Gasparilla Pirate Festival
Gasparilla Pirate Festival | |
---|---|
Genre | Parades and related events |
Date(s) | Last Saturday in January (Parade of Pirates) |
Begins | Mid-January (Children's Parade) |
Ends | Early March (Outward Voyage Home) |
Frequency | Annual |
Location(s) | Tampa, Florida |
Country | United States |
Inaugurated | 1904 |
Most recent | January 27, 2024 |
Next event | January 25, 2025 |
Attendance | 300,000 |
Organised by | Ye Mystic Krewe of Gasparilla, City of Tampa |
Website | gasparillapiratefest |
The Gasparilla Pirate Festival (often simply referred to as Gasparilla
The Parade of Pirates and some related events are organized by Ye Mystic Krewe of Gasparilla (YMKG), a local club modeled after the
Gasparilla began as a surprise land-based pirate "invasion" by a few civic leaders during the city's May Day festival in 1904. Over the next decade, a pirate-themed parade and festival was sometimes staged as an add-on to other community events, with the highlight of the early period being the first seaborne invasion in 1911. The Gasparilla Festival became a stand-alone event in 1913, and with the exception of hiatuses during world wars, it has been celebrated almost every year since. The parade has been scheduled for late January or early February for much of its existence, and since 2005, it has taken place on the last Saturday in January. The route of the Gasparilla Parade has traditionally wound along the waterfront into downtown Tampa, and since 2011, it has ended along the Tampa Riverwalk, where festivities continue into the nighttime hours.[4]
Over time, the formerly one-day event has evolved into a Gasparilla season which runs from approximately the beginning of the year until mid-March. Two other major parades during this time are the Gasparilla Children's Parade, which runs a shorter route on Bayshore Boulevard one week before the main parade, and the Sant' Yago Illuminated Knight Parade, which is organized by the Krewe of the Knights of Sant' Yago in the historic neighborhood of
Description
Parade of Pirates
The theme and focal point of Gasparilla is a theatrical invasion by mythical pirate
During the parade, members of Ye Mystic Krewe of Gasparilla along with about fifty other krewes throw beads, coins, and various souvenirs to the throngs from over 100
Krewes
Many of the events of Tampa's Gasparilla season are organized by social and charitable organizations known as
The Krewe of Gasparilla was Tampa's only officially recognized Gasparilla krewe until the woman-only Krewe of Venus was organized in 1966. This was followed by the Ybor City–based Krewe of the Knights of Sant' Yago in 1972, and the Tampa Rough Riders in 1978. More krewes were established after YMKG opened up participation in the parade in the 1990s. Krewes are centered around various ethnic, cultural, and historical themes or favorite charity causes, and much like the krewes of Mardi Gras, members often spend a great deal of money on elaborate costumes, beads, and floats.[20][21][22]
Currently, over fifty krewes march in the Gasparilla Parade of Pirates, with smaller krewes participating on a rotating basis due to the limited number of available slots. Many of the same krewes—large and small—also participate in the Gasparilla Children's Parade and the Sant' Yago Knight Parade.[21][23]
Floats
As of 2024, 115 floats participated in the Parade of Pirates; 14 used by YMKG and the rest by other krewes, local businesses, civic organizations, and sports teams.[25] Some remain relatively simple in design, but a trend in recent years has been to build more elaborate floats with lights, moving animatronic elements, water or smoke effects, and hidden wet bars and bathrooms for riders, with some costing as much as $100,000 to design and construct.[24] Outside of Gasparilla season, YMKG's active and retired floats along with the floats of several other krewes and organizations are stored in the "float barn", a warehouse procured by YMKG for that purpose.[25]
Throws and cannons
Parade participants on floats and on foot have traditionally tossed souvenirs as they make their way along the route, but the specific items have changed over time. Plastic beads like those at New Orleans Mardi Gras festivities are by far the most prevalent item, with varieties ranging from simple single-color necklaces to intricate and expensive designs, most of which are purchased by krewe members themselves.[26] So many beads are thrown that in recent years, the city has organized post-parade volunteer cleanup efforts which annually collect thousands of pounds of plastic from the parade route and nearby Tampa Bay.[27]
Though very popular now, beads were rarely seen at Gasparilla Parades before the mid-1980s.
Prelude and departure
Several semi-theatrical events take place before and after the Gasparilla Day pirate invasion:
- About two weeks before the Parade of Pirates, a September 11, 2001 attacks. It has taken place intermittently since then, with the museum ship SS American Victory standing in for the U.S. Navy.[34]
- A few days before the Parade of Pirates, members of Ye Mystic Krewe of Gasparilla in full pirate regalia "kidnap" the mayor from city hall and transport them to a downtown park before assembled local media and onlookers to demand the city's surrender. The mayor playfully refuses, and the pirates warn that José Gaspar will arrive with an invasion force on the following Saturday to steal the key to the city.[35][36]
- The Outbound Voyage is the culminating event of the Gasparilla season which was revived in 2008 after being discontinued in 1964. During this ceremony, the pirates return the key of the city to the mayor, climb aboard the Jose Gasparilla II, and retrace their route from Gasparilla Day by sailing away across Tampa Bay while festivities continue along the Tampa Riverwalk. The Outbound Voyage usually takes place on the first Saturday in March.[37][38][39][40]
Children's Parade
The Children's Gasparilla Extravaganza is held on the Saturday prior to the main parade, currently the second-to-last Saturday in January.[41] It is billed as a family-friendly event, as unlike the Parade of Pirates, alcohol is not allowed along the parade route, which runs along Bayshore Boulevard and is about half as long as the main Gasparilla Parade. The Children's Parade was first held in 1947 and was a simple affair that mostly featured schools and children's organizations pulling homemade floats for a few blocks in downtown Tampa, though it slowly increased in complexity and popularity over the decades.[28] It moved to its current route in 2002 and usually draws about 100,000 attendees.[28][42]
The Children's Parade now features many of the same krewes and several of the same professional floats featured in the main parade. Children of krewe members don costumes and ride on the floats tossing beads and trinkets to the crowd, and local youth organizations such as sports and dance teams also participate, usually performing along the route. Various activities and events for children are held in and around downtown Tampa in the hours before the Children's Parade, including the Preschooler's Stroll, which is a short, informal parade of small children riding pirate-themed wagons, strollers, bicycles, and scooters reminiscent of the earliest versions of the children's parade.[43] To add noise to the festivities, the pirate ship Jose Gasparilla usually sails nearby firing its mini-cannons during the parade, and the day ends with a fireworks display over Tampa Bay.[44][45]
Sant' Yago Illuminated Knight Parade
The Sant' Yago Illuminated Knight Parade (sometimes referred to as the Gasparilla night parade) has been organized since 1974 by the Krewe of the Knights of Sant' Yago.[46][47] It is held in the historical neighborhood of Ybor City on a Saturday night, usually two weeks after the Parade of Pirates in mid-February.[48] The Knight Parade features a similar mix of participants as the Parade of Pirates with the twist that most of the floats are brightly illuminated since the event begins after dark. Though it once had the reputation of being the most adult-oriented parade of Tampa's Gasparilla season, the city has tried to reduce public drunkenness and other unruly behavior in recent years and has promoted the parade as a family-friendly event, with some success.[6][49][50]
Additional events of Gasparilla Season
Besides the three main parades and the many galas, parties, and fundraisers hosted by individual krewes, Tampa has long hosted a variety of other Gasparilla-related events from approximately January through March. Large-scale events during Gasparilla Season include the Gasparilla Festival of the Arts (established 1970), the Tampa Rough Rider's
One of the first related events was the Gasparilla Open, a PGA Tour stop sponsored by Ye Mystic Krewe of Gasparilla from 1932 to 1935. The 1935 edition had the largest prize purse on that year's PGA Tour ($4000), but with the deepening of the Great Depression, the tournament was discontinued thereafter. It returned in 1956 as the Gasparilla Invitational Tournament, an amateur competition which has been held annually ever since.[53]
Use of the name "Gasparilla"
A wide variety of local businesses, organizations, and smaller events ranging from restaurants to
Most of the organizations, events, and businesses who use "Gaspar" or "Gasparilla" are not affiliated with Ye Mystic Krewe of Gasparilla or the City of Tampa, neither of which owns the monikers. While some feel that the widespread use of the name constitutes a co-branding which promotes all similarly named organizations and Tampa in general, others believe that overuse could dilute the meaning and significance of the festival, and that the potential failures or missteps of one event or organization might reflect poorly on all the others.[55] In 2019, YMKG began an effort to legally trademark the name Gasparilla to "protect" it for use by "appropriate community events", drawing complaints and counterclaims from others who have used the name or own the trademark for other, more narrow uses. In 2020, the issue was considered by the United States Trademark Trial and Appeal Board.[8]
Economic impact
Crowd size for the Parade of Pirates is typically about 300,000, making it one of the largest annual parades in the United States.[56][57] Most of the expense is paid by YMKG through memberships dues, vendor fees, tickets for premium seating areas, and corporate sponsorships, with the city redeploying police and other staff and resources to limit its financial contribution.[58]
According to a 2004 study, the main parade alone had a local economic impact of $22 million and the combined events brought in over $40 million, with officials estimating that the impact has increased in the years since.[57][59] To promote the area's many springtime events, Visit Tampa Bay, the local tourist bureau, has run multimillion-dollar advertising campaigns across the United States, Canada, and Europe encouraging visitors to experience "Gasparilla Season".[54]
History
Legend of José Gaspar
The theme of Gasparilla was inspired by the legend of the pirate
Despite this colorful history, there is no evidence that a pirate named "Gaspar" or "Gasparilla" ever roamed the Florida coast.[9] Archives in Spain make no mention of Gaspar as a member of the Spanish court or an officer in the Spanish navy; the U.S. Navy has no documentation indicating that any of its vessels ever encountered a pirate named Gaspar or a ship named Floriblanca, and neither Gaspar nor anyone claiming to be a member of his crew are mentioned in the records of hundreds of piracy trials from the era, which was well after the Golden Age of Piracy.[3] Also, despite the fact that the supposed location of Gaspar's "regal base" at Gasparilla Island has been developed into the resort town of Boca Grande, no artifacts or other physical evidence of the hideout, his ship, or his lost treasure has ever been found in southwest Florida despite years of searching by amateur and professional treasure-seekers.[3][61]
The first written account of José Gaspar appeared in the early 1900s as part of an advertising brochure for the
The brochure was penned by publicist Pat Lemoyne, who combined and embellished regional tall tales attributed to well-known and recently deceased local fishing guide "Panther John" Gomez to create the legend of the pirate Gaspar. Years later, Lemoyne gave a local history lecture in which he admitted that he had written the Gasparilla story "in a style that tourists like to hear" but that it was "without a true fact in it."[64]
In 1923, author Francis Bradlee obtained a copy of the Gasparilla Inn brochure and, assuming it was factual, included Gaspar in a book he was writing about piracy in the West Indies.[65] This error led to José Gaspar being mentioned in several additional non-fiction books about piracy and Florida history, causing ongoing confusion as to the authenticity of the legend.[3] However, though many versions of Gaspar's adventures have been told in various forms over the years—including pulp adventure novels, tourist guides, and the official history of Ye Mystic Krewe of Gasparilla—all have their basis in the fictional tale first printed in an advertisement for the Gasparilla Inn.[3][61][62]
Parade origins
The first Gasparilla parade was held in May 1904, after
Pirate ship
The first several mock pirate invasions were land-based, with the backstory depicting the pirate ship Octopus anchored offshore.[67] The first shipborne invasion came in 1911, when a merchant vessel was borrowed, decorated, and temporarily rechristened the Jose Gaspar for the day.[10][68] A series of borrowed ships were used until the 1930s, when Ye Mystic Krewe of Gasparilla bought an old merchant sloop and repurposed it as the Jose Gasparilla, which they used for about twenty years.[12] The old wooden ship was in serious need of repairs and renovation by the early 1950s, so with financial assistance from the city of Tampa and the local chamber of commerce, YMKG commissioned a $100,000 replacement. The Jose Gasparilla II debuted during Gasparilla's 50th anniversary celebration in 1954 and has been used ever since.[67]
Though designed to resemble an 18th-century
For over half a century, various Gasparilla pirate ships would sail about half a mile up the Hillsborough River to Plant Park on the grounds of the University of Tampa, where members of YMKG would disembark for the parade. The construction of the Tampa Crosstown Expressway in 1976 ended that tradition, as the 100-foot (30 m) masts of the Jose Gasparilla II do not fit under the highway where it bridges the river near its mouth. Since 1992, the ship has made its way into Garrison Channel on Gasparilla Day to dock along the Tampa Riverwalk behind the Tampa Convention Center, where the pirate crew disembarks among thousands of revelers.[23][67] Outside of Gasparilla season, the Jose Gasparilla II can usually be found moored near the northern end of Bayshore Boulevard within sight of downtown.[12]
Location and dates
Parade route
At least a portion of the Gasparilla Parade of Pirates has traversed Bayshore Boulevard near downtown almost since its inception. For several decades, the parade route ended at Plant Field where the Florida State Fair was taking place, drawing more attendees to the simultaneous events.[33] The fair moved to much larger grounds east of Tampa in 1976, but the parade route has usually remained the same, traveling north up Bayshore Boulevard and ending in or near downtown, approximately 4.5 miles (7.2 km) in total.[23] Since 2011, the parade route has concluded at Curtis Hixon Waterfront Park along the Tampa Riverwalk, where festivities continue into the evening.[70]
Schedule
The Gasparilla parade was held in conjunction with various other events in its early years, so its timing varied when it took place at all.[33] The first mock invasion was held on May 4, 1904, and pirate-themed community festivities were held on dates ranging from February to November prior to World War I.[18] The parade and related events were canceled during the involvement of the United States in the war, and when the festivities resumed in 1920, they were regularly scheduled for mid-February to coincide with the Florida State Fair.[23][71] The Parade of Pirates went on another hiatus from 1942 through 1946 during World War II. When it returned in 1947, it was set for a Monday in mid-February, a tradition which lasted for almost four decades. Gasparilla Day became an official holiday in Hillsborough County during that period, with local schools and government offices closed for the festivities.[23] In 1988, the Parade of Pirates was moved to the first Saturday in February so that out-of-towners could more easily take part.[4][18][72] Since 2005, the parade has been held on the last Saturday in January except in 2021, when all major events of the Gasparilla Season were canceled due to the ongoing impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.[23][73][74]
As the scheduling of the Parade of Pirates shifted over the years, the dates of the other two large parades of the season have generally shifted as well, with the Children's Parade held one week before and the Krewe of San'Yago Illuminated Knight Parade held two weeks after the main Gasparilla Parade.[75]
YMKG integration / Super Bowl controversy
The Parade of Pirates and related festivities have faced various criticisms over their long history, from complaints about unruly crowds and public drunkenness to observations that the tradition of local elites pretending to be a rapacious pirate crew plundering the city could be seen as problematic.[3][76][77] Other criticism had its roots in the earliest iterations of the parade and the original organization behind the festival, and these critiques led to a controversy which gained national attention in the early 1990s.
Though Tampa was home to one of the largest and most prosperous Hispanic communities in the American South in the early 20th century, it was strictly racially segregated like the rest of the Deep South.[78] Ye Mystic Krewe of Gasparilla was established by Tampa's business and civic elite during the depths of the Jim Crow era, and the private and somewhat secretive organization remained exclusively white and male even after most public segregation had been rolled back during the 1960s.[79]
The parade itself made small steps towards inclusion over the years. Female relatives of YMKG members formed the Krewe of Venus in 1966 and were allowed to participate in the Gasparilla Parade the following year.[80] Leading members of Tampa's Latin community formed the Krewe of the Knights of Sant' Yago in 1972 and organized their own parade in Ybor City beginning in 1974.[81] However, African-Americans and others among Tampa's diverse population remained excluded from YMKG.[3][16]
By the 1980s, local minority organizations were publicly pointing out that exclusion from YMKG symbolized their continued exclusion from Tampa's top social and economic circles, as membership largely overlapped that other local organizations such as the Tampa
This simmering issue grew into a heated controversy in 1990. Tampa and YMKG had agreed to stage the 1991 Parade of Pirates a week earlier than usual to coincide with
While claiming that it was not a racist organization and was open to accepting Black members, YMKG argued in September 1990 that it was "too late" to expand its membership before the 1991 parade and canceled the event instead.[83][85] The city of Tampa hastily put together a replacement parade called "Bamboleo", which was billed as a "multicultural festival" and did not have a pirate theme. Rainy weather helped to dampen the crowds, and the replacement was considered a "flop".[84]
Later in 1991, YMKG admitted two Black members and agreed to allow additional krewes to join the parade, and the Parade of Pirates returned in 1992 with an expanded participant list that better reflected the community's population.[86]
When Tampa hosted Super Bowl XXXV in 2001, the parade moved to the Saturday before the game as planned a decade before, and an integrated Krewe of Gasparilla was joined by over thirty other krewes before a record crowd of 750,000.[84][87] Though "Supersized Gasparilla" was well received and was seen as a sign of the community's social progress, the city has opted not to repeat the schedule change when hosting subsequent Super Bowls due to the serious challenges posed by large crowds and snarled traffic across downtown and South Tampa.[84][82][87]
The number of krewes and other participating civic organizations has continued to grow in recent years, dampening controversies over inclusion.[79][20] Due to practical concerns, participation in the Parade of Pirates is limited to fifty krewes per year, with smaller krewes taking turns on a rotating basis.[21]
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- ^ Bell, Gregory Jason (2015). "Ye Mystic Krewe of Historical Revisionists: The Origins of Tampa's Gasparilla Parade". From Theory to Practice 2013: Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Anglophone Studies, September 5–6, 2013, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Czech Republic. Retrieved January 11, 2024.
- ISBN 9781947372641.
- ^ a b Guzzo, Paul (January 23, 2017). "Diverse Gasparilla parade has transcended insult of racism". Tampa Bay Times. Archived from the original on January 24, 2019. Retrieved January 24, 2019.
- ^ "Our History". Krewe of Venus.
- ^ "Our Story". Krewe of the Knights of Sant 'Yago.
- ^ a b c Buckhorn, Bob (September 20, 2007). "Tampa Mayor Sandy Freedman Administration Oral History Project.22". Tampa Mayor Sandy Freedman Administration Oral History Project. USF Digital Commons: 15.
- ^ a b c Rimer, Sara (October 15, 1990). "A Tradition for Tampa Raises Questions of Bias". The New York Times. Retrieved January 11, 2024.
- ^ a b c d A diverse Gasparilla appeases its critics
- ProQuest 262820341.
- ^ ""Pirates back for Gasparilla invasion" – The Lakeland Ledger, Feb. 1, 1992". Archived from the original on January 23, 2023. Retrieved September 20, 2016.
- ^ a b Ava, Melanie; Thurston, Susan (January 28, 2001). "Superbowl 2001: Gasparilla Supersized". St. Petersburg Times (archived). Archived from the original on December 19, 2007. Retrieved January 14, 2024.
External links
- Media related to Gasparilla Pirate Fest at Wikimedia Commons
- Gasparilla Pirate Festival – Official Site
- Ye Mystic Krewe of Gasparilla Records at the University of South Florida