Garden roses

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
The hybrid tea rose, 'Peace'[1]

Garden roses are predominantly

ground cover, or for hedging
.

The climber 'American Pillar', trained over a pergola

The cultivars are classified in a number of different and overlapping ways, generally without much reference to strict

ground cover roses, both up to about 15 inches tall. Most modern roses are propagated by budding onto rootstocks much closer to wild species; in "standard" shapes there is a single bare stem, with the graft at the top of that.[2] Shrub roses are a rather loose category that include some of the original species and cultivars closely related to them, plus cultivars that grow rather larger than most bush roses.[3] Technically all roses are shrubs
. In terms of ancestry, roses are often divided into three main groups: Wild, Old Garden, and Modern Garden roses, with many subdivisions of these.

Gardeners most value roses for their large and brightly coloured flowers, which exist in every colour in the white to yellow to red part of the

floribunda roses, introduced in the early 20th century, have a spray of several flowers, and are highly popular; they also have more continuous flowering.[6] Most garden varieties still have thorns, though fewer than those in wild species, but some are thornless. It is often complained that modern varieties are deficient in scent from the flowers, and many are.[7]
An important development in recent decades has been extending the flowering season, in some cases to eight months in the right conditions, though the flower display still tends to be best in one or two "flushes", the first in late spring.

, but at an altitude of 2200 metres
Rose Garden with variety of blooming roses at Huntington Library in San Marino, California, United States, April 2022

Roses are relatively easy to grow compared to many large-flowered garden plants, with the main effort, apart from basic watering and feeding, going into the

rosehips. Roses are successfully grown in four continents, although a tropical climate
is not ideal.

Blooming Roses at Huntington Library in San Marino, California, United States, April 2022

History

Wild Rosa gallica in Romania. Cultivated since ancient times, until the 19th century it was the most important species of rose to be cultivated in Europe; most modern European rose cultivars have at least a small contribution from R. gallica in their ancestry.[9]

Origins

Roses have been grown in Eurasia since ancient times; they appear in

Greek gardens from at least 500 BC,[13][14] and the ancient Romans were extremely fond of them, putting rose petals in beds,[11] and throwing them at festive occasions. They remained popular in Islamic and Chinese gardens
.

Most of the plants grown in these early gardens are likely to have been species collected from the wild. However, there were large numbers of selected varieties being grown from early times; for instance numerous selections or cultivars of the China rose were in cultivation in China in the first millennium AD.[15]

Of the over 150 species of rose, the Chinese Rosa chinensis has contributed most to today's garden roses; it has been bred into garden varieties for about 1,000 years in China, and over 200 in Europe.[16] Among the old Chinese garden roses, the Old Blush group is the most primitive, while newer groups are the most diverse.[17]

The significant breeding of modern times started slowly in

Loddiges nursery for Abney Park Cemetery, an early Victorian garden cemetery and arboretum in England.[19]

Although roses were found in modern-day Colorado from about 50 million years ago,[20] the relatively few species native to the Americas have made almost no contribution to the parentage of garden rose hybrids.

Features

An amber-coloured rose

Roses are one of the most popular garden shrubs in the world with both indoor and outdoor appeal. They possess a number of general features that cause growers and gardeners to choose roses for their gardens. This includes the wide range of colours they are available in; the generally large size of flower, larger than most flowers in temperate regions; the variety of size and shape; the wide variety of species and cultivars that freely hybridize.

Colour of flowers

Rose flowers have historically been cultivated in a diverse number of colours ranging in intensity and hue; they are also available in countless combinations of colours which result in multicoloured flowers. Breeders have been able to widen this range through all the options available with the range of pigments in the species. This gives us yellow, orange, pink, red, white and many combinations of these colours. However, they lack the blue pigment that would give a true purple or blue colour and until the 21st century all true blue flowers were created using some form of dye. Now, through genetic modification, a Japanese company succeeded in creating a blue rose in 2004.[21] Colours are bred through plant breeding programs which have existed for a long time. Roses are often bred for new and intriguing colour combinations which can fetch premium prices in market.

Classification

There is no single system of classification for garden roses. In general, however, roses are placed in one of three main groups: Wild, Old Garden, and Modern Garden roses. The latter two groups are usually subdivided further according to hybrid lineage, although due to the complex ancestry of most rose hybrids, such distinctions can be imprecise. Growth habit and floral form are also used as means of classification. This is the most common method to classify roses as it reflects their growth habits.

Wild roses

The spring-flowering pimpinellifolia 'Rosa Altaica', underplanted with lamium

Wild roses, also denominated "species roses", include the natural species and some of their immediate hybrid descendants. The wild roses commonly grown in gardens include Rosa moschata ("musk rose"), Rosa banksiae ("Lady Banks' rose"), Rosa pimpinellifolia ("Scots rose" or "burnet rose"), Rosa rubiginosa ("sweetbriar" or "eglantine"), and Rosa foetida in varieties 'Austrian Copper', 'Persian Double', and 'Harison's Yellow'. For most of these, the plants found in cultivation are often selected clones that are propagated vegetatively.[22] Wild roses are low-maintenance shrubs in comparison to other garden roses, and they usually tolerate poor soil and some shade. They generally have only one flush of blooms per year, described as being "non-remontant", unlike remontant, modern roses. Some species have colorful hips in autumn, e. g. Rosa moyesii, or have colourful autumnal foliage, e. g. Rosa virginiana.

Old garden roses

An old garden rose is defined as any rose belonging to a class which existed before the introduction of the first modern rose,

Mediterranean origin are once-blooming woody shrubs, with notably fragrant, double-flowered blooms primarily in shades of white, pink and crimson-red. The shrubs' foliage tends to be highly disease-resistant, and they generally bloom only from canes (stems) which formed in previous years. The introduction of China and Tea roses (see below
) from East Asia around 1800 led to new classes of Old Garden Roses which bloom on new growth, often repeatedly from spring to fall. Most Old Garden Roses are classified into one of the following groups.

Alba Rosa

'Maiden's Blush', an Alba rose (before 1400)

Literally "white roses", derived from R. arvensis and the closely allied R. × alba. The latter species is a hybrid of R. gallica and R. canina.[14] This group contains some of the oldest garden roses. The shrubs flower once yearly in the spring or early summer with scented blossoms of white or pale pink. They frequently have gray-green foliage and a vigorous or climbing habit of growth. Examples are 'Alba Semiplena', 'White Rose of York'.[22] [24]

Gallica

Gallica rose 'Charles de Mills', ante 1790

The Gallica, Gallica Hybrid, or Rose of Provins group is a very old class developed from Rosa gallica, which is a native of central and southern Europe and western Asia.[14] The "Apothecary's Rose", R. gallica varietas officinalis, was grown in the Middle Ages in monastic herbaria for its alleged medicinal properties, and became famous in English history as the Red Rose of Lancaster. Gallicas are shrubs that rarely grow over 4 feet (1.25 m) tall and flower once in Summer. Unlike most other once-blooming Old Garden Roses, gallicas include cultivars with flowers in hues of red, maroon, and purplish crimson. Examples include 'Cardinal de Richelieu', 'Charles de Mills', and 'Rosa Mundi' (R. gallica varietas versicolor).

Damask

'Autumn Damask' ('Quatre Saisons')

Named for Damascus, Damask roses (Rosa × damascena) originated in ancient times with a natural hybrid (Rosa moschata × Rosa gallica) × Rosa fedtschenkoana.[25] Robert de Brie is given credit for bringing damask roses from the Middle East to Europe sometime between 1254 and 1276, although there is evidence from ancient Roman frescoes that at least one damask rose existed in Europe for hundreds of years before this. Summer damasks bloom once in summer. Autumn or Four Seasons damasks bloom again later, albeit less exuberantly, and these were the first remontant (repeat-flowering) Old European roses. Damask roses tend to have rangy to sprawling growth habits and strongly scented blooms. Examples: 'Ispahan', 'Madame Hardy'.

Centifolia or Provence

Centifolia roses are also known as Cabbage roses, or as Provence roses. They are derived from Rosa × centifolia, a hybrid that appeared in the 17th century in the Netherlands,[14] related to damask roses. They are named for their "one hundred" petals; they are often called "cabbage" roses due to the globular shape of the flowers. The centifolias are all once-flowering. As a class, they are notable for their inclination to produce mutations of various sizes and forms, including moss roses and some of the first miniature roses (see below). Examples: 'Centifolia', 'Paul Ricault'.

Moss

The Moss roses are based on one or more mutations, particularly one that appeared early on

woods or balsam
scent when rubbed. Moss roses are cherished for this trait, but as a group they have not contributed to the development of new rose classifications. Various hybrids with other roses have yielded different forms, such as the modern miniature creeping moss rose 'Red Moss Rambler' (Ralph S. Moore, 1990). Moss roses with centifolia background are once-flowering; some moss roses exhibit repeat-blooming, indicative of Autumn Damask parentage. Examples: 'Common Moss' (centifolia-moss), 'Mousseline', also known as 'Alfred de Dalmas' (Autumn Damask moss).

Portland

The Portland roses were long thought to be the first group of crosses between China roses and European roses, and to show the influence of Rosa chinensis. Recent DNA analysis however has demonstrated that the original Portland Rose has no Chinese ancestry, but has an autumn damask/gallica lineage.[27] This group of roses was named after the Duchess of Portland who received (from Italy about 1775) a rose then known as R. paestana or 'Scarlet Four Seasons' Rose' (now known simply as 'The Portland Rose'). The whole class of Portland roses was developed from that one rose. The first repeat-flowering class of rose with fancy European-style blossoms, the plants tend to be fairly short and shrubby, with a suckering habit, with proportionately short flower stalks. The main flowering is in the summer, but intermittent flowers continue into the autumn. Examples: 'James Veitch', 'Rose de Rescht', 'Comte de Chambord'.

China

Old Blush
,' one of the "stud Chinas"

The China roses, based on

Old Blush
China', 'Mutabilis' (Butterfly Rose), 'Cramoisi Superieur'.

Tea

Tea rose 'Mrs Dudley Cross' (Paul 1907)

The original Tea-scented Chinas (Rosa × odorata) were Oriental cultivars thought to represent hybrids of R. chinensis with R. gigantea, a large Asian climbing rose with pale-yellow blossoms.[14] Immediately upon their introduction to the Western World from Canton, China in the early 19th-century, breeders went to work with them, especially in France, crossing them first with China roses and then with Bourbons and Noisettes.[31] The Tea roses are repeat-flowering roses, named for their fragrance being reminiscent of Chinese black tea (although this is not always the case). The colour range includes pastel shades of white, pink and (a novelty at the time) yellow to apricot. The individual flowers of many cultivars are semi-pendent and nodding, due to weak flower stalks. In a "typical" Tea, pointed buds produce high-centred blooms which unfurl in a spiral fashion, and the petals tend to roll back at the edges, producing a petal with a pointed tip; the Teas are thus the originators of today's "classic" florists' rose form. According to rose historian Brent Dickerson, the Tea classification owes as much to marketing as to botany; 19th-century nurserymen would label their Asian-based cultivars as "Teas" if they possessed the desirable Tea flower form, and "Chinas" if they did not.[32] Like the Chinas, the Teas are not hardy in colder climates. Examples: 'Lady Hillingdon', 'Maman Cochet', 'Duchesse de Brabant', 'Mrs. Foley Hobbs'.

Bourbons

Bourbon rose Rosa 'Souvenir de la Malmaison' (Béluze 1843)

Bourbon roses originated on the Île Bourbon (now called

Zéphirine Drouhin
' (the last example is often classified under climbing roses).

Noisette

Noisette rose 'Desprez à fleurs jaunes' (Desprez 1830)

The first Noisette rose was raised as a hybrid seedling by a South Carolina rice planter named John Champneys.[14] Its parents were the China rose 'Parson's Pink' and the autumn-flowering musk rose (Rosa moschata), resulting in a vigorous climbing rose producing huge clusters of small pink flowers from spring to fall. Champneys sent seedlings of his rose (called 'Champneys' Pink Cluster') to his gardening friend, Philippe Noisette, who in turn sent plants to his brother Louis in Paris, who then introduced 'Blush Noisette' in 1817. The first Noisettes were small-blossomed, fairly winter-hardy climbers, but later infusions of Tea rose genes created a Tea-Noisette subclass with larger flowers, smaller clusters, and considerably reduced winter hardiness. Examples: 'Blush Noisette', 'Lamarque' (Noisette); 'Mme. Alfred Carriere', 'Marechal Niel' (Tea-Noisette). (See French and German articles on Noisette roses)

Hybrid perpetual

Hybrid perpetual rose 'La Reine' (Laffay 1844)

The dominant class of roses in Victorian England, hybrid perpetuals, their name being a misleading translation of "hybrides remontants" ("reblooming hybrids"), emerged in 1838 as the first roses which successfully combined Asian remontancy (repeat blooming) with the old European lineages.[14] Because remontancy is a recessive trait, the first generation of Asian and European crosses, i. e., hybrid Chinas, hybrid bourbons, and hybrid noisettes, were stubbornly non-remontant, but when these roses were re-crossed with themselves or with Chinas or teas, some of their offspring flowered more than once. The hybrid perpetuals thus were something of a miscellaneous, catch-all class derived to a great extent from the bourbons but with admixtures of Chinas, teas, damasks, gallicas, and to a lesser extent noisettes, albas, and even centifolias.[33] They became the most popular garden and florist roses of northern Europe at the time, as the tender tea roses would not thrive in cold climates, and the hybrid perpetuals' very large blooms were well suited to the new phenomenon of competitive exhibitions. The "perpetual" in the name suggests their remontancy, but many varieties of this class only poorly exhibited the property; the tendency was for a massive vernal bloom followed by either scattered summer flowering, a smaller autumnal burst, or sometimes no re-flowering in that year. Due to a limited colour palette of white, pink, and red, and a lack of reliable remontancy, the hybrid perpetuals were finally overshadowed by their descendants, the hybrid teas. Examples include 'Général Jacqueminot', 'Ferdinand Pichard', 'Paul Neyron', and 'Reine des Violettes'.

Hybrid musk

Hybrid musk rose 'Moonlight' (Pemberton 1913)

Although they arose too late to qualify technically as old garden roses, the hybrid musks are often informally classed with them, since their growth habits and care are much more like the old garden roses than modern roses. The hybrid musk group was mainly developed by Rev. Joseph Pemberton, a British rosarian, in the first decades of the 20th century, based upon 'Aglaia', an 1896 cross by Peter Lambert. A seedling of this rose, 'Trier', is considered to the foundation of the class.[14] The genetics of the class are somewhat obscure, as some of the parents are unknown. Rosa multiflora, however, is known to be one parent, and Rosa moschata (the musk rose) also figures in its heritage, though it is considered to be less important than the name would suggest. Hybrid musks are disease-resistant, repeat flowering and generally cluster-flowered, with a strong, characteristic "musk" scent.[34] The stems tend to be lax and arching, with limited thorns.[22] Examples include 'Buff Beauty' and 'Penelope'.

Hybrid rugosa

Rugosa rose 'Blanc Double de Coubert' (Cochet 1893)

The hybrid rugosas likewise are not officially old garden roses, but tend to be included in them. Derived from Rosa rugosa ("Japanese rose"), native to Japan and Korea and introduced into the West circa the 1880s, these vigorous roses are extremely hardy with excellent disease resistance. Most are extremely fragrant, remontant, and produce moderately double, flat flowers. The defining characteristic of a hybrid rugosa rose is its rugose, i. e., wrinkly foliage, but some hybrid rugosas lack this trait. These roses often set large hips. Examples include 'Hansa' and 'Roseraie de l'Häy'.

Bermuda "Mystery" roses

This is a group of several dozen "found" roses grown in Bermuda for at least a century. The roses have significant value and interest for those growing roses in tropical and semi-tropical regions, since they are highly resistant to both nematode damage and the fungal diseases that plague rose culture in hot, humid areas. Most of these roses are thought to be Old Garden Rose cultivars that have otherwise dropped out of cultivation, or sports thereof. They are "mystery roses" because their "proper" historical names have been lost. Tradition dictates that they are named after the owner of the garden where they were rediscovered.

Miscellaneous

There are also a few smaller classes (such as Scots, Sweet Brier) and some climbing classes of old roses (including Ayrshire, Climbing China, Laevigata, Sempervirens, Boursault, Climbing Tea, and Climbing Bourbon). Those classes with both climbing and shrub forms are often grouped together.

Modern garden roses

Classification of modern roses can be quite confusing because many modern roses have old garden roses in their ancestry and their form varies so much. The classifications tend to be by growth and flowering characteristics. The following includes the most notable and popular classifications of Modern Garden Roses:

Hybrid tea

A 'Memoriam' hybrid tea rose (von Abrams 1962)

The favourite rose for much of the history of modern roses,

'Peace' (yellow), 'Garden Party' (white), 'Mister Lincoln' (red) and 'Double Delight'
(bi-colour cream and red).

Pernetiana

Pernetiana rose 'Soleil d'Or', the first of its class (Pernet 1900)

The French breeder Joseph Pernet-Ducher initiated the first class of roses to include genes from the old Austrian briar rose (Rosa foetida) with his 1900 introduction of 'Soleil d'Or'[14] This resulted in an entirely new colour range for roses: shades of deep yellow, apricot, copper, orange, true scarlet, yellow bicolours, lavender, gray, and even brown were now possible. Originally considered a separate class, the Pernetianas or Hybrid Foetidas were officially merged into the Hybrid Teas in 1930. The new colour range did much to increase hybrid tea popularity in the 20th century, but these colours came at a price: Rosa foetida also passed on a tendency toward disease-susceptibility, scentless blooms, and an intolerance of pruning to its descendants.

Polyantha

'Cecile Brunner'

The name of this class literally means "many-flowered", from the Greek "poly" ("many") and "anthos" ("flower"). Originally derived from crosses between two East Asian species, Rosa chinensis and Rosa multiflora, polyanthas first appeared in France in the late 19th century alongside the hybrid teas. They are short plants, some compact and others spreading in habit, producing tiny blooms (2.5 cm or 1 inch in diameter on average) in large sprays in the typical rose colours of white, pink, and red. Their popularity derived from their prolific blooming: from spring to autumn; a healthy polyantha shrub truly might be covered in flowers, making a strong colour impact in the landscape.

Polyantha roses are still popular and regarded as low-maintenance, disease-resistant, garden roses. The class of roses denominated "Multiflora Hybrids" are probably cognizable as polyanthas. Examples include Rosa 'Cécile Brünner', 'Perle d'Or', 'Pink Fairy', and 'Red Fairy'.

Floribunda

Rosa 'Borussia', a modern floribunda rose

Some rose breeders recognized potential in crossing polyanthas with hybrid teas, to create roses that bloomed with the profusion of polyanthas and possessed the floral beauty and breadth of coloration of hybrid teas. In 1907, the Danish breeder Dines Poulsen introduced the first cross of a polyantha and hybrid tea, denominated 'Rödhätte'.

'Iceberg', and 'Gene Boerner'
.

Grandiflora

Grandifloras, Latin for "large-flowered", are the class of roses created in the middle of the 20th century as back crosses of hybrid teas and floribundas that fit neither category, specifically, Rosa 'Queen Elizabeth', which was introduced in 1954.[35] Grandiflora roses are shrubs that are typically larger than both hybrid teas and floribundas and produce flowers that resemble those of hybrid teas and are borne in small clusters of three to five, similar to floribundas. Grandifloras were somewhat popular from circa 1954 into the 1980s, but today they are much less popular than both hybrid teas and floribundas. Examples include: 'Rock & Roll', 'Tournament of Roses', 'Pink Flamingo', and 'Queen Elizabeth'.

Miniature

'Meillandine' (a miniature rose) in a terracotta flowerpot

Dwarf mutations of some Old Garden Roses—gallicas and centifolias—were known in Europe in the 17th century, although these were once-flowering just as their larger forms were. Miniature forms of repeat-flowering China roses were also grown and bred in China, and are depicted in 18th-century Chinese art. Modern miniature roses largely derive from such miniature China roses, especially the cultivar 'Roulettii', a chance discovery found in a pot in Switzerland.[36]

Miniature roses are generally twiggy, repeat-flowering shrubs ranging from 6" to 36" in height, with most falling in the 12"–24" height range. Blooms come in all the hybrid tea colors; many varieties also emulate the classic high-centered hybrid tea flower shape. Owing to their small stature, they make excellent plants for containers, hanging baskets and window boxes. Miniature roses are often marketed and sold by the floral industry as houseplants, but they grow poorly in the dry air and reduced light of average home and office conditions, and are best reserved for outdoor gardening. (Examples: 'Petite de Hollande' (Miniature Centifolia, once-blooming), 'Cupcake' (Modern Miniature, repeat-blooming). Additional examples: Scentsational, Tropical Twist.[37]

Climbing and rambling

Rosa 'Zéphirine Drouhin', a climbing Bourbon rose (Bizot 1868)
The "Peggy Martin Rose" survived 20 feet of salt water over the garden of Mrs. Peggy Martin, Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana, after Hurricane Katrina. It's a thornless climbing rose.

All aforementioned classes of roses, both Old and Modern, have "climbing/arching" forms,[37] whereby the canes of the shrubs grow to be much longer and more flexible than the normal "bush" forms. In the Old Garden Roses, this is often simply the natural growth habit; for many Modern Roses, however, climbing roses are the results of spontaneous mutations.[14] For example, 'Climbing Peace' is designated as a "Climbing Hybrid Tea," for it is genetically identical to the normal "shrub" form of the 'Peace' hybrid tea rose, except that its canes are long and flexible, i. e. "climbing." Most Climbing Roses grow 6–20 feet tall and exhibit repeat blooming.[37]

"Rambler Roses", although technically a separate class, are often included in Climbing Roses. They also exhibit long, flexible canes, but are usually distinguished from true climbers in two ways: a larger overall size (20–30 feet tall is common) and of a once-blooming habit. Climbing and Rambling Roses are not true vines such as

ivy, clematis, and wisteria because they lack the ability to cling to supports on their own and must be manually trained and tied over structures, such as arbors and pergolas
. Examples include 'American Pillar' (once-blooming rambler), and 'Blaze' (repeat-blooming climber).

One of the most vigorous of the Climbing Roses is the

Kiftsgate Rose, Rosa filipes 'Kiftsgate', named after the house garden where Graham Stuart Thomas noticed it in 1951. The original plant is claimed to be the largest rose in the United Kingdom, and has climbed 50 feet high into a copper beech
tree.

Shrub

The shrub rose 'Mollineux'

This is not a precisely defined class of garden rose, but it is a description or grouping commonly used by rose reference books and catalogues.

shrub border
or as hedging.

English / David Austin

Austin rose 'Abraham Darby' (1985)

Although not officially recognized as a separate class of roses by any established rose authority, English (aka David Austin) roses are often set aside as such by consumers and retailers alike. Development started in the 1960s by

David Austin of Shropshire, England, who wanted to rekindle interest in Old Garden Roses by hybridizing them with modern hybrid teas and floribundas.[14] The idea was to create a new group of shrub roses that featured blooms with old-fashioned shapes and fragrances, evocative of classic Gallica, Alba and Damask roses, but with modern repeat-blooming characteristics and the modern expanded color range as well. Austin mostly succeeded in his mission; his tribe of "English" roses, now numbering hundreds of varieties, has been warmly embraced by the gardening public and are widely available to consumers. English roses are still actively developed, with new varieties released annually. The winter hardiness and disease resistance of the classic Old Garden roses has largely been compromised in the process; many English roses are susceptible to the same disease problems that plague modern hybrid teas and floribundas, and many are not hardy north of USDA Zone 5. Examples: 'Charles Austin', 'Graham Thomas', 'Mary Rose', 'Tamora', 'Wife of Bath'
.

Canadian Hardy

Rosa 'Henry Hudson', one of the Explorer series
'Thérèse Bugnet', a multi-species hybrid that is still widely available (Bugnet 1950)[39]

Two main lines of roses were developed for the extreme weather conditions of Canadian winters by Agriculture Canada at the Morden Research Station in Morden, Manitoba and the Experimental Farm in Ottawa (and later at L'Assomption, Québec). They are called the Explorer series and the Parkland series.[40] Derived mostly from crosses of Rosa rugosa or the native Canadian species Rosa arkansana with other species, these plants are extremely tolerant of cold weather, some down to −35C.[40] All have repeat bloom. A wide diversity of forms and colours were achieved.[40]

Dr. Felicitas Svejda, who led the rose-breeding program at the Central Experimental Farm in Ottawa for nearly 25 years, developed the Explorer Rose Series named in honour of Canadian explorers. Many of her roses also thrive in Finland, Russia, Iceland, Germany and Austria. Popular roses from the series include: 'Martin Frobisher', 'Jens Munk' (1974), 'Henry Hudson' (1976), 'John Cabot' (1978), 'Charles Albanel' (1982), 'William Baffin' (1983), 'Henry Kelsey' (1984), 'Alexander MacKenzie' (1985), 'John Davis' (1986), and 'Captain Samuel Holland' (1992).[41]

Roses in the Parkland series include 'Morden Centennial', 'Morden Sunrise, 'Winnipeg Parks' and 'Cuthbert Grant'.[40] Two roses named after Canadian artists that have been added are 'Emily Carr' and 'Felix Leclerc'.

Other notable Canadian breeders include Frank Skinner, Percy Wright, Isabella Preston, Georges Bugnet and Robert Erskine.

Landscape (Ground Cover)

'Avon', a ground cover rose introduced by Poulson in 1992

This type of rose was developed mainly for mass amenity planting. In the late 20th century, traditional hybrid tea and floribunda rose varieties fell out of favour with many gardeners and landscapers, as they are often labour and chemical intensive plants susceptible to pest and disease problems. So-called "landscape" roses (also known as "ground cover" roses) have thus been developed to fill the consumer desire for a garden rose that offers colour, form and fragrance, but is also low maintenance and easy to care for. Most have the following characteristics:

  • Lower growing habit, usually under 60 cm (24 inches)
  • Repeat flowering
  • Disease and pest resistance
  • Growing on their own roots.
  • Minimal pruning requirements

Principal parties involved in the breeding of new varieties include: Werner Noak (Germany), Meidiland Roses (France), Boot & Co. (Netherlands), and William Radler (US).

Patio

Chris Warner's patio climber 'Open Arms' (1995)

Since the 1970s many rose breeders have focused on developing compact roses (typically 1'–4' in height and spread) that are suitable for smaller gardens, terraces and containers. These combine characteristics of larger miniature roses and smaller floribundas—resulting in the rather loose classification "patio roses",[42] called Minifloras in North America. D. G. Hessayon says the description "patio roses" emerged after 1996.[43] Some rose catalogues include older polyanthas that have stood the test of time (e.g., 'Nathalie Nypels', 'Baby Faurax') within their patio selection. Rose breeders, notably Chris Warner in the UK and the Danish firm of Poulson (under the name of Courtyard Climbers) have also created patio climbers, small rambler style plants that flower top-to-toe and are suitable for confined areas. It is suggested patio style roses are protected during winter months due to the exposure environment.[37]

Cultivation

freezing, Vienna

In the garden, roses are grown as bushes, shrubs or climbers. "Bushes" are usually comparatively low growing, often quite upright in habit, with multiple stems emerging near ground level; they are often grown formally in beds with other roses. "Shrubs" are usually larger and have a more informal or arching habit, and may additionally be placed in a mixed border or grown separately as specimens. Certain bush hybrids (and smaller shrubs) may also be grown as "standards", which are plants grafted high (typically 1 metre or more) on a rose rootstock, resulting in extra height which can make a dominant feature in a floral display. Climbing roses are usually trained to a suitable support.[22]

Roses are commonly propagated by grafting onto a rootstock, which provides sturdiness and vigour, or (especially with Old Garden Roses) they may be propagated from hardwood cuttings and allowed to develop their own roots.

Most roses thrive in

tropical climates, especially when grafted onto appropriate rootstocks
. Most garden roses prefer rich soil which is well-watered but well-drained, and perform best in well-lit positions which receive several hours of sun a day (although some climbers, some species and most Hybrid Musks will tolerate shade). Standard roses require staking.

Pruning

Rose pruning, sometimes regarded as a horticultural art form, is largely dependent on the type of rose to be pruned, the reason for pruning, and the time of year it is at the time of the desired pruning.

Most Old Garden Roses of strict European heritage (albas, damasks, gallicas, etc.) are shrubs that bloom once yearly, in late spring or early summer, on two-year-old (or older) canes. Their pruning requirements are quite minimal because removal of branches will remove next year's flower buds. Hence pruning is usually restricted to just removing weak and spent branches, plus light trimming (if necessary) to reduce overall size.[14]

Modern hybrids, including the hybrid teas, floribundas, grandifloras, modern miniatures, and English roses, have a complex genetic background that almost always includes China roses (which are descended from Rosa chinensis). China roses were evergrowing, everblooming roses from humid subtropical regions that bloomed constantly on any new vegetative growth produced during the growing season. Their modern hybrid descendants exhibit similar habits; unlike Old European Roses, modern hybrids bloom continuously (until stopped by frost) on any new canes produced during the growing season.[44] They therefore require pruning back of any spent flowering stem in order to divert the plant's energy into producing new growth and hence new flowers.[14]

Additionally, modern hybrids planted in cold winter climates will almost universally require a "hard" annual pruning (reducing all canes to 8"–12", about 30 cm in height) in early spring. Again, because of their complex China rose background, modern hybrids are typically not as cold hardy as European Old Garden Roses, and low winter temperatures often desiccate or kill exposed canes. In spring, if left unpruned, these damaged canes will often die back all the way to the shrub's root zone, resulting in a weakened, disfigured plant. The annual "hard" pruning of hybrid teas and floribundas is generally done in early spring.

Deadheading

This is the practice of removing any spent, faded, withered, or discoloured flowers.[44] The purpose is to encourage the plant to focus its energy and resources on forming new shoots and blooms, rather than fruit production. Deadheading may also be performed for aesthetic purposes, if spent flowers are unsightly. Any roses such as Rosa glauca or Rosa moyesii that are grown for their decorative hips should not be deadheaded.[14]

Pests and diseases

Roses are subject to several

honey fungus (Armillaria spp.), verticillium wilt, and various species of phytophthora
.

Fungal leaf diseases affect some cultivars and species more than others. On susceptible plants fungicidal sprays may be necessary to prevent infection or reduce severity of attacks. Cultivation techniques may also be used, such as ensuring good air circulation around a plant. Stem cankers are best treated by pruning out infection as soon as it is noticed. Root diseases are not usually possible to treat once infection has occurred; the most practical line of defence is to ensure that growing conditions maximise plant health and thereby prevent infection. Phytophthora species are waterborne and therefore improving drainage and reducing waterlogging can help reduce infection.

The main pest affecting roses is the aphid (greenfly), which sucks the sap and weakens the plant. In areas where they are endemic Japanese beetles (Popillia japonica) take a heavy toll on rose flowers and foliage; rose blooms can also be destroyed by infestations of thrips (Thysanoptera spp). Roses are also used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera (butterfly and moth) species; see list of Lepidoptera that feed on roses. Spraying with insecticide of roses is often recommended but if this is done care is needed to minimize the loss of beneficial insects; systemic insecticides have the advantage of only affecting insects which feed on the plants.

Notable rose growers

Some rose growers are known for their particular contributions to the field. These include:

  • David Austin nursery, based in Shropshire
    , UK, is the developer of "English roses", such as 'Constance Spry', 'Mary Rose' and 'Graham Thomas'
  • Peter Beales was a specialist in classic and species roses, preserving many old and wild roses at his Norfolk nursery and also introducing 70 new cultivars. He was also the author of several classic books on the subject of roses.[45]
  • Joséphine de Beauharnais (Empress Josephine) was the first great collector of roses in the modern Western world, and her horticulturalist André Dupont pioneered the development of new hybrids using controlled pollination at her Malmaison estate. She has been called the godmother of modern rosomaniacs.[46]
  • Cants of Colchester, in Essex, is the UK's oldest firm of commercial rose growers. Notable introductions include 'Mrs B.R. Cant' and 'Just Joey'.[47]
  • Anne Cocker of James Cocker & Sons, Aberdeen, Scotland. Known for her unusually colored and patterned rose varieties. Her work had a major influence on American hybridizer, Tom Carruth.[48]
  • Meilland
    of France (where it was introduced as 'Mme A. Meilland'); Conard-Pyle acted as Meilland's US agents, and the rose was renamed for the US market when it was introduced at the end of the Second World War.
  • Dickson Roses, located near Belfast introduced its first roses in 1886, focusing on breeding Hybrid Teas that could stand up to the Irish climate. Successes include 'Shot Silk' and 'Grandpa Dickson' and, more recently, 'Elina' and 'Tequila Sunrise'.[49]
  • Pedro Dot put Spanish rose growing on the map and is best known for the shrub 'Nevada' and his work to improve the flower shape of miniature varieties.[47][50]
  • Andre Dupont was a French horticulturalist who pioneered the creation of new rose cultivars through controlled pollination. He was employed by the Empress Josephine to use her collection of roses to create new roses.
  • Austro-Hungarian
    amateur rose breeder who introduced around 140 new varieties, including 'Gruss an Teplitz'. He focused on winter hardiness and vigour.
  • Roseraie de L'Haÿ
  • Harkness Roses, in Hertfordshire, UK is best known for 'Ena Harkness' (at one time reputed to be the best-selling red Hybrid Tea in the world and actually bred by amateur rosarian Albert Norman). Other famous introductions include 'Compassion' and 'Margaret Merril'.[51]
  • S. Reynolds Hole was Dean of Rochester Cathedral in the UK and the founder of the (Royal) National Rose Society. He organized the first specialty rose show in the UK and published books on rose cultivation, popularizing rose growing and exhibiting.
  • Jackson & Perkins is a hugely influential American rose grower. The company's early success was 'Dorothy Perkins', but under Eugene Boerner the focus on developing Floribundas led to many All-America Rose Selection honours.[51][52]
  • W. Kordes' Sons, based in Sparrieshoop in Schleswig-Holstein
    , Germany, is one of the most innovative rose breeders and growers, and responsible for the early flowering "Frühlings" series, the Kordesii Hybrids and many famous Hybrid Tea and Floribunda roses, including 'Crimson Glory' and 'Iceberg' ('Schneewittchen').
  • McGredy, of Northern Ireland, was responsible for 'Evelyn Fison', 'Dublin Bay' and also 'Regensberg', a pioneering 'handpainted' rose. Sam McGredy IV moved to New Zealand in 1974 and focused on hybrid teas and Grandifloras, including 'Paddy Stephens' and 'Kathryn McGredy'.[53]
  • 'Mme A. Meilland' ('Peace'), and has continued to be at the forefront of rose breeding, with varieties such as 'Bonica '82'
    and 'Swany'.
  • Ralph S. Moore, the California-based breeder of more than 500 roses, is known as 'the father of Modern Miniatures' and was a hugely influential figure in the development of commercial approaches to rose hybridization.
  • Werner Noack of Germany introduced the Flower Carpet (ground cover/landscape) series.
  • clergyman and amateur rosarian who set out to breed 'old fashioned' roses. The resulting hybrid musks include 'Felicia' and 'Penelope'. On his death, the nursery passed to his gardener J.A. Bentall, who produced 'Buff Beauty'
    and the Polyantha 'The Fairy'.
  • Jean Pernet, père was a Lyon nurseryman whose notable roses include the Moss variety 'Louis Gimard' and the hybrid perpetual 'Baronne Adolphe de Rothschild'.[54]
  • Joseph Pernet-Ducher was among the first rose breeders to focus on developing the new Hybrid Tea class. His introductions include 'Mme Caroline Testout' and 'Soleil d'Or'- forerunner of 20th-century yellow and orange roses.[55]
  • Poulson, the Danish rose dynasty, was established in 1878 and originally focused on breeding roses hardy enough to withstand the Scandinavian climate. Later introductions notable for their form and colour include 'Chinatown' (1963) and 'Ingrid Bergman' (1984). The nursery developed a number of successful ground cover (landscape) roses, including 'Kent' (1988).[56]
  • Felicitas Svejda developed roses that could survive Canada's short growing season and harsh winters. She developed the Explorer Rose Series named in honour of Canadian explorers.[57]
  • Mathias Tantau is a rose breeding company located at Uetersen, Germany. Founded in 1906, it has introduced some 350 cultivars and is responsible for popular roses such as 'Super Star' (1960), 'Fragrant Cloud' (1963), and 'Black Magic' (1997).
  • Graham Stuart Thomas is best known for reawakening interest in old garden roses, but also ensured commercial introductions in the wild rose style, including 'Bobbie James' and 'Souvenir de St Anne's'.[58]
  • Walter Van Fleet worked for the US Department of Agriculture, focusing on crops, but also developing roses designed to thrive in the American climate. His introductions include 'American Pillar' and 'Dr W. Van Fleet'. After his death, his seedlings – including 'Mary Wallace', 'Breeze Hill' and 'Glenn Dale' – were introduced by the American Rose Society as 'dooryard climbers'.[59]
  • Jean-Pierre Vibert was a prolific early rose hybridizer, responsible for many older roses still found in gardens today. 'Aimee Vibert' (1828), one of his Noisettes, was named for his daughter.
  • Weeks Roses (with Tom Carruth[60]) is a California rose company that has focused on innovations in colour, form and vigour. Its roses include 'Night Time', 'Stainless Steel', 'Fourth of July' and 'Hot Cocoa'.[61]

Gallery

  • Striped Gallica 'Rosa Mundi', believed to date from the 12th century
    Striped Gallica 'Rosa Mundi', believed to date from the 12th century
  • Tea Rose 'Duchesse de Brabant' (Bernède, 1857)
    Tea Rose 'Duchesse de Brabant' (Bernède, 1857)
  • Hybrid Musk 'Penelope' (Pemberton, 1924)
    Hybrid Musk 'Penelope' (Pemberton, 1924)
  • Hybrid Musk 'Ballerina' (Bentall, 1937)
    Hybrid Musk 'Ballerina' (Bentall, 1937)
  • Hybrid Tea 'Peace' (syn. 'Mme A. Meilland', Meilland 1939)
    Hybrid Tea
    'Peace'
    (syn. 'Mme A. Meilland', Meilland 1939)
  • Hybrid Tea 'Lowell Thomas' (Mallerin, 1943)
    Hybrid Tea 'Lowell Thomas' (Mallerin, 1943)
  • Hybrid Tea 'Capristrano', (Theodore John Morris, 1949) in Bush's Pasture Park
    Hybrid Tea 'Capristrano', (Theodore John Morris, 1949) in Bush's Pasture Park
  • English Rose 'Constance Spry' (Austin, 1960)
    English Rose 'Constance Spry' (Austin, 1960)
  • Floribunda Hybrid Tea 'Angel Face' (Swim & Weeks, 1968)
    Floribunda Hybrid Tea 'Angel Face' (Swim & Weeks, 1968)
  • Rose 'Katja', (Verschoren, 1970)
    Rose 'Katja', (Verschoren, 1970)
  • English Rose 'Heritage' (Austin, 1984)
    English Rose 'Heritage' (Austin, 1984)
  • Hybrid Tea 'Sunset Celebration' (Fryer, 1994)
    Hybrid Tea 'Sunset Celebration' (Fryer, 1994)
  • Hybrid Tea 'Pride of England' (Harkness, 1998)
    Hybrid Tea 'Pride of England' (Harkness, 1998)
  • Hybrid Tea 'Cajun Sunrise' (Edwards, 2000)
    Hybrid Tea 'Cajun Sunrise' (Edwards, 2000)
  • English Rose 'Benjamin Britten' (Austin, 2001)
    English Rose 'Benjamin Britten' (Austin, 2001)
  • Yellow rose, showing stigmas (centre) and stamens with pollen
    Yellow rose, showing stigmas (centre) and stamens with pollen
  • A Bright Yellow Rose
    A Bright Yellow Rose
  • Light orange coloured Rose
    Light orange coloured Rose

See also

References

  1. ^ Introduced in 1945 in France as 'Madame A. Meilland', and known in the UK and US as 'Peace', in Germany as 'Gloria Dei', and in Italy as 'Gioia'.
  2. ^ Hessayon (1981), 4, and under each type
  3. ^ Hessayon (1981), 61, and following section
  4. ^ Hessayon (1981), 60
  5. ^ Hessayon (1981), 5
  6. ^ Hessayon (1981), 30–46
  7. ^ Hessayon (1981), 6
  8. ^ Hessayon (1981), 89–94
  9. ^ "Rosa gallica". Go Botany. New England Wildflower Society. Retrieved 2018-10-07.
  10. ^ Hobhouse, 11, 22
  11. ^ a b Hessayon (1981), 110
  12. ^ "In pictures: Kew's Rose Garden in bloom | Kew". Kew Gardens.
  13. .
  14. ^ .
  15. on 2019-09-23. Retrieved 2020-06-06.
  16. ^ "The History of Roses – Our Rose Garden – University of Illinois Extension". web.extension.illinois.edu.
  17. PMID 29133839
    .
  18. ^ Scaniello, Stephen (31 March 1996). "Cuttings;When Malmaison Celebrated the Rose's Beauty". New York Times. Retrieved 1 January 2016.
  19. London Gardens Online. Archived from the original
    on 2020-08-03. Retrieved 2012-01-01.
  20. ^ Foreman, Amanda (February 13, 2021). "How Roses Came to Mean True Love". Wall Street Journal – via www.wsj.com.
  21. ^ "Blue rose development | Suntory Global Innovation Center". Suntory.
  22. ^ a b c d Reader's Digest Encyclopaedia of Garden Plants and Flowers. 2nd ed., London, 1978.
  23. ^ Note that the definition applies to the class, not the specific cultivar; Bourbon and Tea etc. roses introduced in the 21st century are still "Old" Garden Roses
  24. ^ "White Rose Symbolism".
  25. PMID 11163961
    .
  26. ^ a b c d e Phillips, R. and Rix, M., The Ultimate Guide to Roses, Macmillan, 2004, p. 226.
  27. ^ Rosarosam.com Archived July 5, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  28. ^ "Rosa chinensis". Archived from the original on 2014-04-07. Retrieved 2010-11-17.
  29. ^ a b c d "China Roses". www.rosegathering.com.
  30. ^ "Brent Dickerson: The First Eighteen Chinas". Rdrop.com. Archived from the original on 2009-08-20. Retrieved 2009-12-07.
  31. ^ Whitewall, Richard (27 April 2022). "Tender But Tough: The Old Tea Roses". Pacific Horticulture. Retrieved 27 April 2022.
  32. ^ "China Roses". Rdrop.com. Archived from the original on 2009-12-02. Retrieved 2009-12-07.
  33. ^ "A History of the Hybrid Perpetuals". Rdrop.com. Archived from the original on 2010-01-23. Retrieved 2009-12-07.
  34. ^ Filiberti, Daphne. "Hybrid Musks".
  35. ^ "The Great Roses: Queen Elizabeth".
  36. .
  37. ^ .
  38. ^ Hessayon (2004), p. 72
  39. ^ Gamila Morcos; Jacqueline Girouard (1999). "Georges Bugnet, horticulteur" (PDF). Cahiers franco-canadiens de l'ouest. 11 (1–2): 215–232. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-04.
  40. ^ a b c d Richer, C.; Arnold, N.P.; Davidson, C.G. (2000). Winter-hardy roses: Explorer and Parkland series. Ottawa: Agriculture Canada.
  41. ^ Pound, Richard W. (2005). Fitzhenry and Whiteside Book of Canadian Facts and Dates. Fitzhenry and Whiteside.
  42. ^ Quest-Ritson & Quest-Ritson (2003), p. 13
  43. ^ Hessayon (2004), p. 44
  44. ^ .
  45. ^ "Peter Beales obituary". The Daily Telegraph. 2013-02-01. Retrieved 2013-02-25.
  46. ^ Brenner, Douglas, and Scanniello, Stephen (2009). A Rose by Any Name. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: Algonquin Books.
  47. ^ a b Macaboy (2007), p. 471
  48. ^ Grant, William. "Thomas Carruth". Pacific Horticulture Society. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
  49. ^ Quest-Ritson & Quest-Ritson (2003), p. 120
  50. ^ Quest-Ritson & Quest-Ritson (2003), p. 122
  51. ^ a b Macaboy (2007), p. 473
  52. ^ "All-America Rose Selection – Wikimedia Commons". Commons.wikimedia.org. 2011-12-11. Retrieved 2011-12-16.
  53. ^ Quest-Ritson & Quest-Ritson (2003), p. 255
  54. ^ Quest-Ritson & Quest-Ritson (2003), pp. 51, 307
  55. ^ Quest-Ritson & Quest-Ritson (2003), p. 307
  56. ^ Quest-Ritson & Quest-Ritson (2003), p. 318
  57. ^ "Felicitas Svejda". Help me find roses. Retrieved 21 July 2022.
  58. ^ Quest-Ritson & Quest-Ritson (2003), p. 397
  59. ^ Quest-Ritson & Quest-Ritson (2003), p. 409
  60. ^ fr:Tom Carruth, Retrieved 2011-12-16[circular reference]
  61. ^ Quest-Ritson & Quest-Ritson (2003), p. 416

Bibliography

External links