Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb
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Ganga–Jamuni Tehzeeb (
The tehzeeb (culture) includes a particular style of speech, literature, recreation, costume, manners, worldview, art, architecture and cuisine which more or less pervades the Hindustan region of the plains, Northern South Asia as a whole and the old city of Hyderabad in South India.[10][11] Ganga Jamuni culture manifests itself as adherents of different religions in India celebrating each other's festivals, as well as communal harmony in India.[12][13]
Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb, is a poetic Awadhi phrase for the distinctive and syncretic Hindu-Muslim culture, is reflected in the fused spiritual connotations, forms, symbols, aesthetics, crafts and weaves, for example, Kashmiri Muslim carpet makers feature Durga in their patterns, Muslim sculptors making idols of Durga, and Hindu craftsmen create the Muharram tazia.[14][8]
Etymology
Ganga-Jamuni is a combination of two Hindi words that means, literally, "mixed", "composite", or "alloy".[15][16][17] The term additionally references the Ganga and Jamuna rivers, that merge to form one entity, just as two cultures come "together to form a seamless single culture that draws richly from both traditional Hindu and Islamic influences", creating "a vibrant, multidimensional, peerless and syncretic culture."[1]
Tehzeeb is an Urdu term meaning civilisation, culture, politeness, or progress/development.[18]
Festivals
Language and literature
With the
The literary tradition in Hindustani really began in the Mughal North with the appreciation of poetry in Deccani Hindi, a medium of literary exchange in the Pre-Mughal Deccan South. Until then Hindavi was not a court language of the Mughals as was previously during the Delhi sultanate. This event laid the foundation towards the first standardisation of the Hindi language, this polished courtly speech begun to be specifically called "Urdu" which is today the national language of Pakistan and an official language in India. The second standardisation of the Hindi language took place during the British Raj, which is now one of the two official languages of GoI, along with English. This second standardisation, though in the Sanskritized register has retained the inevitable name Hindi instead and hence Hindi refers both to the official sanskritised standard as well as the colloquial Hindi and the many related dialects of the Hindi languages.[citation needed]
The first Deccani author was Khwaja Bandanawaz Gesudaraz Muhammad Hasan.
One of the best examples of syncretic faith is captured in one of Kabir's doha (verse), "some chant Allah, some chant Ram, Kabir is a worshiper of true love and hence reveres both."[4][failed verification]
Devanagari | Nastaliq | Roman | Translation |
---|---|---|---|
कोई जपे रहीम रहीम
कोई जपे है राम दास कबीर है प्रेम पुजारी दोनों को परनाम |
کوئی جپے رحیم رحیم |
Koi jape rahim rahim
Koi jape hai ram Das Kabir hai prem pujari Dono ko parnaam |
Some chant O Merciful [Allah]
Some chant Ram Kabir is a worshiper of true love And reveres them both |
Etiquette and costume
Sherwani, Jama, Topi, Kurta, Dupatta, Salwar, Kameez, Shawl, Pajama and Socks are few of the major attire still present in India.
Recreation and cuisine
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Art and architecture
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See also
- Hindu–Islamic relations
- Hindu-Muslim unity
- Opposition to the partition of India
- Phool Walon Ki Sair
- Din-i Ilahi
- Inclusivism, concept that all religions are at least partially true and none is untrue
- Sheilaism, a term for an individual selecting strands of multiple religions
- Folk religion, any flexible vernacular religion without a rigid doctrine
- Interfaith dialogue, constructive interaction among various religions
- Religious pluralism, tolerance for diversity of religions in a society
- Religious tolerance, respecting and upholding others' right to behold religion
- Multiple religious belonging, a phenomenon that a person can belong to multiple religion is specially found among more tolerant societies such as Indian and Chinese origin religions
- La Convivencia, a similar dynamic in medieval Islamic Spain
References
- ^ ISBN 978-93-5435-255-3.
The culture (tehzeeb) that has evolved in the Great Plains is called Ganga-Jamuni Tehzeeb. The idea of the two rivers joining to form one great entity, Ganga, symbolises how two disparate cultures coming together to form a seamless single culture that draws richly from both traditional Hindu and Islamic influences. The result is a vibrant, multidimensional, peerless and syncretic culture. People from different religions share elements and ideologies to bring together all aspects of life to prosper, making society a bouquet of many hues and fragrances. The leitmotif of this culture is pluralism.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-136-89020-8.
Ganga-Jamuni Tehzeeb compares the Hindu-Muslim harmony and friendship to the holy confluence of India's major rivers - the Ganga and Yamuna. It assumes a peaceful merging of Hindu and Muslim culture and lifestyle in Banaras as expressed in their friendships, joint festivities and interdependence. As such, the Ganga-Jamuni Tehzeeb reminds people of the incomparable unison they share across religious communities. This in turn sets a parameter for the people to uphold the religious peace. The metaphor is especially popular in the intellectual discourse as it coincided well with the Nehruvian rhetoric of a composite culture.
- ^ a b Dhulipala, Venkat (2000). The Politics of Secularism: Medieval Indian Historiography and the Sufis. University of Wisconsin–Madison. p. 27.
The composite culture of northern India, known as the Ganga Jamuni tehzeeb was a product of the interaction between Hindu society and Islam.
- ^ a b Chari, Pushpa (28 July 2018). "Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb: Syncretic ethos in weaves and crafts". The Hindu. Retrieved 23 February 2020.
- ISBN 9781351227605.
- ^ a b Āzād Hindūstān, māz̤ī aur mustaqbil: rūdād aur maqāle, qaumī simīnār, munʻaqidah Jāmiʻah Hamdard, Naʼī Dihlī, 29-31 Agast 1998. Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Library. 2000. p. 60.
During their political rule, over a period of about 1000 years, both Hindus and Muslims lived together, shared each other's culture and gave rise to the emergence of a new type of Hindu-Muslim culture (Ganga-Jamuni Tahzib).
- ^ a b Socialist Party (India) (2007), Janata, Volume 62,
... the ganga-jamuni tehzeeb (composite culture) regarded both religious communities as two eyes of a beautiful bride and their long history witnessed 'give-and-take', at many levels ...
- ^ a b Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb: Syncretic ethos in weaves and crafts, The Hindu, 18 July 2018.
- ISBN 978-1-4833-7083-5.
Sometimes this trend brings a new culture of integration. It is evident in Indian Hindu-Muslim culture popularly known as Ganga Jamuni Tehzeeb, manifesting the values and belief systems of the two.
- ^ minhaz, ayesha (16 July 2015). "Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb helps maintain peace". Deccan Chronicle. Retrieved 24 December 2019.
- ^ a b Understanding Ganga-Jamuni Tehzeeb: How diverse is the "Indian multiculturalism", Daily News and Analysis, 15 June 2014.
- ISBN 978-0-230-60832-0,
... the continuing joint Muslim and Hindu participation in public festivals, relating it to "Ganga-Jamun Tahzeeb," the attitude of refined hospitality and harmonious relations that historically characterized this region ...
- ^ a b "Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb: Temple serving Iftar Dates to 5 Mosques in Hyderabad". 26 June 2015. Retrieved 24 December 2019.
- ^ Tripathi, Priyanka; Das, Chhandita (2020). "Decoding the Postcolonial Geo-Linguistic Sangam in Allahabad: A Study of Neelum Saran Gour's Requiem in Raga Janki". The IUP Journal of English Studies. XV (3). IUP: 6.
"Ganga-Jamuni Tehzeeb" is a poetic Awadhi phrase that implies the distinct and syncretic fusion of Hindu-Muslim culture and it is primarily the ethics of central plains in North India.
- ^ McGregor, R. S. (1993), "गंगा-जमनी = mixed, composite, of whitish grey colour, made of alloy, an alloy", Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary, Oxford University Press, p. 248
- ^ Chaturvedi, Mahendra (1970), "गंगा-जमुनी = made up of two colours or two metals (like gold and silver)", A Practical Hindi-English Dictionary, Delhi: National Publishing House
- ^ Dasa, Syamasundara (1965–1975), Hindi sabdasagara, Navina samskarana (in Hindi), Kasi: Nagari Pracarini Sabha,
गंगाजमुनी (p. 1190) गंगाजमुनी— वि० [हिं० गंगा + जमुना] १. मिलाजुला । संकर । दो- रंगा । २. सोने चाँदी, पीतल ताँबे आदि दो धातुओं का बना हुआ । सुनहले रूपहले तारों का बना हुआ । जिसपर सोने चाँदी दोनों का काम हो । ३. काला उजला । स्याह सफेद । अबलक ; 2) गंगाजमुनी (p. 1190) गंगाजमुनी २— संज्ञा स्त्री० १. कान का एक गहना । २. वह दाल जिसमें अरहर और उर्द की दाल मिली हो । केवटी दाल । ३. जरतारी का ऐसा काम जिसमें सुनहले और रुपहले दोनों रंग के तार हों । ४. अफीम मिली हुई भाँग । अफीम से युक्त भाँग की सरदाई (बनारस)
- ^ "Meaning of tahzib in English". Rekhta Dictionary. Retrieved 22 April 2022.
- ^ Descendants of Nawabs keep Holi traditions alive, The Indian Express, Tue 10 March 2009, 15:35 hrs
- ^ ISBN 978-81-89833-18-3,
... developed in Awadh as a genre of composite creativity. ... of multiple Indian cultural traditions and provided glimpses of the Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb of north India with Lucknow as its centre ...
- ^ a b Plaint Of Ayodhya, The Financial Express, Sunday, 22 August 2004 at 0000 hrs IST
- ^ "Hindus form human chain around Muslim baraat in violence-hit Kanpur, escort them to safety | Kanpur News - Times of India". The Times of India. 26 December 2019.
- TNN, 13 May 2009, 06.52am IST
- Express News Service, Saturday, 12 February 2005
- ^ Twin towns welcome verdict with humility, grace, Deccan Chronicle, 1 October 2010
- TNN, 25 September 2009, 10.09pm IST
- ^ Stories behind the masks, Shailaja Tripathi, NEW DELHI, 4 November 2010, The Hindu
- OCLC 993125025.
- OCLC 993125025.
- OCLC 993125025.
- ^ minhaz, ayesha (16 July 2015). "Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb helps maintain peace". Deccan Chronicle. Retrieved 24 December 2019.
- ISBN 978-0195351903, pages 15-16
- OCLC 993125025.
- TNN, 25 September 2009, 10.09pm IST
- ^ Descendants of Nawabs keep Holi traditions alive, The Indian Express, Tue 10 March 2009, 15:35 hrs
- ^ "Adaab in a Time of Allah Hafiz". University of Wisconsin–Madison. 1 May 2012. Archived from the original on 10 June 2016. Retrieved 17 January 2023.
Originating from a North Indian Islamicate high culture, "adaab" as a form of greeting was imbued with a certain class hierarchy. It was a familiar greeting even in many elite non-Muslim households in North India.