Garad

Add links
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Garad (

Arabic: الجراد, Oromo: Garaada) is a term used to refer to a king, Sultan or regional administrator. It was used primarily by Muslims in the Horn of Africa that were associated with Islamic states, most notably the Adal Sultanate.[1][2]

Etymology

The origin of the term Garad is uncertain.

Silt'e languages respectively.[9] A proposed word origin in the Harari language is Gaar Eqad, which literally means "front of the house."[10] However according to Leslau, Garad is a Cushitic loanword in the Harari language.[11] Another word origin in the Somali language is Gar Aad, which is the concatenation of the words "justice" and "move towards", therefore the literal meaning of Garad in Somali is "One who seeks Justice"[12]

History

Garad of Ala Oromo in 1885

Several Muslim states and dominions including

Somali Sultanate leaders were known as Garads.[13][14][15][16]

Within Somali clans the use of the traditional hereditary title "Garad" is most widespread among the

Abadir, was the first to use the title Garad.[21] Enrico Cerulli and others state that the Harari titles such as Garad were embraced by Somali chiefs.[22][23]

In the early seventeenth century Emirate of Harar, Garad was the title given to tax collectors on behalf of the state. According to Richard Caulk, Garad was a bygone Harari title that was introduced to the Oromo of Hararghe whom also began using it.[24][25] Garads were also commanders of the army called the Malassay in the Harar Emirate.[26] An eighteen century Harari chronicle states the Harar region went through major upheavals in the late 1700s which led to the destruction of several villages administrated by Garads.[27]

Somali Garad clans

There are many Somali clans suffixed with Garad, in particular subclans of the Marehan and Dhulbahante, which include:[28][29]

Places

Notable Garads

References

  1. ^ Abubaker, Abdulmalik. Taxes, tax payers and collectors-pre and post Menelik: Harari experience (PDF). University of Alabama. p. 24.
  2. ^ Hassan, Mohammed. Oromo of Ethiopia (PDF). University of London. p. 177.
  3. ISBN 978-0-8156-5431-5
  4. ^ Hersi, Ali (1977). The Arab factor in Somali history the origins and the development of Arab enterprise and cultural influences in the Somali peninsula (Thesis). University of California. p. 13.
  5. S2CID 143003936
    .
  6. ^ Turton, Edmund. The Pastrol tribes of Northern Kenya (PDF). University of London. p. 27.
  7. OCLC 976483444.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link
    )
  8. OCLC 29513928
    .
  9. ^ Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: Gärad.
  10. ^ Leslau, Wolf (1963). Etymological Dictionary of Harari (1st ed.). University of California Publications, Near Middle East Studies.
  11. doi:10.3406/ethio.1959.1310
    .
  12. ISBN 978-1-108-01326-0
    .
  13. JSTOR 41716321
    .
  14. ISBN 978-1-84701-033-9
    .
  15. ISBN 978-1-317-05271-5
    .
  16. ^ Levi, Vida. "Le manuscrit Vatican arabe 1792" (PDF). European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme. p. 2.
  17. ISBN 978-0-274-11341-5
    .
  18. ISBN 978-0-230-60971-6
    . Retrieved 21 September 2019.
  19. ^ Cerulli, Enrico. Islam: Yesterday and Today translated by Emran Waber. Istituto Per L'Oriente. p. 199.
  20. S2CID 154694376
    .
  21. ISBN 978-0-8108-6604-1
    .
  22. ^ Cerulli, Enrico. HARAR CENTRO MUSULMANO IN ETIOPIA (PDF). Istituto per l'Oriente C. A. Nallino. p. 314.
  23. ^ Banti, Giorgio. Strata in Semitic loanwords in Northern Somali. De Gruyter Mouton. p. 192.
  24. ^ Abubaker, Abdulmalik. Trade for Peace not for Conflict: Harari Experience. School of Law, University of Warwick.
  25. ^ WONDIMU, ALEMAYEHU. A CULTURAL HISTORY OF THE HARARI PEOPLE (PDF). Jimma University. p. 18. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 April 2021.
  26. JSTOR 40732663
    .
  27. JSTOR 44324707
    .
  28. ^ GIKONYO, FLORENCE, MÉMOIRE SOUMIS POUR L’OBTENTION DU, and DIPLÔME DE MAÎTRISE ES LETTRES. "UNIVERSITÉ KENYATTA." (2011).
  29. ^ Hunt, John Anthony (1951). A General Survey of the Somaliland Protectorate 1944-1950: Final Report on "An Economic Survey and Reconnaissance of the British Somaliland Protectorate 1944-1950," Colonial Development and Welfare Scheme D. 484. To be purchased from the Chief Secretary. pp. 141–143.
  30. ^ Hussein, Ahmed. HARAR-WALLO RELATIONS REVISITED: HISTORICAL, RELIGIOUS AND CULTURAL DIMENSIONS (PDF). Kyoto University. p. 112.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Garad&oldid=1217728836"
This page is based on the copyrighted Wikipedia article: Garad. Articles is available under the CC BY-SA 3.0 license; additional terms may apply.Privacy Policy