Gaochang
高昌 قۇچۇ | |
Location | Xinjiang, China |
---|---|
Coordinates | 42°51′10″N 89°31′45″E / 42.85278°N 89.52917°E |
Type | Settlement |
Site notes | |
Condition | In ruins |
Gaochang[1] (Chinese: 高昌; pinyin: Gāochāng; Old Uyghur: Qocho), also called Khocho,[2] Karakhoja, Qara-hoja, Kara-Khoja or Karahoja (قاراغوجا in Uyghur), was a ruined ancient oasis city on the northern rim of the inhospitable Taklamakan Desert in present-day Xinjiang, China. The site is also known in published reports as Chotscho, Khocho, Qocho or Qočo. During the Yuan dynasty and Ming dynasty, Gaochang was referred to as "Halahezhuo" (哈拉和卓) (Qara-khoja) and Huozhou.
The ruins are located 30 km southeast of modern Turpan,[3] at a place called Idykut-schari or Idikutschari by local residents. (see the work of Albert Grünwedel in the external links below). Artistic depictions of the city have been published by Albert von Le Coq. Gaochang is considered in some sources to have been a "Chinese colony",[4][5] that is, it was located in a region otherwise occupied at the time by West Eurasian peoples.
A busy trading center, it was a stopping point for merchant traders traveling on the
Near Gaochang is another major archeological site: the
History
Subeshi culture (1100-100 BCE)
One of the earliest cultures of the region was the
Jushi Kingdom and early Han Chinese rule
The region around
Gaochang was built in the 1st century BC, it was an important site along the Silk Road. It played a key role as a transportation hub in Western China. The Jushi leaders later pledged their allegiance to the Han dynasty. In 327, the Gaochang Commandery (jùn) was created by the Former Liang under the Han Chinese ruler Zhang Jun. The Chinese set up a military colony/garrison and organized the land into multiple divisions. Han Chinese colonists from the Hexi region and the central plains also settled in the region.[10]
After the fall of the Western Jin dynasty, Northern China split into multiple states, including the Central Asian oases.[11] Gaochang was ruled by the Former Liang, Former Qin and Northern Liang as part of a commandery. In 383 the general Lu Guang of the Former Qin seized control of the region.[12]
In 439, remnants of the
Six Dynasties Turfan tombs contained dumplings.[15][16]
Gaochang Kingdom
From the mid-5th century until the mid-7th century, the Gaochang Kingdom was successively controlled by the Kan, Zhang, Ma and Qu clans.
At the time of its conquest by the Rouran Khaganate, there were more than ten thousand Han Chinese households in Gaochang.[17] The Rouran Khaganate, which was based in Mongolia, appointed a Han Chinese named Kan Bozhou to rule as King of Gaochang in 460, and it became a separate vassal kingdom of the Khaganate.[18] Kan was dependent on Rouran backing.[19] Yicheng and Shougui were the last two kings of the Chinese Kan family to rule Gaochang.
At this time the
Later, Zhang Mengming was killed in an uprising by the people of Gaochang and replaced by Ma Ru (馬儒). In 501, Ma Ru himself was overthrown and killed, and the people of Gaochang appointed Qu Jia (麴嘉) of Jincheng (in Gansu) as their king, forming the Qushi Kingdom (麹氏王国, 501-640 CE). Qu Jia hailed from the Zhong district of Jincheng commandery (金城, roughly corresponding to modern day Lanzhou, Gansu)[20] Qu Jia at first pledged allegiance to the Rouran, but the Rouran khaghan was soon killed by the Gaoche and he had to submit to Gaoche overlordship. During Qu rule, powerful families established marriage ties with each other and dominated the kingdom, they included the Zhang, Fan, Yin, Ma, Shi and Xin families. Later, when the Göktürks emerged as the supreme power in the region, the Qu dynasty of Gaochang became vassals of the Göktürks.[23]
While the material civilization of Kucha to its west in this period remained chiefly Indo-Iranian in character, in Gaochang it gradually merged into the Tang aesthetics.[24] In 607 the ruler of Gaochang Qu Boya paid tribute to the Sui dynasty, but his attempt at sinicization provoked a coup which overthrew the Qu ruler.[25] The Qu family was restored six years later and the successor Qu Wentai welcomed the Tang pilgrim Xuanzang with great enthusiasm in 629 AD.[24]
The Kingdom of Gaochang was made out of Han Chinese migrants and ruled by the Han Chinese[26][27] Qu family which originated from Gansu.[28] Jincheng commandery 金城 (Lanzhou), district of Yuzhong 榆中 was the home of the Qu Jia.[29] The Qu family was linked by marriage alliances to the Turks,[30] with a Turk being the grandmother of King Qu Boya's.[31][32] During this period, Gaochang's administration, language, city planning, and Confucian society was so heavily dominated by Chinese models that it was known in Sogdian as "Chinatown", a usage which continued as late as the tenth-century Persian geography Ḥudūd al-‘Ālam.[33]
Tang rule
However, fearing Tang expansion, Qu Wentai later formed an alliance with the Western Turks and rebelled against Tang suzerainty. Emperor Taizong sent an army led by General Hou Junji against the kingdom in 640 and Qu Wentai apparently died of shock at news of the approaching army.[24] Gaochang was annexed by the Chinese Tang dynasty and turned into a sub-prefecture of Xizhou (西州)[34][35] and the seat of government of Anxi (安西).[23][24] Before the Chinese conquered Gaochang, it was an impediment to Chinese access to Tarim and Transoxiania.[36]
Gaochang was populated by Han people and Shanxi (Hedong) was the original home of the royal family at the time of the Tang dynasty's annexation. The Tang dynasty accepted arguments at court who said that because Gaochang was Han populated that they needed to annex it.[37]
Under Tang rule, Gaochang was inhabited by Chinese,
7th or 8th century old
The Tang dynasty became greatly weakened due to the
Uyghur Kingdom of Qocho
After 840 Gaochang became
Qocho later became a
The Gaochang area was
Buddhism
Gaochang ruling families
Rulers of the Kan Family
Name | Pinyin | Durations of reigns | Era names and their according durations | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Chinese convention: use family name and given name | ||||
闞伯周 | Kàn Bózhōu | 460–477 | Did not exist | |
闞義成 | Kàn Yìchéng | 477–478 | Did not exist | |
闞首歸 | Kàn Shǒugūi | 478–488? or 478–491? |
Did not exist |
Rulers of the Zhang Family
Name | Pinyin | Durations of reigns | Era names and their according durations | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Chinese convention: use family name and given name | ||||
張孟明 | Zhāng Mèngmíng | 488?–496 or 491?–496 |
Did not exist |
Rulers of the Ma Family
Name | Pinyin | Durations of reigns | Era names and their according durations | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Chinese convention: use family name and given name | ||||
馬儒 | Mǎ Rú | 496–501 | Did not exist |
Rulers of the Qu Family
Name | Pinyin | Durations of reigns | Era names and their according durations | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Chinese convention: use family name and given name | ||||
麴嘉 | Qú Jiā | 501–525 | ||
麴光 | Qú Guāng | 525–530 | Ganlu (甘露 Gānlù) 525–530 | |
麴堅 | Qú Jiān | 530–548 | Zhanghe (章和 Zhānghé) 531–548 | |
麴玄喜 | Qú Xuánxǐ | 549–550 | Yongping (永平 Yǒngpíng) 549–550 | |
Unnamed son of Qu Xuanxi | 551–554 | Heping (和平 Hépíng) 551–554 | ||
麴寶茂 | Qú Bǎomào | 555–560 | Jianchang (建昌 Jiànchāng) 555–560 | |
麴乾固 | Qú Qiángù | 560–601 | Yanchang (延昌 Yánchāng) 561–601 | |
麴伯雅 | Qú Bóyǎ[49] | 601–613 619–623 |
Yanhe (延和 Yánhé) 602–613 Zhongguang (重光 Zhòngguāng) 620–623 | |
Unnamed usurper | 613–619 | Yihe (Yìhé 義和) 614–619 | ||
麴文泰 | Qú Wéntài | 623–640 | Yanshou (延壽 Yánshòu) 624–640 | |
麴智盛 | Qú Zhìshèng | 640 | did not exist |
Gallery
-
The road leading in.
-
The ruins.
-
"Main prayer hall[50]".
-
"Main storage building".
-
Manichaean wall painting.
See also
References
Citations
- ^ Charles Eliot (January 4, 2016). Hinduism and Buddhism: An Historical Sketch. Sai ePublications & Sai Shop. pp. 1075–. GGKEY:4TQAY7XLN48.
- ^ "Virtual Art Exhibit - The Uighurs". depts.washington.edu. Retrieved December 20, 2022.
- ^ a b "The Silk Road". ess.uci.edu. Archived from the original on March 15, 2016. Retrieved September 21, 2007.
- ^ a b Louis-Frédéric (1977). Encyclopaedia of Asian civilizations, Volume 3. the University of Michigan: L. Frédéric. p. 16. Retrieved May 17, 2011.
- ISBN 0-521-49781-7. Retrieved May 17, 2011.
- ^ "Silk Roads: the Routes Network of Chang'an-Tianshan Corridor". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. Retrieved April 17, 2021.
- ^ S2CID 234007445.(about 2000-1600 BC), Chawuhugoukou culture (around 800-100 BC), Turpan Subeixi culture (1100 bc-100 BC) and other cultures.
In the late Neolithic period and the early Bronze age, pottery, ornamentation and bronze culture with the characteristics of West Asia and Central Asia were introduced into Xinjiang, including Qijia culture (2500-1500 BC), Siba culture
- ISSN 1040-6182.
The Yanghai graveyard is assigned to the Subeixi (Subeshi) culture (e.g. Jiang et al., 2006, 2009), conventionally dated to the first millennium BC (Chen, 2002; Han, 2007; Xinjiang, 2011). The culture is associated with the Cheshi (Chü-shih) state known from Chinese historical sources (Sinor, 1990).
- ISSN 2158-2440.
- ISBN 81-208-1540-8. Retrieved May 17, 2011.
- ISBN 0-521-49781-7. Retrieved May 17, 2011.
- ^ Society for the Study of Chinese Religions (U.S.), Indiana University, Bloomington. East Asian Studies Center (2002). Journal of Chinese religions, Issues 30-31. the University of California: Society for the Study of Chinese Religions. p. 24. Retrieved May 17, 2011.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ISBN 978-1-932476-13-2.
- ^ Christian, History of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia, page 449, citing 'Sui annals' and Baumer, History of Central Asia, vol 2, page 174
- ^ "Archaeologists Discover Ancient Dumplings in China". February 16, 2016.
- ^ "YUM! Archaeologists discover that people in Xinjiang were snacking on dumplings 1,700 years ago". February 15, 2016.
- ISBN 81-208-1540-8. Retrieved May 17, 2011.
- ^ Tatsurō Yamamoto, ed. (1984). Proceedings of the Thirty-First International Congress of Human Sciences in Asia and North Africa, Tokyo-Kyoto, 31st August-7th September 1983, Volume 2. Indiana University: Tōhō Gakkai. p. 997. Retrieved May 17, 2011.
- ISBN 0-917956-54-0. Retrieved May 17, 2011.
- ^ a b ROY ANDREW MILLER, ed. (1959). Accounts of Western Nations in the History of the Northern Chou Dynasty. Berkeley and Los Angeles: UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS. p. 5. Retrieved May 17, 2011.East Asia Studies Institute of International Studies University of California CHINESE DYNASTIC HISTORIES TRANSLATIONS No. 6
- ISBN 81-208-1540-8. Retrieved May 17, 2011.
- ^ Tōyō Bunko (Japan). Kenkyūbu (1974). Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko (the Oriental Library), Volumes 32-34. the University of Michigan: The Toyo Bunko. p. 107. Retrieved May 17, 2011.
- ^ ISBN 92-3-103211-9. Retrieved May 17, 2011.
- ^ ISBN 0813513049.
- ISBN 0-521-49781-7. Retrieved June 6, 2012.
- ISBN 978-81-208-0372-5.
- ISBN 978-0-7007-0679-2.
- ISBN 978-0-8122-0101-7.
- ^ Roy Andrew Miller (1959). Accounts of Western Nations in the History of the Northern Chou Dynasty [Chou Shu 50. 10b-17b]: Translated and Annotated by Roy Andrew Miller. University of California Press. pp. 5–. GGKEY:SXHP29BAXQY.
- ISBN 978-0-19-515931-8.
- ISBN 9780599084643.
- ^ Asia Major. Institute of History and Philology of the Academia Sinica. 1998. p. 87.
- ^ Hansen, Valerie (2005). "The Impact of the Silk Road trade on a local community: The Turfan Oasis, 500-800". Les Sogdiens en Chine. 17: 283–310.
- ^ E. Bretschneider (1876). Notices of the Mediæval Geography and History of Central and Western Asia. Trübner & Company. pp. 122–.
- ^ Journal of the North-China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. The Branch. 1876. pp. 196–.
- ISBN 0-521-49781-7. Retrieved May 17, 2011.
- ISBN 978-0812201017.
- ^ Hansen 2012, p. 11.
- ISBN 978-90-474-2119-1.
- ^ Chen (2014).
- ISBN 978-90-04-25233-2.
- ISBN 978-0-8108-6258-6.
- ISBN 1-932476-13-X. Retrieved May 17, 2011.
- ISBN 0-521-65704-0.
- ISBN 0-521-84226-3.
- ISBN 0-521-65704-0.
- ^ The Stones of Zayton speak Archived 2013-10-24 at the Wayback Machine, China Heritage Newsletter, No. 5, March 2006
- ^ 北凉且渠安周造寺碑 Archived 2011-08-20 at the Wayback Machine
- ISBN 978-0-7914-8268-1.
- ^ "Buddhist Channel | Travel".
Sources
- Bericht über archäologische Arbeiten in Idikutschari und Umgebung im Winter 1902-1903 : vol.1
- Chen Huaiyu (2014), "Religion and Society on the Silk Road: The Inscriptional Evidence from Turfan", Early Medieval China: A Sourcebook, New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 176–194, ISBN 978-0-231-15987-6.
External links
- Along the ancient silk routes: Central Asian art from the West Berlin State Museums, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material from Gaochang
- Online version of Albert Grünwedel's initial work in the area
- Online version of Grünwedel's further work in the area
- Online version of Le Coq's work on monuments of Gaochang