The Gambia
Republic of The Gambia | |
---|---|
Motto: "Progress, Peace, and Prosperity" | |
Anthem: "For The Gambia Our Homeland" | |
Capital | Banjul 13°28′N 16°36′W / 13.467°N 16.600°W |
Largest metropolitan area | Serekunda |
Official languages | English |
National languages | |
Muhammad B.S. Jallow | |
Fabakary Jatta | |
Hassan Bubacar Jallow | |
Legislature | National Assembly |
Independence from the United Kingdom | |
• from the United Kingdom | 18 February 1965 |
• dissolution of the Senegambia Confederation | 30 September 1989 |
+220 | |
ISO 3166 code | GM |
Internet TLD | .gm |
The Gambia, officially the Republic of The Gambia, is a country in West Africa.[a][8] Geographically, The Gambia is the smallest country in continental Africa;[b] it is surrounded by Senegal, except for its western coast on the Atlantic Ocean.[9] It is situated on both sides of the lower reaches of the Gambia River, which flows through the centre of the country and empties into the Atlantic Ocean. The national namesake river demarcates the elongated shape of the country, which has an area of 11,300 square kilometres (4,400 sq mi) and a population of 2,468,569 people in 2024.[4] The capital city is Banjul, which has the most extensive metropolitan area in the country;[10] the second- and third-largest cities are Serekunda and Brikama.[11]
The Gambia has been a member of the
Etymology
The name "Gambia" is derived from the Mandinka term Kambra/Kambaa, meaning the Gambia River (or possibly from the sacred Serer Gamba,[20] a special type of calabash beaten when a Serer elder dies).[21] Upon independence in 1965, the country used the name The Gambia. Following the proclamation of a republic in 1970, the long-form name of the country became Republic of The Gambia.[22] The administration of Yahya Jammeh changed the long-form name to Islamic Republic of The Gambia in December 2015.[23] On 29 January 2017 President Adama Barrow changed the name back to Republic of The Gambia.[24][25]
The Gambia is one of a small number of countries for which the
History
9th–16th centuries: Muslim and Portuguese influence
By the 11th or 12th century, the rulers of kingdoms such as
English and French administration
In 1588, the claimant to the
During the late 17th century and throughout the 18th century, the
Slavery (17th–19th centuries)
As many as three million people may have been taken as
Traders initially sent people to Europe to work as servants until the market for labour expanded in the West Indies and North America in the 18th century. In 1807, the United Kingdom abolished the slave trade throughout its empire. It also tried, unsuccessfully, to end the slave trade in The Gambia. Slave ships intercepted by the Royal Navy's West Africa Squadron in the Atlantic were also returned to The Gambia, with people who had been slaves released on MacCarthy Island far up The Gambia River where they were expected to establish new lives.[31] The British established the military post of Bathurst (now Banjul) in 1816.
Gambia Colony and Protectorate (1821–1965)
In the ensuing years, Banjul was at times under the jurisdiction of the British Governor-General in Sierra Leone. In 1888, The Gambia became a separate colony.[32]
An agreement between Britain and
During World War II, some soldiers fought with the
After World War II, the pace of constitutional reform increased. Following general elections in 1962, the United Kingdom granted full internal self-governance in the following year.[37]
Post-independence (1965–present)
Monarchy and republican democracy
The Gambia achieved
On 24 April 1970, The Gambia became a republic within the Commonwealth, following a second
1981 attempted coup
An attempted coup on 29 July 1981 followed a weakening of the economy and allegations of corruption against leading politicians.
President Jawara requested military aid from Senegal, which deployed 400 troops to The Gambia on 31 July. By 6 August, some 2,700 Senegalese troops had been deployed, defeating the rebel force.[39] Between 500 and 800 people were killed during the coup and the ensuing violence.[39] In 1982, in the aftermath of the 1981 attempted coup, Senegal and The Gambia signed a treaty of confederation. The Senegambia Confederation aimed to combine the armed forces of the two states and to unify their economies and currencies. After just seven years, The Gambia permanently withdrew from the confederation in 1989.
1994 Yahya Jammeh coup; return to electoral democracy
In 1994, the Armed Forces Provisional Ruling Council (AFPRC) deposed the Jawara government and banned opposition political activity. Lieutenant Yahya Jammeh, chairman of the AFPRC, became head of state. Jammeh was just 29 years old at the time of the coup. The AFPRC announced a transition plan to return to a democratic civilian government. The Provisional Independent Electoral Commission (PIEC) was established in 1996 to conduct national elections and transformed into the Independent Electoral Commission (IEC) in 1997 and became responsible for the registration of voters and for the conduct of elections and referendums.
In late 2001 and early 2002, The Gambia completed a full cycle of
On 2 October 2013, The Gambian interior minister announced that The Gambia would leave the Commonwealth with immediate effect, ending 48 years of membership of the organisation. The Gambian government said it had "decided that The Gambia will never be a member of any neo-colonial institution and will never be a party to any institution that represents an extension of colonialism".[42]
On 11 December 2015, President Jammeh declared The Gambia an Islamic republic, calling it a break from the country's colonial past.[43]
Incumbent President Jammeh faced opposition leaders Adama Barrow from the Independent Coalition of parties[44] and Mamma Kandeh from The Gambia Democratic Congress party[45] in the December 2016 presidential elections. The Gambia sentenced main opposition leader and human rights advocate Ousainou Darboe to 3 years in prison in July 2016,[46] disqualifying him from running in the presidential election.
2016 Jammeh defeat in elections
Following the
Since 2017
In January 2017, President Barrow removed the "Islamic" title from The Gambia's name.
On 4 December 2021, Adama Barrow won re-election in the presidential election.[55] On 20 December 2022, a supposed coup attempt by the Gambian army was foiled,[56] with four soldiers arrested. The Gambia Armed Forces have denied that any attempt at a coup was made.[56]
Geography
The Gambia is a very small and narrow country whose borders mirror the meandering Gambia River. It lies between latitudes 13 and 14°N, and longitudes 13 and 17°W.
The Gambia is less than 50 kilometres (31 miles) wide at its widest point, with a total area of 11,295 km2 (4,361 sq mi). About 1,300 square kilometres (500 square miles) (11.5%) of The Gambia's area are covered by water. It is the smallest country on the African mainland. In comparative terms, The Gambia has a total area slightly more than that of the island of Jamaica.
Senegal surrounds The Gambia on three sides, with 80 km (50 mi) of coastline on the Atlantic Ocean marking its western extremity.[57]
The present boundaries were defined in 1889 after an agreement between the United Kingdom and France. During the negotiations between the French and the British in Paris, the French initially gave the British around 320 kilometres (200 mi) of The Gambia River to control. Starting with the placement of boundary markers in 1891, it took nearly 15 years after the Paris meetings to determine the final borders of The Gambia. The resulting series of straight lines and arcs gave the British control of areas about 16 kilometres (10 mi) north and south of The Gambia River.[58]
The Gambia contains three terrestrial ecoregions:
Climate
The Gambia has a
Climate data for Banjul | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 37.2 (99.0) |
38.9 (102.0) |
40.6 (105.1) |
41.1 (106.0) |
41.1 (106.0) |
37.8 (100.0) |
33.9 (93.0) |
33.3 (91.9) |
34.4 (93.9) |
37.2 (99.0) |
35.6 (96.1) |
35.6 (96.1) |
41.1 (106.0) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 31.7 (89.1) |
33.5 (92.3) |
33.9 (93.0) |
33.0 (91.4) |
31.9 (89.4) |
31.9 (89.4) |
30.8 (87.4) |
30.2 (86.4) |
31.0 (87.8) |
31.8 (89.2) |
32.7 (90.9) |
31.9 (89.4) |
32.0 (89.6) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 15.7 (60.3) |
16.6 (61.9) |
17.9 (64.2) |
18.8 (65.8) |
20.3 (68.5) |
22.9 (73.2) |
23.6 (74.5) |
23.3 (73.9) |
22.6 (72.7) |
22.2 (72.0) |
18.8 (65.8) |
16.2 (61.2) |
19.9 (67.8) |
Record low °C (°F) | 7.2 (45.0) |
10.0 (50.0) |
11.7 (53.1) |
12.2 (54.0) |
13.9 (57.0) |
18.3 (64.9) |
20.0 (68.0) |
20.0 (68.0) |
17.2 (63.0) |
16.1 (61.0) |
12.2 (54.0) |
8.9 (48.0) |
7.2 (45.0) |
Average rainfall mm (inches) | 0.5 (0.02) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
1.3 (0.05) |
62.7 (2.47) |
232.4 (9.15) |
346.8 (13.65) |
255.1 (10.04) |
75.8 (2.98) |
1.6 (0.06) |
0.7 (0.03) |
976.9 (38.46) |
Average rainy days | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 14 | 19 | 16 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 60 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
47 | 47 | 50 | 58 | 67 | 73 | 81 | 85 | 84 | 80 | 69 | 55 | 67 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 207.7 | 237.3 | 266.6 | 252.0 | 229.4 | 201.0 | 182.9 | 189.1 | 183.0 | 217.0 | 246.0 | 210.8 | 2,622.8 |
Mean daily sunshine hours | 6.7 | 8.4 | 8.6 | 8.4 | 7.4 | 6.7 | 5.9 | 6.1 | 6.1 | 7.0 | 8.2 | 6.8 | 7.2 |
Source 1: World Meteorological Organization[62] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Deutscher Wetterdienst (extremes, humidity, and sun)[63] |
Wildlife
Government and politics
The Gambia gained
According to the 2023 V-Dem Democracy Indices The Gambia is ranked 68th of 179 nations worldwide and the 11th of 56 in Africa.[66]
Political history
During the Jawara era, there were initially four political parties, the PPP, the
The UP was seen as the main opposition party, but it lost power from 1965 to 1970. In 1975, the
In principle, competitive politics existed during the Jawara era, however, it was stated that there was in reality a "one-party monopoly of state power centred around the dominant personality of Dawda Jawara". Civil society was limited post-independence, and opposition parties were weak and at the risk of being declared subversive. The opposition did not have equal access to resources, as the business class refused to finance them. The government had control over when they could make public announcements and press briefings, and there were also allegations of vote-buying and improprieties in the preparation of the electoral register. A 1991 court challenge by the PDOIS against irregularities on the electoral register in Banjul was dismissed on a technicality.[69]
In July 1994, a bloodless military coup d'état brought an end to the Jawara era. The Armed Forces Provisional Ruling Council (AFPRC), led by Yahya Jammeh, ruled dictatorially for two years. The council suspended the constitution, banned all political parties, and imposed a dusk-to-dawn curfew on the populace.[70] A transition back to democracy occurred in 1996, and a new constitution was written, though the process was manipulated to benefit Jammeh.[71] In a 1996 referendum, 70% of voters approved the constitution, and in December 1996, Jammeh was elected as president. All but PDOIS of the pre-coup parties were banned, and former ministers were barred from public office.[72]
During Jammeh's rule, the opposition was again fragmented. An example was the infighting between members of the
In the
On 5 December 2021, Incumbent President Adama Barrow was declared the winner of The Gambia's presidential election by the electoral commission. The 4 December 2021 election, the first since former dictator Yahya Jammeh fled into exile, was seen as crucial for the young democracy.[75]
Constitution
The Gambia has had a number of constitutions in its history. The two most significant are the 1970 constitution, which established The Gambia as a presidential republic, and the 1996 constitution, which served as a basis for Jammeh's rule and was kept following Barrow's victory in 2016. Jammeh manipulated the 1996 constitutional reform process to benefit himself. No reference was made to term limits, indicating Jammeh's preference to stay in power for an extended period of time.[71] According to the 1996 constitution, the President is the head of state, head of government, and commander-in-chief of the armed forces. Jammeh and Barrow have also both taken on the role of Minister of Defence.[76]
Presidency
The president appoints the vice president and cabinet of ministers and also chairs the cabinet. The office of Prime Minister was abolished in 1970. Total executive power is vested in the president. He can also appoint five members of the National Assembly, the judges of the superior courts, regional governors, and district chiefs. In terms of the civil service, he can appoint the Public Service Commission, the ombudsman, and the Independent Electoral Commission. The president is directly elected for five-year terms based on a simple majority of votes. There are no term limits.[76] The Constitution is under review as of 2018 and a two-term limit and other changes required to enhance the governance structures are expected.
Foreign relations
The Gambia followed a formal policy of non-alignment throughout most of former President Jawara's tenure. It maintained close relations with the United Kingdom and with Senegal and other African countries. The July 1994 coup strained The Gambia's relationship with Western powers, particularly the United States, which until 2002 suspended most non-humanitarian assistance in accordance with Section 508 of the Foreign Assistance Act. After 1995, President Jammeh established diplomatic relations with several additional countries, including Libya (suspended in 2010), and Cuba.[77] The People's Republic of China cut ties with The Gambia in 1995 – after the latter established diplomatic links with Taiwan – and re-established them in 2016.[78]
As a member of the
Under Yahya Jammeh, The Gambia was also backing up rebels of MFDC in Casamance in southern Senegal.[80] The subsequent worsening of the human rights situation placed increasing strains on US–Gambian relations.[77]
The Gambia withdrew from the
List of international organization memberships
- Commonwealth of Nations
- Economic Community of West African States(ECOWAS)
- Organization of Islamic Cooperation[82]
- United Nations
- African Union[83]
Military
The Gambia
Since the GAF was formed in 1985, it has been active in UN and African Union peacekeeping missions. It has been classed as a Tier 2 peacekeeping contributor[84] and was described by the Center on International Cooperation as a regional leader in peacekeeping.[85] It dispatched soldiers to Liberia as part of ECOMOG from 1990 to 1991, during which two Gambian soldiers were killed. It has since contributed troops to ECOMIL, UNMIL, and UNAMID. Responsibility for the military has rested directly with the President since Jammeh seized power at the head of a bloodless military coup in 1994. Jammeh also created the role of Chief of the Defence Staff, who is the senior military officer responsible for the day-to-day operations of The Gambia Armed Forces. Between 1958 and 1985, The Gambia did not have a military, but The Gambia Field Force existed as a paramilitary wing of the police. The military tradition of The Gambia can be traced to The Gambia Regiment of the British Army, that existed from 1901 to 1958 and fought in World War I and World War II. In 2017, Gambia signed the UN treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons.[86]
The Gambia Armed Forces is and has been the recipient of a number of equipment and training agreements with other countries. In 1992, a contingent of Nigerian soldiers helped lead the GNA. Between 1991 and 2005, the Turkish armed forces helped train Gambian soldiers. It has also hosted British and United States training teams from the Royal Gibraltar Regiment and US AFRICOM.
Human rights
According to the World Health Organization, an estimated 78.3% of Gambian girls and women have suffered female genital mutilation.[87] LGBT activity is illegal, and punishable with life imprisonment.[88]
The
Administrative divisions
The Gambia is divided into eight
Name | Area (km2) | Population census 2003 | Population census 2013 (provisional) |
Capital | Number of districts |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Banjul (capital city) | 12.2 | 35,061 | 31,301 | Banjul | 3 |
Kanifing
|
75.6 | 322,735 | 382,096 | Kanifing | 1 |
Brikama (formerly Western) |
1,764.3 | 389,594 | 699,704 | Brikama | 9 |
Mansa Konko (formerly Lower River) |
1,628.0 | 72,167 | 82,381 | Mansakonko | 6 |
Kerewan (formerly North Bank) |
2,255.5 | 172,835 | 221,054 | Kerewan | 7 |
Kuntaur )
(formerly the western half of Central River Division |
1,466.5 | 78,491 | 99,108 | Kuntaur | 5 |
Janjanbureh )
(formerly the eastern half of Central River Division |
1,427.8 | 107,212 | 126,910 | Janjanbureh |
5 |
Basse (formerly Upper River) |
2,069.5 | 182,586 | 239,916 | Basse Santa Su |
7 |
Total Gambia | 10,689 | 1,360,681 | 1,882,450 | Banjul | 43 |
The local government areas are further subdivided (2013) into 43 districts. Of these, Kanifing and Kombo Saint Mary (which shares Brikama as a capital with the Brikama Local Government Area) are effectively part of the Greater Banjul area.[93]
Economy
The Gambia has a liberal, market-based economy characterised by traditional subsistence agriculture, a historic reliance on groundnuts (peanuts) for export earnings, a re-export trade built up around its ocean port, low import duties, minimal administrative procedures, a fluctuating exchange rate with no exchange controls, and a significant tourism industry.[77]
The World Bank pegged Gambian GDP for 2018 at US$1,624M; the International Monetary Fund put it at US$977M for 2011.[citation needed]
From 2006 to 2012, The Gambian economy grew annually at a rate of 5–6% of GDP.[94]
Agriculture accounts for roughly 30% of the gross domestic product (GDP) and employs about 70% of the labour force. Within agriculture, peanut production accounts for 6.9% of GDP, other crops 8.3%, livestock 5.3%, fishing 1.8%, and forestry 0.5%. Industry accounts for about 8% of GDP and services around 58%. The limited amount of manufacturing is primarily agricultural-based (e.g., peanut processing, bakeries, a brewery, and a tannery). Other manufacturing activities involve soap,
Previously,[when?] the United Kingdom and the EU constituted the major Gambian export markets. However, in recent years Senegal, the United States, and Japan have become significant trade partners of The Gambia. In Africa, Senegal represented the biggest trade partner of The Gambia in 2007, which is a defining contrast to previous years that had Guinea-Bissau and Ghana as equally important trade partners. Globally, Denmark, the United States, and China have become important source countries for Gambian imports. The UK, Germany, Ivory Coast, and the Netherlands also provide a fair share of Gambian imports. The Gambian trade deficit for 2007 was $331 million.[77]
In May 2009 twelve commercial banks existed in The Gambia, including one Islamic bank. The oldest of these,
Since 2017, China has invested in Gambia as part of its Belt and Road Initiative. A major focus of Chinese activity in Gambia has been processing of locally caught fish for the production of fish meal for export. The economic and environmental impacts of fish meal production in Gambia are controversial.[96]
In 2024, the first solar power plant was inaugurated.[97]
-
Serekunda market
-
Brightly painted fishing boats are common in Bakau
-
The Gambia's wildlife, like this green monkey, attracts tourists
Transportation
The system of transportation in The Gambia mixes both public and private operations and consists of a system of roads (both paved and unpaved), water and air transportation. The Trans-Gambia Highway runs along both sides of the river Gambia, which bisects the country. The river may be crossed by ferry or the Senegambia bridge. There are no railways in the country.
Roadways in the country run to a length of 3,742 km of which only 723 km is paved and the remaining 3,019 km remains unpaved.
The country has a total of 390 km of waterways, with the Port of Banjul being the only port, which is managed by The Gambia Ports Authority.[citation needed]
The country's only international airport is the Banjul International Airport at Yundum, which is 26 km away.[98]
Demographics
Population in The Gambia[99][100] | |||
---|---|---|---|
Year | Million | ||
1950 | 0.27 | ||
2000 | 1.2 | ||
2021 | 2.6 |
The urbanisation rate as of 2011[update] was 57.3%.[57] Provisional figures from the 2003 census show the gap between the urban and rural populations narrowing as more areas are declared urban. While urban migration, development projects, and modernisation are bringing more Gambians into contact with Western habits and values, indigenous forms of dress and celebration and the traditional emphasis on the extended family remain integral parts of everyday life.[77]
The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Human Development Report for 2010 ranks The Gambia 151st out of 169 countries on its Human Development Index, putting the country in the "Low Human Development" category. This index compares life-expectancy, years of schooling, gross national income (GNI) per capita and other factors.[101]
The total fertility rate (TFR) was estimated at 3.98 children per woman in 2013.[102]
Ethnic groups
A variety of
The roughly 3,500 non-African residents include Europeans and families of Lebanese origin (0.23% of the total population).[77] Most of the European minority is British, although many of the British left after independence.
Languages
English is the official language of The Gambia and is thus used for official purposes and education. Other languages include Mandinka, Wolof, Fula, Serer, Soninke, Krio, Jola and other indigenous vernaculars.[57] Owing to the country's geographical setting, knowledge of French (an official language in much of West Africa) is relatively widespread.
Education
The constitution mandates free and compulsory primary education in The Gambia. Lack of resources and of educational infrastructure has made implementation of this difficult.
The International Open University (until January 2020 known as the Islamic Online University), a higher-education institution having more than 435,000 enrolled students from over 250 countries worldwide, has its global headquarters in The Gambia.[105]
Health
Religion
Approximately 96% of the population identify as Sunni Muslim, mostly Malikite Sufi. Except for a tiny fraction of one percent, the remainder of the population are Christian. Article 25 of the constitution protects the rights of citizens to practise any religion that they choose and intermarriage between Muslims and Christians is common.[107][108]
Islam
Virtually all commercial life in The Gambia comes to a standstill during major Muslim holidays, which include
Christianity
The Christian community comprises about 4% of the population.
Traditional religions
It is unclear to what extent
Like the Serers, the Jola people have their own religious customs, including a major religious ceremony, Boukout.
Other religions
Owing to a small number of immigrants from South Asia, Hindus and followers of the Baháʼí Faith are also present.[108]
Culture
This section needs additional citations for verification. (April 2017) |
Although The Gambia is the smallest country on mainland Africa, its culture is the product of very diverse influences. The national borders outline a narrow strip on either side of the River Gambia, a body of water that has played a vital part in the nation's destiny and is known locally simply as "the River". Without natural barriers, The Gambia has become home to most of the ethnic groups that are present throughout western Africa, especially those in Senegal.[115]
Europeans also figure prominently in Gambian history because the River Gambia is navigable deep into the continent, a geographic feature that made this area one of the most profitable sites for the slave trade from the 15th through the 17th centuries. (It also made it strategic to the halt of this trade once it was outlawed in the 19th century.) Some of this history was popularised in the Alex Haley book and TV series Roots, which was set in The Gambia.[116]
Music
The music of The Gambia is closely linked musically with that of its neighbour, Senegal, which surrounds its inland frontiers completely. It fuses popular Western music and dance, with sabar, the traditional drumming and dance music of the Wolof and Serer people of Senegal.[117]
Cuisine
The cuisine of The Gambia includes peanuts, rice, fish, meat, onions, tomatoes, cassava, chili peppers and oysters from the River Gambia. In particular,
Literature
As with other West African countries, The Gambia has a tradition of oral literature, including the griots, traditional storytellers and musicians.[119] Since the 1960s, an English-language Gambian literature has emerged. Lenrie Peters is considered the founding father of this literature, whilst notable writers include Tijan Sallah, Nana Grey-Johnson and Mariama Khan.[120][121]
Media
Critics have accused the government of restricting free speech. A 2002 law created a commission with the power to issue licenses and imprison journalists; in 2004, additional legislation allowed prison sentences for libel and slander and cancelled all print and broadcasting licenses, forcing media groups to re-register at five times the original cost.[122][123]
Three Gambian journalists have been arrested since the coup attempt. It has been suggested that they were imprisoned for criticising the government's economic policy, or for stating that a former interior minister and security chief was among the plotters.[124] Newspaper editor Deyda Hydara was shot to death under unexplained circumstances, days after the 2004 legislation took effect.
Licensing fees are high for newspapers and radio stations, and the only nationwide stations are tightly controlled by the government.[122]
Reporters Without Borders has accused "President Yahya Jammeh's police state" of using murder, arson, unlawful arrest and death threats against journalists.[125]
In December 2010 Musa Saidykhan, former editor of The Independent newspaper, was awarded US$200,000 by the ECOWAS Court in Abuja, Nigeria. The court found the Government of The Gambia guilty of torture while he was detained without trial at the National Intelligence Agency. Apparently he was suspected of knowing about the 2006 failed coup.[citation needed]
Sports
As in neighbouring Senegal, the national and most popular sport in The Gambia is wrestling.[126] Association football and basketball are also popular. Football in The Gambia is administered by The Gambia Football Federation, who are affiliated to both FIFA and CAF. The GFA runs league football in The Gambia, including top division GFA League First Division, as well as The Gambia national football team. Nicknamed "The Scorpions", the national side have never qualified for the FIFA World Cup, but qualified for the Africa Cup of Nations at senior level for the first time in 2021. They play at Independence Stadium. The Gambia won two CAF U-17 championships one in 2005 when the country hosted, and 2009 in Algeria automatically qualifying for FIFA U-17 World Cup in Peru (2005) and Nigeria (2009) respectively. The U-20 also qualified for FIFA U-20 2007 in Canada. The female U-17 also competed in FIFA U-17 World Cup 2012 in Azerbaijan.
The Gambia featured a national team in beach volleyball that competed at the 2018–2020 CAVB Beach Volleyball Continental Cup in both the women's and the men's section.[127]
See also
Explanatory notes
- Arabic: غامبيا
- archipelagos.
References
Citations
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: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link - ISBN 978-1-5690269-8-4.
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Works cited
- Edie, Carlene J. (2000). "Democracy in the Gambia: Past, Present and Prospects for the Future". Africa Development. XXV: 161–198.
- "UCDP Conflict Encyclopedia: Gambia. In depth: Economic crisis and a leftist coup attempt in 1981". Uppsala Conflict Data Program. Uppsala University. Archived from the original on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 8 July 2013.
External links
Government
- State House and Office of the President Archived 27 March 2020 at the Wayback Machine
General information
- "Gambia, The". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency.
- The Gambia from UCB Libraries GovPubs
- The Gambia at Curlie
- The Gambia from the BBC News
- Wikimedia Atlas of The Gambia
- Geographic data related to The Gambia at OpenStreetMap
- Key Development Forecasts for The Gambia from International Futures
Tourism
- Visit The Gambia – The official website of The Gambia Tourism Board.