Tourism

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Tourists at the Temple of Apollo, Delphi, Greece

Tourism is

World Tourism Organization defines tourism more generally, in terms which go "beyond the common perception of tourism as being limited to holiday activity only", as people "travelling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure and not less than 24 hours, business and other purposes".[2] Tourism can be domestic (within the traveller's own country) or international, and international tourism has both incoming and outgoing implications on a country's balance of payments
.

Tourism numbers declined as a result of a strong economic slowdown (the

United Nations World Tourism Organization estimated that global international tourist arrivals might decrease by 58% to 78% in 2020, leading to a potential loss of US$0.9–1.2 trillion in international tourism receipts.[5]

Globally, international tourism receipts (the travel item in the

Emerging source markets such as China, Russia, and Brazil had significantly increased their spending over the previous decade.[8]

Global tourism accounts for c. 8% of global

Tourism has reached new dimensions with the emerging industry of space tourism, as well as the cruise ship industry. Another potential new tourism industry is virtual tourism.

Etymology

The

English-language word tourist was used in 1772[12] and tourism in 1811.[13][14] These words derive from the word tour, which comes from Old English turian, from Old French torner, from Latin tornare - "to turn on a lathe", which is itself from Ancient Greek tornos (τόρνος) - "lathe".[15]

Definitions

In 1936, the League of Nations defined a foreign tourist as "someone traveling abroad for at least twenty-four hours". Its successor, the United Nations, amended this definition in 1945, by including a maximum stay of six months.[16]

In 1941, Hunziker and Kraft defined tourism as "the sum of the phenomena and relationships arising from the travel and stay of non-residents, insofar as they do not lead to

destinations outside the places where they normally live and work and their activities during the stay at each destination. It includes movements for all purposes."[19] In 1981, the International Association of Scientific Experts in Tourism defined tourism in terms of particular activities chosen and undertaken outside the home.[20]

In 1994, the United Nations identified three forms of tourism in its Recommendations on Tourism Statistics:[21]

  • Domestic tourism, involving residents of the given country traveling only within this country
  • Inbound tourism,[22] involving non-residents traveling in the given country
  • Outbound tourism, involving residents traveling in another country

Other groupings derived from the above grouping:[23]

  • National tourism, a combination of domestic and outbound tourism
  • Regional tourism, a combination of domestic and inbound tourism
  • International tourism, a combination of inbound and outbound tourism

The terms tourism and travel are sometimes used interchangeably. In this context, travel has a similar definition to tourism but implies a more purposeful journey. The terms tourism and tourist are sometimes used pejoratively, to imply a shallow interest in the cultures or locations visited. By contrast, traveller is often used as a sign of distinction. The sociology of tourism has studied the cultural values underpinning these distinctions and their implications for class relations.[24]

Adventure tourism
often appeals less to the general public than nature and ecotourism and tends to draw in individuals who partake in such activities with limited marketing.

It is important to understand that these definitions may vary. Perceived risk in adventure tourism is subjective and may change for each individual.

Examples of these tourism types.

Nature tourism

Ecotourism

Adventure tourism

Tourism products

According to the World Tourism Organization, a tourism product is:[26]

"a combination of tangible and intangible elements, such as natural, cultural, and man-made resources, attractions, facilities, services and activities around a specific center of interest which represents the core of the destination marketing mix and creates an overall visitor experience including emotional aspects for the potential customers. A tourism product is priced and sold through distribution channels and it has a life-cycle".

Tourism product covers a wide variety of services including:[27]

  • Accommodation services from low-cost homestays to five-star hotels
  • Hospitality services including food and beverage serving centers
  • Health care services like massage
  • All modes of transport, its booking and rental
  • Travel agencies, guided tours and tourist guides
  • Cultural services such as religious monuments, museums, and historical places
  • Shopping

International tourism

International tourist arrivals per year by region

International tourism is tourism that crosses national borders.

World Tourism Organization defines tourists as people "traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes".[28] The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that up to 500,000 people are in flight at any one time.[29]

In 2010, international tourism reached

real terms of 4.7%.[30] In 2010, there were over 940 million international tourist arrivals worldwide.[31] By 2016 that number had risen to 1,235 million, producing 1,220 billion USD in destination spending.[32] The COVID-19 crisis had significant negative effects on international tourism
significantly slowing the overall increasing trend.

International tourism has significant

problems created by air travel
but also by other issues, including wealthy tourists bringing lifestyles that stress local infrastructure, water and trash systems among others.

Basis

Tourism typically requires the tourist to feel engaged in a genuine experience of the location they are visiting. According to Dean MacCannell, tourism requires that the tourist can view the toured area as both authentic and different from their own lived experience.

better source needed
]

According to MacCannell, all modern tourism experiences the "authentic" and "exotic" as "developmentally inferior" to the modern—that is, to the lived experience of the tourist.

better source needed
]

History

Ancient