Chamber of Commerce". Retrieved 17 September 2009. - ^ "Anahuac Area Chamber of Commerce". Anahuac Area Chamber of Commerce. Retrieved 24 September 2009.
- ^ McComb (2000), p. 12.
- ^ Morris, John Miller: Exploration from the Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved 14 November 2009. Texas State Historical Association.
Kleiner, Diana J.: Galveston County from the Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved 14 November 2009. Texas State Historical Association. - ^ "Fort Anahuac Visitors Center" (PDF). Chambers County. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 July 2007. Retrieved 21 December 2009.
Gard, Leigh: San Leon, Texas from the Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved 22 December 2009.
Chang (2006), p. 187.
Kearney (2008), p. 177. - ^ Warren, Harris Gaylord: Laffite, Jean from the Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved 14 November 2009. Texas State Historical Association.
- ^ Barker, Eugene C.: Austin, Stephen Fuller from the Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved 14 November 2009. Texas State Historical Association.
- ^ Galveston Bay Estuary Program (2002), p. 27.
Henson (1982), p. 49.
Henson (1982), p. 51.
Galveston Bay Estuary Program (2002), p. 27–28. - ^ Kemp, L. W.: Battle of San Jacinto from the Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved 14 November 2009. Texas State Historical Association.
- ^ a b Pomeroy, C. David Jr.: Allen Ranch from the Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved 16 October 2009. Texas State Historical Association.
- ^ Benham, Priscilla Myers: Goose Creek, Texas from the Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved 16 October 2009. Texas State Historical Association.
- ^ Rocap, Pember W.: Dickinson, Texas from the Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved 14 November 2009. Texas State Historical Association.
- ^ a b c Kleiner, Diana J.: League City, Texas from the Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved 14 November 2009. Texas State History Association.
Kleiner, Diana J.: Webster, Texas from the Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved 14 November 2009. Texas State History Association. - ^ Johnston (1991), pp. 61–68.
- ^ a b Greene, Casey Edward: Clear Lake City Texas, Texas from the Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved 14 November 2009. Texas State Historical Association.
- ^ "Weather Events: The 1900 Galveston Hurricane". The Weather Doctor. Retrieved 12 September 2009.
- ^ Munsart (1997), p. 119.
- ^ "Pasadena Texas – History". Global Oneness. Archived from the original on 7 March 2012. Retrieved 12 September 2009.
The Galveston Hurricane of 1900 caused many people to resettle in Pasadena.
- ^ "Our City: The Birthplace of Free Texas". City of Pasadena. Archived from the original on 19 June 2008. Retrieved 12 September 2009.
- ^ "The Port of Texas City" (PDF). Texas City Library. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 May 2008. Retrieved 12 September 2009.
The Texas City Improvement Company, a forerunner of Texas City Terminal and the Mainland Company, Incorporated in April 1893. ... Competition for the shipment of cotton and grain was intense because of the established ports of Houston and Galveston.
- ^ Galveston Bay Estuary Program (2002), p. 37.
- ^ Olien, Roger M.: Oil and Gas Industry from the Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved 14 November 2009. Texas State Historical Association.
- ^ Young, Buck A.: Baytown, Texas from the Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved 14 November 2009. Texas State History Association.
- ^ Hinton (2002), p. 134.
- ^ Rocap, Pember W.: Dickinson, Texas from the Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved 14 November 2009. Texas State Historical Association.
Henson, Margaret Swett: Harris County from the Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved 14 November 2009. Texas State History Association. - ^ a b Ramos (2004), p. 154.
- ^ Kearney (2008), pp. 177-178.
Fox (2007), p. 212. - ^ Communications, Emmis (December 1983). "Grande Dame of the Gulf". Texas Monthly: 168.
- ^ Stephens (1997), p. 9.
"Our City: The Birthplace of Free Texas". City of Pasadena. Archived from the original on 19 June 2008. Retrieved 22 September 2009. - ^ Leatherwood, Art: Ellington Field from the Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved 14 November 2009. Texas State History Association.
- ^ Roddy (2008), p. 265.
Barrington (2008), p. 266.
Antrobus (2005), p. 57.
Communications, Emmis (December 1983). "Grande Dame of the Gulf". Texas Monthly: 168. - ^ Tresaugue, Matthew (22 August 2009). "The state of the bay". Houston Chronicle.
- ^ Casselman, Ben (4 June 2009). "Planning the 'Ike Dike' Defense". Wall Street Journal.
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{{cite book}}
:|author=
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References
- Abbott, Mary Lu (2003). Romantic Weekends Texas. Edison, NJ: Hunter Publishing Inc. p. 23. ISBN 1-55650-834-4.
- Antrobus, Sally (2005). Galveston Bay. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 1-58544-461-8.
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External links
- BetterBay.org
- Bay Area Houston Economic Partnership
- Bay Area Museum
- Texas Travel: Bay Area Houston
- The Baytown Area / West Chambers County Economic Development Foundation
- Galveston County Economic Alliance
- Bay Area Houston Convention and Visitor's Bureau
- Bay Area Houston Transportation Partnership[permanent dead link]
- Bay Area Houston Ballet and Theater
- Space Alliance Technology Outreach Program