Gandāra
Achaemenid Gandhāra | |||||||||||||||||||||
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c. 535 BCE–c. 4th century BCE | |||||||||||||||||||||
Standard of Cyrus the Great | |||||||||||||||||||||
Gandāra was the easternmost territory of the Achaemenid Empire | |||||||||||||||||||||
Government | |||||||||||||||||||||
• Type | Monarchy | ||||||||||||||||||||
King or King of Kings | |||||||||||||||||||||
• c. 535-530 BCE | Cyrus II (first) | ||||||||||||||||||||
• 359/8–338 BCE | Artaxerxes III (last) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Historical era | Achaemenid era | ||||||||||||||||||||
c. 535 BCE | |||||||||||||||||||||
• Disestablished | c. 4th century BCE | ||||||||||||||||||||
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Gandāra, or Gadāra in Achaemenid inscriptions (
The province was also referred to as
History
Gandhara before the Achaemenid conquest
During the 6th century BCE, Gandhāra was an important imperial power in north-west Iron Age South Asia, with the other states of the Punjab region, such as the
Achaemenid Gandhara
This section needs additional citations for verification. (February 2021) |
By the later 6th century BCE, the founder of the Persian Achaemenid Empire, Cyrus, soon after his conquests of Media, Lydia, and Babylonia, marched into Gandhara and annexed it into his empire.[11]
The scholar Kaikhosru Danjibuoy Sethna advanced that Cyrus had conquered only the trans-Indus borderlands around Peshawar which had belonged to Gandhāra while Pukkusāti remained a powerful king who maintained his rule over the rest of Gandhāra and the western Punjab.[12] However, according to the scholar Buddha Prakash, Pukkusāti might have acted as a bulwark against the expansion of the Persian Achaemenid Empire into north-west South Asia. This hypothesis posits that the army which Nearchus claimed Cyrus had lost in Gedrosia had in fact been defeated by Pukkusāti's Gāndhārī kingdom. Therefore, following Prakash's position, the Achaemenids would have been able to conquer Gandhāra only after a period of decline of Gandhāra after the reign of Pukkusāti, combined with the growth of Achaemenid power under the kings Cambyses II and Darius I.[4]
However, the presence of Gandhāra, referred to as Gandāra in Old Persian, among the list of Achaemenid provinces in Darius's Behistun Inscription confirms that his empire had inherited this region from conquests carried out earlier by Cyrus,[11] with the annexation under Cyrus being limited to Gandhāra proper, after which the peoples of the Punjab region previously under Gāndhārī authority took advantage of the new power vacuum to form their own small states.[4]
It is unknown whether Pukkusāti remained in power after the Achaemenid conquest as a Persian vassal or if he was replaced by a Persian satrap (governor),
Under Persian rule, a system of centralized administration, with a bureaucratic system, was introduced into the Indus Valley for the first time. Provinces or "satrapy" were established with provincial capitals.
Gandhara satrapy, established 518 BCE with its capital at Pushkalavati (Charsadda).[15] Gandhara Satrapy was established in the general region of the old Gandhara grave culture, in what is today Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. During Achaemenid rule, the Kharosthi alphabet, derived from the one used for Aramaic (the official language of Achaemenids), developed here and remained the national script of Gandhara until 200 CE.
The inscription on Darius' (521–486 BC) tomb at
Conquest by Alexander
In 327 BCE,
In the winter of 327 BC, Alexander invited all the chieftains in the remaining five Achaemenid satraps to submit to his authority.
The first tribe they encountered were the
After conquering Gandhara and solidifying his supply line back to Bactria, Alexander combined his forces with the King Ambhi of Taxila and crossed the River Indus in July 326 BC to begin the Archosia (Punjab) campaign. Alexander nominated officers as Satraps of the new provinces, and in Gandhara, Oxyartes was nominated to the position of Satrap in 326 BC.[citation needed]
Gandarans in Achaemenid Army
According to Herodotus, soldiers of Gandāra participated to the Second Persian invasion of Greece around 480 BC.[18] They had a different equipment from the Hindush, rather akin to that of the Bactrians, and were under the command of Artyphius, son of Artabanus:
The Bactrians in the army wore a headgear most like to the Median, carrying their native bows of reed, and short spears. (...) The Parthians, Chorasmians, Sogdians, Gandarians, and Dadicae in the army had the same equipment as the Bactrians. The Parthians and Chorasmians had for their commander Artabazus son of Pharnaces, the Sogdians Azanes son of Artaeus, the Gandarians and Dadicae Artyphius son of Artabanus.
— Herodotus VII 64-66
The depiction of Indian soldiers and the names of the three
See also
Notes
References
- ^ Some sounds are omitted in the writing of Old Persian, and are shown with a raised letter.Old Persian p.164Old Persian p.13. In particular Old Persian nasals such as "n" were omitted in writing before consonants Old Persian p.17Old Persian p.25
- ^ a b Perfrancesco Callieri, INDIA ii. Historical Geography, Encyclopaedia Iranica, 15 December 2004.
- ISBN 978-90-6186-037-2.
One should, therefore, be careful to distinguish the limited geographical unit of Gandhāra from the political one bearing the same name
- ^ JSTOR 41784590. Retrieved 12 June 2022.
- ISBN 978-8-120-80824-9.
- ^ O. Bopearachchi, “Premières frappes locales de l’Inde du Nord-Ouest: nouvelles données,” in Trésors d’Orient: Mélanges offerts à Rika Gyselen, Fig. 1 CNG Coins
- ^ Bopearachchi, Osmund. Coin Production and Circulation in Central Asia and North-West India (Before and after Alexander's Conquest). pp. 300–301.
- ^ "US Department of Defense". Archived from the original on 10 June 2020. Retrieved 7 October 2018.
- ISBN 9780951839911.
- ^ Bopearachchi, Osmund. Coin Production and Circulation in Central Asia and North-West India (Before and after Alexander's Conquest). pp. 308–.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-521-22804-6.
- ISBN 978-8-177-42026-5.
- ISBN 978-0-521-22804-6.
- ^ "Pukkusāti". www.palikanon.com. Retrieved 26 July 2020.
- ISBN 0875868592
- ^ Mukerjee, R. K. History and Culture of Indian People, The Age of Imperial Unity, Foreign Invasion. p. 46.
- ^ Curtius in McCrindle, p. 192, J. W. McCrindle; History of Punjab, Vol I, 1997, p 229, Punjabi University, Patiala (editors): Fauja Singh, L. M. Joshi; Kambojas Through the Ages, 2005, p. 134, Kirpal Singh.
- ^ Herodotus VII 64-66
- ISBN 978-0-226-62777-9.
The Gandarians thus make their last appearance as Persian tribute paying subjects in the lists of Artaxerxes, though the land continued to be known under the name of Gandhara down to classic Indian times
- ^ Inscription A2Pa of Artaxerxes II
- ^ Lecoq, Pierre. Les inscriptions de la perse achemenide (1997) (in French). pp. 271–272.