Gannet

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For other uses, see Gannet (disambiguation).

Gannet
Temporal range:
Ma
Northern gannets (Morus bassanus) on Heligoland
Northern gannet calls recorded on
Grassholm Island, Wales
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Suliformes
Family: Sulidae
Genus: Morus
Vieillot, 1816
Type species
Linnaeus
, 1758
Species
  • Morus bassanus
  • Morus capensis
  • Morus serrator
Synonyms

Moris

Morus serrator) at the Cape Kidnappers
colony in New Zealand

Gannets are

seabirds comprising the genus Morus in the family Sulidae, closely related to boobies
.

Gannets are large white

Atlantic, having a wingspan of up to two metres (6+1⁄2 feet). The other two species occur in the temperate seas around southern Africa
, southern Australia, and New Zealand.

Etymology

"Gannet" is derived from

Old Germanic root as "gander".[1]

Taxonomy

Morus is derived from Ancient Greek μωρός moros "stupid"[2] or "foolish" due to lack of fear shown by breeding gannets and boobies, allowing them to be easily killed.[3]

Behaviour

Hunting

Gannets hunt fish by diving into the sea from a height of 30 m (100 ft) and pursuing their prey underwater, and have a number of adaptations:

  • They have no external nostrils; they are located inside the mouth, instead.
  • They have air sacs in the face and chest under the skin, which act like
    bubble wrap
    , cushioning the impact with the water.
  • The position of their eyes is far enough forward on the face for binocular vision, allowing them to judge distances accurately.[4]

Gannets can achieve speeds of 100 km/h (60 mph) as they strike the water, enabling them to catch fish at a much greater depth than most airborne birds.

The gannet's supposed capacity for eating large quantities of fish has led to "gannet" becoming a description of somebody with a voracious appetite.[citation needed]

Mating and nesting

A northern gannet in Bonaventure Island's colony
Gannet, Bempton Cliffs, Yorkshire

Gannets are colonial breeders on islands and coasts, normally laying one chalky-blue egg. They lack brood patches and use their webbed feet to warm the eggs.[5] They reach maturity around 5 years of age. First-year birds are completely black, and subsequent subadult plumages show increasing amounts of white.

Northern gannets

The most important nesting ground for

Shetland Isles. The rest of the world's northern-gannet population nests in Canada, Ireland, the Faroe Islands, and Iceland, with small numbers in France (they are often seen in the Bay of Biscay), the Channel Islands, Norway, and a single colony in Germany on Heligoland. The biggest northern-gannet colony is on Scotland's Bass Rock in the Firth of Forth; in 2014, this colony contained some 75,000 pairs.[6]
St. Kilda, Grassholm in Pembrokeshire, Bempton Cliffs in the East Riding of Yorkshire, Sceilig Bheag, Ireland, and Bonaventure Island, Quebec
, are also important northern-gannet breeding sites.

Systematics and evolution

Gannet in the Celtic Sea – Ireland

The three gannet

Sula
. However, some authorities believe that all nine sulid species should be considered congeneric, in Sula. At one time, the various gannet species were considered to be a single species.

Genus Morus – Vieillot, 1816 – three species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Northern gannet (also known as "solan goose")

Morus bassanus
(Lichtenstein, MHC, 1823) 		North Atlantic on coasts influenced by the Gulf Stream
Map of range 		Size:

Habitat:

Diet: 		 LC 


Cape gannet

Morus capensis
Milne-Edwards
, 1882 		Southern Africa in three islands off Namibia and three islands off South Africa
Map of range 		Size:

Habitat:

Diet: 		 EN 


Australasian gannet

Morus serrator
(Gray, GR, 1843) 		Coasts of
Victoria, and Tasmania
Map of range
 Size:

Habitat:

Diet: 		 LC 



Most fossil gannets are from the Late Miocene or Pliocene, when the diversity of seabirds in general was much higher than today. The cause the decline in species at the end of the Pleistocene is not clear; increased competition due to the spread of marine mammals may have played a role.

The genus Morus is much better documented in the

equatorial
distribution than their congeners of today.

Fossil species of gannets are:

  • Morus loxostylus (Early Miocene of EC USA) – includes M. atlanticus
  • Morus olsoni (Middle Miocene of Romania)
  • Morus lompocanus (Lompoc Late Miocene of Lompoc, USA)[7]
  • Morus magnus (Late Miocene of California)
  • Morus peruvianus (Pisco Late Miocene of Peru)
  • Morus vagabundus (Temblor Late Miocene of California)[7]
  • Morus willetti (Late Miocene of California) – formerly in Sula[7]
  • Morus sp. (Temblor Late Miocene of Sharktooth Hill, US: Miller 1961) – possibly M. magnus
  • Morus sp. 1 (Late Miocene/Early Pliocene of Lee Creek Mine, US)
  • Morus sp. 2 (Late Miocene/Early Pliocene of Lee Creek Mine, US)
  • Morus peninsularis (Early Pliocene)
  • Morus recentior (Middle Pliocene of California, US)
  • Morus reyanus – Del Rey gannet (Late Pleistocene of W US)[7]

Cultural references

In many parts of the United Kingdom, the term "gannet" is used to refer to people who steadily eat vast quantities of food, especially at public functions.[8]

Young gannets were historically used as a food source, a tradition still practised in

Ness, Scotland, where they are called "guga". Like examples of continued traditional whale harvesting, the modern-day hunting of gannet chicks results in great controversies as to whether it should continue to be afforded "exemption from the ordinary protection afforded to sea birds in UK and EU law". The Ness hunt is currently limited to 2,000 chicks per year, and dates back at least to the Iron Age. The hunt is considered to be sustainable, as between 1902 and 2003, gannet numbers in Scotland increased dramatically from 30,000 to 180,000.[9][10]

In "The Bookshop Sketch", originally from At Last the 1948 Show (1967), a customer (Marty Feldman) asks the bookshop proprietor (John Cleese) for "the expurgated version" of Olsen's Standard Book of British Birds, "the one without the gannet", because he does not like gannets due to their "long nasty beaks". Desperate to satisfy the customer, the proprietor tears the page about the gannet out of the book.[11][12] The sketch is reprised in Monty Python's Contractual Obligation Album, where the customer (Graham Chapman) says he does not like the gannet because "they wet their nests."[13]

In Series 1, Episode 3 of

The F Word, Gordon Ramsay travels to the northwestern coast of Scotland and is shown how to prepare, cook, and eat gannet.[14]

References

  1. ^ "gannet". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  2. ^ Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (1940). "μωρός". A Greek-English Lexicon. Perseus Digital Library.
  3. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4
    .
  4. ^ Wolfaardt, Leight. "Adaptations for Diving and Hunting Fact Sheet" (PDF). Birdlife.org. Retrieved August 7, 2023.
  5. ^ Tucker, B.W. "Brood-patches and the physiology of incubation" (PDF). British Birds. 37 (2): 22–28.
  6. ^ Munro, Alistair (18 March 2015). "Scotland's gannet population soars across country". The Scotsman. Retrieved 21 July 2017.
  7. ^
    JSTOR 1365299
    .
  8. ^ "Gannet: definition of gannet in Oxford dictionary (British & World English)". 2014-07-06. Archived from the original on July 8, 2012.
  9. TheGuardian.com
    . 2014-07-06.
  10. ^ "BBC News – Gaga for guga: Ten things on Scottish island delicacy". BBC News. 2014-07-06.
  11. ^ "The Bookshop Sketch", MontyPython.net
  12. ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: HarvestGod (26 November 2009). "Monty Python – Bookshop Sketch (Monty Python's Contractual Obligation Album)" – via YouTube.
  13. ISBN 9780486782935
    .
  14. ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: "Gordon Ramsay's The F Word Season 1 Episode 3". YouTube.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Morus (Aves).
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