Garrigue
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Garrigue or garigue (.
It is found on limestone soils in southern France and around the Mediterranean Basin, generally near the seacoast where the moderated Mediterranean climate provides annual summer drought. It is an anthropogenic degradation and succession form of former evergreen oak forests that existed until around 2500 years BC.[2][3][4]
The term has also found its way into haute cuisine, suggestive of the resinous flavours of a garrigue shrubland.[5]
Habitat and vegetation
UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre described garrigue as "discontinuous bushy associations of the Mediterranean
Garrigue is discontinuous with widely spaced bush associations with open spaces, and is often extensive. It is associated with limestone and base rich soils, and calcium associated plants.
Aside from dense thickets of kermes oak that punctuate the garrigue landscape,
Allelopathy
The aromatic oils and soluble
Similar ecoregions
Garrigue is a common general word for the shrubland
.In California a similar Mediterranean climate ecoregion is named chaparral; in Chile it is named the matorral; in South Africa it is named fynbos; and in Australia it is named mallee. All are in the Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub biome.
Maquis
Both garrigue and maquis are associated with the
Conservation
Origin of the word
First cited in French in 1546, garrigue is borrowed from Provençal garriga, equivalent to Old French jarrie. The term is most likely related to Gascon carroc "rock" and to Germanic Swiss Karren, a kind of sedimentary rock. These words could derive from a supposed source such as *carra "rock," perhaps a remnant of a pre-Roman language and possibly akin to Basque *karr-, harri "rock."[12] Gaulish and then Latin appear to have borrowed *carra, which evolved into its modern descendants in Romance languages.[13]
Uses
Cultivation
The dense, thrifty growth of garrigue flora has recommended many of its shrubs and
Some have become invasive species in the Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub biome's other ecoregions beyond the Mediterranean Basin on other continents, including the California chaparral and woodlands.
Viticulture
Grapes that are grown in the garrigues region of France are said to produce wines with a "barnyard" or "earthy" tone, or "the herbal scent of lavender that fills the hills of Provence in the summer time."[14] Some wines bottled in Southern France contain the word garrigues as part of their appellation or label name.[15]
See also
References
- ^ "Conspectus florae graecae". 1901.
- ^ "Garrigues en pays languedocien" (in French). Ecologistes de l'Euzière. 2007. Archived from the original on 2013-11-02. Retrieved 9 March 2010.
- ^ Shield, Peter. "History of the Garrigue". Southern Times. Retrieved 9 March 2010.
- ISBN 978-2-906128-20-0
- ^ Bienvenue sur le site officiel de l'office de tourisme de la région de Sault Archived 2006-10-21 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre, "European Forests and Protected Areas: Gap Analysis", 2000 Archived 2007-09-29 at the Wayback Machine (pdf file)
- ^ Renault, J.-M. (2000): La Garrigue - grandeur nature. - Barcelona: Les créations du Pélican.
- ISBN 2-9520261-0-6
- ^ John D. Thompson, Plant Evolution in the Mediterranean (2005:148ff).
- ^ Braudel, Fernand. The Mediterranean in the Age of Philip II
- ^ Z. Henkin et al., "Suitability of Mediterranean oak woodland for beef herd husbandry" Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 109.3/4, (September 2005:255-261).
- ^ Bloch, Oscar, Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue française, p. 275.
- ^ Bloch, Oscar: "Garrigue," page 270, Dictionnaire Etymologique, Paris, 1950
- ^ "Wine Tasting Report: Chateau Saint Martin de la Garrigues 1997 Bronzinelle Coteaux du Languedoc". Wine Lovers Page. March 2000. Retrieved 9 March 2010.
- ISBN 978-2-923692-01-2
External links
- Media related to Garrigue at Wikimedia Commons
- Media related to Maquis (vegetation) at Wikimedia Commons
- Media related to Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub at Wikimedia Commons